Kuwirirana kwemitemo yezvigadziko zvehurumende nesuturo dzavagari vemo dzinopa mamiriro apamutemo akakomba. Kune rumwe rutivi kunomira nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yakare inodzivirira hurumende pamhosva dzisingabvumiki, dzakadzikwa muPramende yePremende ye115. Kune rumwe rutivi vanhu vari kutsvaka kuzvidavirira nokubhadhara mari nokuda kwokutyorwa kwemitemo panguva yokuongorora kwoutsotsi, kukwidzwa, kana kuti kusungwa. Iri divi romutemo rinoraira kuva nedzikamo yokungwarira: kuchengetedza utongi nepo kuvimbisa kuti kodzero dzinovimbiswa neBumbiro remitemo hadzivi zvipikirwa zvisina maturo. Mumakumi amakore anoverengeka apfuura, matare, uye nyanzvi dzepamutemo dzakaumba iri ganhuriro kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwoutsotsi, kugadziridzwa kwedzidziso, uye kudzorwa kwemhosva, kuchiita nzvimbo inodzoro inodzosera simba uye inokasharara yekodzero yemitemo yapamutemo yavagari vehurumende.

Kunzwisisa Kubatana kwaChangamire Wehurumende

Hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pahurumende ndiyo dare renyika. Inodzivisa vanhu kukwirira hurumende pasina kubvumirana nehurumende, mungava mudare rehurumende kana kuti, muzviitiko zvakawanda, mudare rehurumende. Nheyo dzedzidziso yazvino uno iri muAndeminth Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1795, iyo yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kuchisarudzo cheDare repamusorosoro mu Shicholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S 419 (1793). [[FLT:]]

Rugwaro Rwegumi Negumi Negumi Rwe Amendeji uye Kududzira

Komiti yePreminerment yeA111 inogovera, kuti: “Simba reChitonga reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kutambanudzira kusuturo ipi neipi mumutemo kana kuti kutendeka, rakatanga kana kuti raipiwa mhaka mukurwisana nomumwe weUnited States naVagari vomunyika yeimwe Nyika, kana kuti naVagari vomunyika kana kuti naVanegaro kana kuti Vana vaMashoko veNyika Inopi.[1] Kunyange zvazvo rugwaro rwacho runoratidzika kuva runoganhurirwa navagari vemo veruwa, Dare Rapamusoro rakawedzera kusvika kumipimo yapamberi yavanhu vogarwa naidzose pasina kubvumiranwa. [[FLT:]] muv.[FLT][FLT] V[1], U.UPF.[184], Consurence.[5]

Nzvimbo Yokuzvidzora: Hurumende Nevakuru Vakuru

Changamire asvotation haasati achifukidza bedzi nyika imene asiwo anotambanudzira kumasangano ehurumende namasangano anorangarirwa kuva “hondo dzehurumende.” Kuyera kana sangano richikwaniriswa soruoko rwehurumende kunobatanidza kunzvera zvinhu zvakadai semitoro yemari yehurumende nokuda kwechatauro nemwero wokudzora kwehurumende panzvimbo yacho. Zvisinei, kudzivirira hakudziviriri vakuru vakuru venyika vamwe navamwe. Zvisarudzo muhurumende mu [[FLT: 0] simba ravo rehurumende [[[FLT: 1]] kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji] zvinobatwa sesututi mukurwisana nehurumende iyo imene uye nokudaro zvinodziviswa. Mumusiano nevakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vavo ] mubasa ravo [FFLT:]]

Zvipfeko Zvehurumende Munharaunda Yeruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Sundo dzavagari vemo dzine chokuita nekodzero dzoutsotsi dzinobatanidza kutaura kwapa 42 U.S. . . . . . . . . inobvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe kukwidza hurumende nevakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwokuputswa kwemitemo yehurumende kana kuti dare. Zvimwe zvinotaura zvinowanzomuka pasi pe BEVS v. Mazita Mazita Asingazivikanwi [[, 403 U.S 3881971], izvo zvinogovera mushonga wakafanana navakuru vakuru vehurumende. Uku kupomera mhaka kwakawanda kwomufambiro wakaipa, kubatanidza simba rakanyanyisa mukati mokusungwa, kutendwa kwakaipa, kunzvera kusingabvumirwi nomutemo, uye kusaitira hanya mumatokisi okurapa.

