Nhoroondo Yokupa Kodzero

Kodzero yokuvhota inomira serinoteshi rokutora rutivi rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, bva kuzivikanwa kwayo kwakazara muUnited States kwave kuri rwendo rurefu nerwunokwikwidza runopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Kuvambira pakuvambwa kweribhuriki, franse yaive yakamanikana namaune, yakachengeterwa chiverengero chiduku chavagari vemo chapasi chechiverengero chavanhu (hwuchena zvikuru, varidzi vezvinhu vechirume. Nokufamba kwenguva, kugadziriswa kwemitemo yehurumende, uye masangano ouswa zvakakura nenzira yakatsigarira, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji, zvakakudza zvikuru, kunzwisiswa kweiyi nzvimbo yenhau kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri fambiro mberi uye kuva nezvisaririra zvinopfuurira mugadziriro.

Nguva Yakavambwa: Yakaganhurirwa

Apo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rakatenderwa muna 1789, zvikwaniriso zvokuvhota zvakasiiwa zvikurukuru kunyika, uye inenge nyika iri yose inoganhurirwa kuvaviriri vezvinhu vechichena. Ikoku kwakaratidzira chitendero chakapararira chokuti avo bedzi vane danda rinooneka munzanga yacho (8) kana kuti pfuma inobhadharwa mutero (jena) vaigona kuvimbwa kuita zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Vakadzi, vaAfrica, MaIndia okuAmerica, uye varume vazhinji vechichena vaiva varombo vakabviswa nenzira yakaronge yakarongwa. Mutemo wokutanga wetsika yetsika yetsika yetsika yetsika muna 17900, kupfuurirazve kuva vagari vemo vatema,"kubatanidza miganhuro yedzinza pamusoro pokutora rutivi rwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kwechi15 Nechi19: Kuwedzera Kunoita Maburi Epasi

Hondo yavagari vemo neReconstation yakaunza nhamburiko huru yokutanga yehurumende kudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota. Yakasimbiswa muna 1870, [[FLT: 0] Hurumende ye15 yePramende ye15 yakazivisa kuti maruramiro okuvhota aisazorambwa kana kuti kuvharwa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Mumutemo, iyi yakadzoresa zvinonyungurira muAfrica, uye kwenguva pfupi mukati mekuvhoteranyo, Blackvota zviuru zvavakuru vakuru vakuru mumaodzanyemba. Zvisinei, mugumo weResvonson muna 18777 wakaza suo kudzo yamasimba masimba, kunzvera kurava nokuvhota, uye mimwe mitero yakadzorwa zvinobudirira muAfrica nokuda kwezana ramakore riri pedyo.

, yakatenderwa muna 1920, kusarura kwakavakirwa pavatano, kuchipa vakadzi nyaradzo pashure penhimbe yakapfuuridzirwa yokufora, kusateerera kwavagari vemo, uye sangano rezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunyange ichi chiitiko chakatanhamara chakanga chisiri munzvimbo yose: vakadzi vazhinji veruvara, zvikurukuru vakadzi veAmerica neAsia, vakaramba vachirambidzwa kuvhota nemhaka yemitemo yedzinza kutozosvikira pakati pezana ramakore rechi20.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa1965: Nguva Yokuchinja

Gadziriro yazvino uno yekodzero dzokuvhota yakatangwa ne Voting Rights Act (VRA) ya 1965, yakapfuudzwa mukupindura kudzvinyirirwa kwamasimba masimba kwavafambi vekodzero dzavagari vemo muSelma, Alabama. VRA yakarambidza ganda mukuvhota, kubvisa kuedza kunyora, uye nzvimbo dzaida nyika nenhau dzekusarura kuti awane mvumo yehurumende kuti izivikanwe se "preclance"" (* Chikamu 2 cheVRA chinobvumirawo mapoka okuvhotabheta mhosva yokuvhota. Kwamakumi emakore, VRA yakarangarirwa kuva imwe yekodzero dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzevagari vemo, kunyoresa nokuchinja kukuru.

Vanhu vokuAmerica Vane Urema uye Vachipfuurira

Muna 1990, maAmerican ane Act yeUrema (ADA) akatambanudzira dziviriro dzokuwana. Umutwe II weADA inoda kuti nyika nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzive nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vane urema hwakaenzana kuva nomukana wokuvhota, kubatanidza nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzinowanika neyamuro dzekurukurirano dzinobudirira. America Vote Act (HARA) ya2002] yakawanazve kusununguka kupfurikidza nokuda kuti muchina mumwe wokuvhotera unosvikika unosvikika panzvimbo imwe yokuvhotera, pamwe chete negadziriro inobvumira kuvhotera nokuremara kwapa munhu oga.