Marudzi Anokosha Eruramisiro Yehurumende Yavanhu

  • Uto reIndaneti: Rinotaura pasi peFirefement yeChina nokuda kwokusunga kwamasimba masimba kusina mufungo kana kuti kushandiswa kwesimba rinouraya. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosasa mu Graham v. Connor[[FL:3], 490 U.S 386 (1999), chakasimbisa kuti kutaura kwakadaro kunofanira kurangarirwa mumupimo une revo.
  • Kusungwa Kusingadzoreki uye Kutambudza kwaMalcurial Prosection: Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanosungwa pasina chikonzero kana kuti kutongwa nevavariro yakashata vangasundwa pasi pa1964. Dare muna thompson v. Clark, 596 U.S.___222), rakajekesa zvinhu zviri madikanwa kuvamba kutaura kwezvakaipa.
  • ... Kusazvibata uye Kushatiswa kwavanaBrady: Kukundikana navachuchisi kuzivisa ufakazi hwokupa mhosva, sezvinodikanwa ne Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, kunogona kutungamirira kukuvadziko kana kuchiguma nepfitiso yehurumende.
  • Kusarudzwa kwePrompment: Vanhu vakaoma vangaunza kutaura pasi peSendment yechirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose, kubatanidza kutarisirwa kusina kukwana kwezvokurapa, migariro isina kuchena, uye kushandiswa kwakanyanyisa kwokupfigirwa vari voga.
  • Kuratidzira uye Kuparidzira: Kupunzika Kwakaenzana kwakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti mamwe mavara akadzivirirwa kunogona kuparira sutu dzevagari vemo, kazhinji kazhinji kuchitsamira paufakazi hwemipimo yemiitiro yokusasarura.

Kuwiriraniswa Kwacho: Kudzikamisa Uchangamire Nokuzvidavirira

Kukakavadzana kukuru kwapamutemo kunomuka apo mutongi anoedza kukwidza hurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vayo nokuda kwekuvadziko dzinoparirwa nezviito zvoutsotsi. Mitengo inowanzokumbira dziviriro youtongi kuti idzivisire mhaka dzakadaro, ichisimbisa kuti haigoni kupiwa mhaka pasina mvumo yavo. Zvisinei, zvinoverengeka zvakasanogadzwa zvinobvumira sutu dzavagari vemo dzakati kuti dzipfuurire, kunyange mukurwisana navatambi vehurumende.

[[CV:0] Exte Young[ Tsiginicha

Imwe yedzidziso inokosha zvikurusa ndii . Ex parte Young [[FLT]] dzidziso, inotumidzwa pashure penhau yeDare Gurusa ra1990 Kuwedzera rutivi rweYoung[, 209 U.S. 123]. Iyi dzidziso inobvumira sututi mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende, mumitengo yavo yapamutemo, kuraira kuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo womubatanidzwa. Nheyo yemitemo inopesana nomutemo inobviswa chiremera uye ingabviswa nokuda kweyamuro inokanwa. Nepo [FLT:] rutivi rwamatonge]

Kuparadza Changamire Kubatana Kwedare

Imwe nhambo huru inomuka apo Congress inoronga zvakajeka kurwisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende ehurumende kupfurikidza nomutemo. Dare rapamusoro, mu SEMINOLE RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE RUDZI rweFlorida. Florida, 517 U.S.19969), rairangarira kuti Chibvumirano chingava nekodzero yehurumende yokuzvidzora kana bedzi chichiita chinenge chashanda chamasimba acho pasi peChikamu cha55. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mitemo mizhinji yehurumende inotsvaka kuva nemhosva pakodzero dzemitemo. [FFLD:2] [FFFOL:] [FF:3] [3], kana kuti chikashamiso chato chato, chikawanikwa na1]

Nyika Inopisa

Mitezo yakawanda yakaita zvirevo zvinobvumira vanhu kukwidza hurumende nokuda kwokuzvidira nokuda kwokudzivisa dziviriro yavo yokuzvitonga, zvimwe kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti zvimwe kupfurikidza nokubvumirana kuwirirana nenhau yakati.