Nokuda kwenhambo ine udzame yenhau dzekodzero dzokuvhota dzehurumende, Rerald Rerald inogovera nhungamiro inotungamirira [[FLT: 1].

Kupa Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu

Mitemo yeFederal nehurumende inoumba kuvaka kwapamutemo kunodzivirira / uye pane dzimwe nguva kunomanikidza maruramiro okuvhota. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richiisa miganhu yakafara, udzame huzhinji hunosarudzwa nemitemo nemirau yedare. Kunzwisisa mirau yehurumende inokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi vanonzvera nzira iyo tsika inoshanda nayo.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa1965 (VRA)

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, VRA ndiwo mutemo wokuvhota unoguma nekodzero dzevavhoti munhau yeAmerica.

  • Kurambidza kwomunyika yose mupimo upi noupi wokuvhota, muitiro, kana kuti muitiro unoguma nokusarura pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mutauro muduku.
  • Kuvhota 4 na 5 (Preculation): Mutoo unoshandiswa kumativi ane nhau yorusaruro, unoda kuti awane mvumo yehurumende pamberi pokushandisa mutemo mutsva upi noupi wokuvhota kana kuti muitiro. Muna 2013, chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu Shelby County v. Raker yakaputsa nenzira inobudirira nzira yokubhadharisa, kunyange zvazvo Chikamu 2 chichigara chakatendwa.
  • Kuisa 203: Kunoda zvinhu zvokuvhota mitauro miviri mumativi avagari vemo vakawanda vane 76 Britishproficien.

Tsitsi dzeVRA dzave dzakakura. Mukuwirirana ne ACLU Voting Rights Project, kunyoresa kweBlack muSouth rose kubva pasi pe 30% muna 1964 kusvikira kuinopfuura 60% pa 1968.

National Voter Brigister Act ya 1993 (NVRA)

Inozivikanwa se "Motor Voter" Act, NVRA yakaita kuti kunyoresa kwomuvhoti kusvikire zvikuru kupfurikidza nokuda kuti nyika dzipe mikana yokunyoresa kumasangano emotokari, mahofisi ebetsero dzavose, uye mahofisi amabasa anoremadza. Yakagadzawo mipimo yakafanana nokuda kwokunyoresa nokudzivirira vavhoti kuti vasabviswa mumipumburu nemhaka bedzi yokukundikana kuvhota. NVRA yakanyoresa makumi emamiriyoni evagari vemo chifo chayo.

Chirango Chinobatsira America Vote Chiito cha2002 (Hava)

Apfuudzirwa mukutevera magakava a 2000 apurezidhendi, HAVA akagovera mari yehurumende yokutsiva zvishandiso zvokuvhota zvechinyakare, kuvandudza mapepa okunyoresa anovhota, uye kutanga mipimo miduku yokutarisira vavhoti vane urema. Vavhoti vane urema, HAVA yakarayira kuti nzvimbo yose yokuvhota igovere muchina mumwe chete unosvikwa unenge une zvinhu zvakadai semabhora enzwi, makkipu, uye kusveta zvigadzirwa zvemasvota.

Mitemo Inodzora

Kupfuura mutemo wehurumende, zviremera zvine chiremera chakati chokugadza miitiro yokuvhota. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kugadziriro yakaganhurirwa yezvinodikanwa, kubatanidza mitemo yeID, nhambo dzapakuvamba dzokuvhota, kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero, uye posig. Nepo dzimwe nyika dzakakudza kusvika (mureg., vhota yaOregon’s travration), dzimwe dzakaisa ganhuriro idzo dzinotsigira nzanga dzinotapura zvikuru. Kuronda idzi chinjo pamwero wenyika kunonetseka so [[FLT: 0] National Conference of State Legislatures[FLT] inopa purotesheni huru.

Zvinetso Zvokupa Vamwe Kodzero

Pasinei zvapo negadziriro yapamutemo inorondedzerwa pamusoro apa, kodzero dzokuvhota dzinoramba dziri mutyisidziro muzana ramakore rechi 21. Zvimiro zvitsva zveganhuriro, denho dzoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye mhinganidzo dzokutarisira zvinopfuurira kuvapo, kazhinji kazhinji nemiuyo isingaenzaniswi pavavhoti veruvara, vavhoti vakaderera vanotambirwa, vavhoti vaduku, uye vavhoti vane urema. Vadzidzi vanofanira kuziva nezveidzi denho dzokubetsera vadzidzi kuyera nomutoo wokungwarira utano hwehurumende.