Basa Rokubatana Kunokwaniriswa

Kunyange zvazvo kwakasiana nekodzero yokuzvidzivirira kwouchangamire, [[FLT: 0] kudzivirira kukanganisa kusingakuvadzi kazhinji kazhinji] nesutu dzedare. Kudzivirirwa kwakakwana kunodzivirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende pamhosva dzekuvadziko dzavagari vemo kutoti mufambiro wavo wakaputswa “zvakasanozivikanwa kuti kana kuti pamutemo izvo maruramiro aidzorwa aizivikanwa kuti munhu ane mufungo angadai akaziva” ( Hargerd[], 457 U.S. 800 (1982). Iyi dziviriro inowanika kudzonga yomutemo yaidzorwa mumabasa avo. Vatsoropotesi vanokwa zvisina kufanira vanodzivirira mufambiro wakaipa, nepomeno inobvumira kuchengetwa kwapamutemo. Chino chenguva yazvinokamuramura miuyo yedare uye kudzoro inona kudzorwa muano yekudzorodzoro, zvikurukuru kudzorongedzerwa kwemapurisa.

MaFramestryworks: Chikamu 1983 uye Mabhizinesi

42 U.S.C. 76 1983 uye State Accors

Chikamu 1983 ndiyo motokari huru yokuunza maruramiro evagari vemo mukurwisana nehurumende navakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo. Chinogovera chisakiso chechiito nokuda kwe “kunyimwa kwamaruramiro api naapi, ropafadzo, kana kuti kudzivirira kunochengetwa neBumbiro remitemo nemitemo” muruvara rwomutemo. Zvisinei, masutudhi ezvigaro ekodzero dzokuzvidzivirira pahurumende panzvimbo dzadzo pasi pa 76 1983. Dare gurusa mu . Michigan Department of State Police[FLM], 491], U.US 58 (1999), rairangarira kuti “vana havasati vari pasi pechiwirirano..

Zviito Zvemabhazi Nevakuru Vakuru Vehurumende

Nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende vanobatanidzwa mururamisiro youtsotsi, mishonga inopa chisakiso chakananga chechiito pasi peBumbiro reMitemo. Kusafanana na 76 1983, mishonga yemabhati[ haisi zvisikwa zvemitemo asi inorehwa nenzira yokutonga. Dare Rapamusoro raderedza zvikuru kukura kwe [[FLT:] BV] [[FLT:] mishonga, kurashanga , kurambira kuziva mifungo mitsva nokuda kwezvirevo zvakadaro ( .US.BH,[5], 587], U.UP])

Zvinoitika Munguva Yazvino Nezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kupindirana kwemitemo kwezvisakiso zvapamutemo zvokuzvidzivirira pazvirwere uye utsotsi zvakaumbwa nezvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvetsika dzechinyakare mumakore makumi maviri apfuura.

Kubatana Kwevakuru Vakuru Vejeri reHurumende

Mu Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) Mhosva, Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa nguva dzose dziviriro dzamagariro echipfuwo nokuda kwehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mu Coleman v. Tollefson[, 575 U.S. 532, Dare rakashandisa zvinodikanwa zvetsika zvapamutemo nokuda kwevasungwa vanounza maruramiro ekodzero dzevagari vemo, kubatanidza chinodikanwa chokuti vapfumi vadzo vadzori vadzore vadzore. Nepo kusati kuri zvakananga kudzivirira zvirwere, zvisaririra zvakadaro zvinoshanda nenzira yakafanana kubva mutsika.

Changamire weHurumende Kubatana Nemotokari Zvinomira

Dare rakayerawo kana mabhawa ehurumende okudzivirira hosha achivakirwa achitaura nokuda kwekuvadziko dzokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo kana kuti nhumbu. Mu Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706 (1999), Dare rakasimbisazve kuti kudzivirira zviremera kunoshanda mudare rehurumende pamwe chete nedare rehurumende, kunyange nokuda kwokutaura kwomutemo wehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti vatengi havagoni kudzivisa kukuvadzwa kupfurikidza nokutaura mudare rehurumende. Chisarudzo chinoshanda nenzira inobudirira mudare rehurumende.