◯ Kushandisa Mitemo

Kusvikira muna 2024, Hurumende 36 dzine mitemo inokumbira kana kuti inoda rudzi rwakati rwokuzivikanwa panzvero. Sere dzinoisa zvinodikanwa zvemifananidzo zvakasimba zveID izvo zvinobvumira zvimwe zvimiro zvokuzivikanwa, zvakadai semabhiri ezvishandisiro kana kuti mashoko ebhangi. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mamirioni evagari vemo vevhoti dzinosarudzwa navanhu vashomanene uye vanowana mari shomanene zvikuru (____regere madmota anodikanwa nokuda kwokudhura, miganhuro, kana kuti nhafu yenzvimbo kubva kuikubudisa. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti mitemo yetsoroota inogona kuderedza pakati pemapoka anotaputswa namapfundo anoverengeka.

Voter Inobvisa uye Kuchengeta Nhevedzano

Mune nyevero yokuchenesa mapepa avavhoti, dzimwe nyika dzakabvisa vavhoti vakanyoreswa vari muboka guru vachishandisa maarusalm akakanganiswa kana kuti muchinjikwa une masimba akaipa. Muna 2018, Dare Gurusa rakatsigira muitiro waOhio wokubvisa vavhoti vanokundikana kuvhota munhambo yegore rechipiri regore uye havadzoreri chiziviso chesimbiso ( . A. Philip Randolph Institute). Kubvisa kwakadaro kwakaratidzwa kubvisa chose chose chose chose chose kuva noruvarati yemavara uye vagari vemo.

Kuderedza Nzvimbo Dzokushatisa Nokuvaka Kwapakuvamba

Munyika yose, zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzinokurumidza kukwirira, vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vakavhara kana kuti kubvisa nzvimbo dzokuvhota, kuchitungamirira kukumirira nguva refu, madaro akawedzerwa okufamba, uye kuvhiringidzika pamusoro penzvimbo dzokuvhota. Mushumo 2020 wakaitwa neFedership Conference Education Fund wakawana kuti pakati pa2018, nhamba dzakaona kukura munhamba dzavo dzevatema neveSpain dzakanga dziri sezvingabvira zvikuru 20% kuona kuderera munzvimbo dzokuvhota kupfuura voruzhinji vachena.

Mhinganidzo Dzokuwana Mazai eMari Ane Urema

Pasinei zvapo neADA ne HAVA, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzokufeyafeya hadzisvikiki mumuviri. A 2017 U.S.A. Apureyi yeEcommution Appendice yakawana kuti 17% bedzi yenzvimbo dzokuvhota dzakanga dzisina mhinganidzo dzinobvira dzekuwana, dzakadai semagwara, misuo mitete, kana kuti kushaikwa kwokupaka michina inovhara.

Ganhuriro Dzokutumira Tsigiro Dzinodzorwa

MUVENGI weCOVID 16) wakatungamirira kukuwedzera mukuvhota, asi nyika dzinoverengeka dzakava nemitemo yakaoma zvikuru, dzichida chibvumikiso chinoganhurira zvikuru nokuda kwemarobhoti anorasa, kuganhurira nzvimbo dzamabhokisi, kana kuti kupfupikisa hwindo nokuda kwokudzosera mabhora. iyi chinjo dzinogona kutapura zvikurukuru vavhoti pasina basa reposi repamusha rakavimbika, vanhu vakasungwa, uye avo vane urema vanotsamira pamiedzo inosarudzwa panzvimbo dzinonzi netsamba.

Kuwana Vanhu Vakaremara

Kurangarira kuti vagari vose vanogona kuvhota vazvimirirei uye vari voga chinodikanwa chikuru chokuenzana nedemocracy. Kupinda muvhota kunopfuura nzvimbo dzokuvhota; kunobatanidza nhano iri yose yomuitiro wokuvhota() kubva pakunyoresa kusvika pakurovha munhu kuti averengerwe vhoti. Nzvimbo dzinotevera dzinoda zvikuru nokuda kwegadziriro yokusarudza inongova yoga.

Kuwanika Mumuviri Kwenzvimbo Dzinoshatisa

Nzvimbo dzokushambadzira dzinofanira kuva panzira dzinosvikwa, nemhete-mhete sezvinodikanwa, masuo makuru, uye nzvimbo yakakwana yokufambisa mawiricheya kana kuti zvimwe zvinobatsira kufamba. Nharaunda dzokupaka dzinofanira kubatanidza nzvimbo dzinosvikwa pedyo nesuo. ADADA] Sundo yePolling Places, inowanika kubva ku [[FLT:]] National Network[], inogovera nhungamiro ine udzame pamusoro pouremhi, uye zvimwe zvinodikanwa.