Kuda Kurerutswa Kwedare Kwemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura

Mumatare ehurumende akaderera, mave mune kuzivikanwa kuri kukura kwedikanwo yokudzivisa kuzvidavirira. Mamwe matare amatunhu ave achidisa zvikuru kuwana kuti masangano ane dziviriro yakashata kupfurikidza nemirau yawo amene kana kuti kuti Expace Young [ dzidziso inobvumira rusununguko rwakafara mukurwisana namapurisa egadziriro kana kuti kusazvibata kwedare. Matsotsi anobatanidza kusungwa kukuru mukati mokuramba, saavo vanotevera kuurawa kwaGeorge Floyd, vakaedza iyi miganhuro, nematare anopa mirayiro yokutanga pamusoro pavakuru vakuru vehurumende apo anochengeta dziviriro yehurumende imene.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mutemo Panzvimbo Yehurumende

Mitemo inoverengeka yakaita chinjo idzo dziviriro yapamutemo inobvisa mativi ose maruramiro eruramisiro yavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, Mutemo wePublic Professol [ inodzivisa kudzivirirwa kwezvimwe zviremera zvavanhu, nepo kurukurirano yeCalifornia Government Pointstions Act inobvumira masutus kucherekedza zvinodikanwa chaizvo. Iyi chinjo inowanzoganhurirwa nezvinokuvadzwa nemirairo mipfupikidzo yapapo yeganhuriro, asi inomirira kusvika kwechipo kugovera mishonga pasina chose chose chose.

Kunetsa Kugadziridzwa Kweruramisiro Youtsotsi

Kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pouchangamire nokuzvidavirira kune revo huru dzinoshanda mukugadziridzwa kweruramisiro youtsotsi. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti gadziriro yazvino uno inosiya vanyajambwa vazhinji vokuputswa kwebumbiro remitemo pasina tsigiro ine revo, nemhaka yokuti dziviriro yokuzvidzivirira kwoutongi neyakakwaniriswa inoparira mhinganidzo iri pedyo isingatapurwi. Somuenzaniso, munhu anopomerwa mhaka nemhaka yomufambiro usina kururama wedare nemhaka yokusaruramisira angasakwanisa kukwidziridza murairo nokuda kwekuvadziko kutoti mutemo unobhadharwa nehurumende uripo. Nenzira yakafanana, vanyajambwa veutsinye hwamapurisa vangawanazve mishavo miduku kubva kuvakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vane zvinhu zvakaganhurirwa, nepo sangano rinoshandira hurumende rinoramba richidzivisa dziviriro.

Kutapura Kuzivikanwa Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Nzvero yakaitwa namasangano akadai se National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers [NACDL] yakaratidza kuti sundo dzavagari vemo dzinobudirira mukupesana nehurumende nokuda kwokuputsa ruramisiro yeutsotsi haisati iri yenguva dzose. Kuziva kubva kuBureauty of Justice Statistics kunoratidzira kuti vashoma pasi pe 5% ye 76 1983 vanotaura pamusoro pavatambi vehurumende kuti vaikwirira kutongwa, uye vazhinjisarendwa pachikamu chepfupiso cherutongeso panzvimbo dzinodzivisa njodzi. Iyi zvokwadi yakasunda chiito chomutemo kubrogatea kana kuti dziviriro yapamutemo yehurumende mumitengo yekodzero yavagari vemo.

Zvikarakadzo Zvokuchinja

Zvikarakadzo zvinoverengeka zvokuchinja zviri kukurukurwa zvino:

  • Kubviswa kwaChangamire weHurumende nokuda kweMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo: Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti Congress inofanira kushandisa Chikamu chayo cha 5 chokudzikamisa kuti ipedze mutemo unojeka wekuti igova romutemo wehurumende unodzivirira zvirwere zvapamutemo nokuda kwa19634. Kudzorwa kwemitemo kwakavakirwa pakuputswa kwemitemo yakadaro kungadenhwa, asi kungagona kupfuura kana kupfakaidzwa.
  • Kuwedzera kwe [[FT:1] Ex process Young Domenti: Matare angagona kuwedzera kuvapo kwenyaradzo kufukidza kwete bedzi kuputsa kunopfuurira asiwo uko kungangovazve, kuchigovera mushonga wakawanda nokuda kwetsika dzisina kururama.
  • State-Bace Tort Apenties Reformation: Nyika dzinogona kuparadzisa nokuzvimirira nokuda kwamapoka akati eruramisiro youtsotsi inoreva, zvikurukuru kukwirira kwakaipa, kuisa mutorongo kwenhema, uye kupwiswa kwakaipa. Dzimwe nyika dzakatotanga mabhodhi okubhadharisa nokuda kwavanhu vasina mhaka.
  • Kuratidzirwa kweImmunity Yakakwaniriswa: Nepo yakaparadzana nezvinodzivisa dziviriro yapamutemo, zvinodzivisa zvinokwaniriswa zvinodzivisa kuzvidzivirira. Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakaita mitemo inorambidza kudzivirirwa kwakakwaniriswa sedziviriro mudare rehurumende, uye mutezo wehurumende wakafanana wakakarakadzwa muCongress.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Nokuda Kwavatakuri Nevadzidzisi