Michina Inogadzirwa Nemagetsi

Pasi pe HAVA, nzvimbo iri yose yokuvhota inofanira kuva nekanenge muchina mumwe unobvumira vavhoti vane urema kutara ndokukanda kavhoti vari voga uye vari voga. Mativi angabatanidza:

  • [ Mahedhifoni eheadhi: anoverenga zvinonzwika bharoti, nezvinodzora zvikuru, zvinoshandiswa pakusarudza.
  • [[FOL:0] Bralle makepu: Nokuda kwavavhoti vari mapofu kana kuti vane chiono chakaderera.
  • Tsiginidzo dzakakwirira nokubata giramu yegiramu: Nokuda kwavavhoti vane kusaona kwakaderera kana kuti kusakwanisa kuziva.
  • [[NHAU] SUPÍand 31: Nokuda kwavavhoti vaifamba zvishoma mumaoko.

Vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanofanira kuedza michina iyi pamberi pebasa resarudzo riri rose uye chitima vanoshanda pakuvhota, zvikurukuru nokuda kwezvinoitika zvokuvhota zviri kure kana kuti zvepamba.

Maillandin neBalot Iri Kure

Zvisinei, kuvhota kunoitwa muchina wokunyorera, kunyora maemvuropu, kunyora, uye kusaina zvinogona kuva zvipingamupinyi. Dzimwe dzimba dzinobatsira dzinobatanidza:

  • Kupiwa kwemapepa: Kubvumira vavhoti kukopa ndokuisa mabhora pakombiyuta yavo vamene ichishandisa purogiramu inosvikika, ipapo kudhinda ndokudzoka neposi kana kuti panzvimbo inodonhedza.
  • Sarudza vhoti dzinosvikwa 76byשmail (RAVBM): Magadziriro anoita kuti vavhoti vane urema vasarudze chivhoti chavo pamudzivo wakatenderwa uye kudhinda pepa nokuda kwokudzoka.
  • [ Shona maemvuropu okudzosera nemiraidzo mikuru: yakaderedzwa kuoma kubata zvinhu.

Betsero Pazvinoshatisa

Vashandi vane urema vane maruramiro apamutemo okuunza mumwe munhu wechisarudzo chavo chokuvabatsira, kana kuti kukumbira betsero kumushandi wokuvhota. Uyu mutsigiri haafaniri kuva mushandirwi womuvhoti kana kuti mumiriri womubatanidzwa (kana pasinawo mutezo wemhuri). Vashandi vezvokushambadzira vanofanira kurovedzwa kupa betsero pasina kurangarira kuva nyanzvi /_vavhoti vangada betsero yokuratidzira murongi asi neimwe nzira asi vachigona kubuda vari voga. Mutendi wechisarudzo (kana kuti chinoshanda munyika) uye mitemo yakafanana inovimbisa kuti betsero inowanika pasina kurangarira muvhoti kuti aronge anzvera kana kuti kunonotsa.

Dziviriro Yapamutemo Nokumanikidzwa

Vazivi vanosangana nenhau dzokuwana shandiro vanogona kunyora nyunyuto neBato reRuramisiro yeChivili Rekodzero dzeChivil, Econstruction Appendice Commission, kana kuti kupfurikidza nemhosva dzapachivande pasi peADA. Masangano okusasarura akadai se Dare reNyika pamusoro peKusanzwa zvakanaka [ rakabudisa mishumo ine udzame inorumbidza nhungamiro dzokuwana kwadziri nounyanzvi hwokuita kuti zvinhu zvitevedzerwe.

Miitiro Yazvino Mukupa Kodzero

Kodzero dzokuvhota dziri kuramba dzichichinja nokukurumidza, dzichipesvedzerwa nezvisarudzo zvedare, zviito zvomutemo, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, uye kushatiswa kwemiitiro yemazuva ano.

Kupomera uye Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Chifo cha Shelby County v. Hoker (2017), jaji rehurumende rakaita basa rinowedzera mukuumba maruramiro okuvhota. Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvakataura kumirano yeIndaneti, uye posi jini . [[FLT]] Brvich v. Democratic National Committee[[FFLT:3] [2021], Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira ganhuriro mbiri dzokuvhotera, richiita kuti kuve kwakaoma kudenha mitemo pasi peChikamu 2 cheVRA. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuwedzera kwemitengogadziro panzvimbo, nemiuyo yakavhenganiswa. [FT][FLT][FF]

Kuwanwa Kwejeti Mune Dzimwe Nyika

Nepo dzimwe nyika dzichiganhurira kusvika, dzimwe dzakaita nhano dzokukukudza. Kusvikira muna 2024, 22 nyika neDhipatimendi reColumbia zvakaita kunyoresa kwokuzvidira kwevhota (AVR) pamasangano emotokari. AVR yakaratidzwa kukuwedzera mwero wokunyoresa, zvikurukuru pakati pavavhoti vaduku navaduku. Mimwe mirau inokura inobatanidza nhambo dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba dzevhiki mbiri kana kuti dzinopfuura, pasina kuvhota, uye kunyoreswa kwezuva rechi677. SaColorado, Hawaii, uye Washington zvose zvakaona kuwedzera kukuru pashure pokushandisa matanho akadaro.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kuchengeteka, uye Kuwanika

Kupindirana kweruzivo rwokuvhota kunounza mikana nengozi. Kunyoresa kwevhota kwazova mupimo munyika dzakawanda, kuderedza mapepa nezvikanganiso. Mabhuku okuvhota nezvinotarisisa zvemagetsi zvinogona kukurumidzisa cheki yeneclective . Zvisinei, kuitira hanya pamusoro pekusavimbwa kweIndaneti (kubatanidza kudzongonyedzwa kwevhoti uye kuvimbika kwemichina inovhota nemagetsi (*) zvave zviri mukusunda nokuda kwezvivakwa zvepepa zvinochengetedzwa. Kuvavhoti vane urema, zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvakafanana nebholot . Zvinogadzirwa zvinobudirira zvinonzi procesplaces procesce viscessor ces , asi zvinofanira kuedzwa nokungwarira nokuda kwevimbika nokuchengeteka nokushanda.

Kunyengera Nedzidzo Yavose

Masangano asingapinzi purofiti anopfuurira kuita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira nokuwedzera pamutemo. Mapoka akafanana neChinzwano chaVakadzi Voters, Common Century, uye NAACP Legal Defense Fund anopa mashoko anokurumidza kuvhota, betsero yapamutemo, uye nhimbe dzedzidzo yavose. Zvikoro navadzidzisi vanogonawo kutora pamutemo kupfurikidza nokunyoresa kunyoresa, vachidzidzisa pamusoro peVoting Rights Act, uye kuita sarudzo dzenhema dzinoratidzira mavhotera anoshanda ezvokuvhotera nezvinodikanwa zvakasiana - siana zvokuwana.

Tapuro Yokuwana Mutauro

Pasi peChikamu 203 cheVRA, mativi ane zviverengero zvavagari vemo vazhinji vane Lingala remagirengi yakaganhurirwa anofanira kugovera zvinhu zvokuvhota nazvo nebetsero yokutaura. Uku kudikanwa kunowedzera sezvo nyika inova yakasiana zvikuru mumitauro. Zvisinei, kubvumirana kunosiyana, uye vavhoti vanotaura mitauro isingafukidzwi neChirabhu kana kuti chiTagalog mudzimwe nzanga) vangatarisana nemipinyi mikuru. Nhambudzo dzechiHindu dzinopfuurira kusunda nokuda kwokufukidzwa kwomutauro navashandi vokuvhotera vari nani.

mhedziso

Nhau yekodzero dzokuvhota nokuwana muvhota muAmerica ndeimwe yerwisano inopfuurira, kukunda kunowirirana, uye kungwarira kunopfuurira. Kuvambira pakuvhota kwapashoma kwa 1789 kusvikira kudziviriro kwakafara asi kusingatani kushata kwezana ramakore rechi 21, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakatarisana nedenho yokuva nechokwadi chokuti kodzero yokuvhota haingopiwi bedzi asi inongowanika kuvagari vose vakakwaniriswa. Kuvaraidzi, nhau inopa mashoko anokosha nokuda kwekurukurirano dzekirasi pamusoro pedemocracy, ruramisiro, uye mutoro wehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokudzidzisa vadzidzi vose vari vaviri gadziriro yapamutemo neidi chaiyoiyo yokuvhotera (jeka) kubatanidza mhingani dzinotarisana navanhu vane ruvaradziko, uye mamwe mapoka anoganhurirwa kuva anoshongedzera kuva vapindi vapi vapi vezviito zvokuzviito zvokuvhotera. Kuvhotera kwomunguva yemberi kunotsamira pakunzwisisa uye kutevedzerwa munhau yazvose.