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi vomutemo webumbiro remitemo, kunzwisisa mhesano yesuturo dzapamutemo dzapamutemo dzinotonga dzinotonga dzinoda kusanokamuraniswa mirwi yakasiana - siana yapamutemo inoverengeka. Vaparadziri vanofanira kuyera kwete bedzi kana mukwirirwi ari mutambi wehurumende, womunzvimbomo, kana kuti wehurumende asiwo kana kutaura kwacho kuchitsvaka kuvadziko, nyaradzo, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri. Nzvero inotevera inogona kubetsera kunzvera idzi nhau:

  1. Kuratidzira mukwirirwi: ihurumende, sangano rehurumende, mukuru mukuru wehurumende muukuru hwehurumende, kana kuti mukuru mukuru musimba rimwe nerimwe here?
  2. Kuparadza kwaitsvakwa: Kukuvadza kwemoneta kunobva kunyika kunowanzorambidzwa kutoti chakasiana chichishanda; kuyamura kwokutsiva kunobvira pasi pe Kurerusa Kunenge kuri muduku.
  3. Check nokuda kwekudzorwa kwehurumende: Hurumende yapfuura chiito chetort kana kuti mumwe mutemo unodzivisa kudzivirirwa nokuda kweshoko chairo here?
  4. Kubvisa mubatanidzwa: Pane mutemo womubatanidzwa uyo unoshanda seawidroustives muFindment ye145]? Mienzaniso inobatanidza ADA neTitle IX, asi kwete 76 pachayo.
  5. Anotaura kuti: Kunyange kana hurumende isingatapurwi nehosha, mukuru mukuru mumwe nomumwe angapomerwa pasi pa 76 1983, achiva anyajambwa anokwaniriswa kuzvidzivirira.

Mupeto: Kudzikama Kunodzikamisa Mudzvinyiriro Inogara Iripo

Kudzikama kwedzidziso pakati pesimba rinodzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira nemishonga yavagari vemo nokuda kwokuputswa kweruramisiro yavagari vemo kunoratidzira kurwisa kukuru kuyananisa unani hwehurumende nekodzero dzomunhu oga. Kudzivirira kweAndeminth Amendment kunovimbisa kuti hurumende dzinogona kudzora zvinhu zvadzo pasina tyisidziro yenguva dzose yehurumende, asi dziviriro idzodzo hadzigoni kuva nhoo yokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemitemo. Kupfurikidza nemitemo kupesana se Ex - Young [FLT: 1], kubatanidzwa kwebrogitation, uye vaparati vemitemo, gadziriro yemitemo yakashongedza nzira nokuda kwokuzvidavirira. Bva, idzi nzira dzinoramba dziri nheteko, uye vanyajambwa vazhinji vemiitiro yakaipa, kupwiswa kwakaipa, kana kuti kusava namajeri.

Sezvo kurukurirano yorudzi pamusoro pechinjo youtsotsi inowedzera, basa rokudzivisa utsotsi mukuvadziko yapamutemo musuturo dzavagari vemo sezvingabvira richapfuurira kushanduka. Matare achakumbirwa kuvandudza miganhu yokusatapurwa kwehurumende muchiedza chezvinoitika zvitsva zveidi, nepo masangano emitemo angasarudza kutetepa kana kuti kuwedzera gadziriro dzinodzorwa. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofamba panzvimbo ino somudzidzi, mudzidzisi, gweta, kana kuti mutsivi (‘kunzwisisa zvakakwana mitemo yegamuchidzanwa nemhikahakano dzawo anokosha.) Nharidziro huru inoramba iripo: kuva nechokwadi chokuti nheyo youchangamire hwehurumende haisi kudzivisa ruramisiro nokuda kwaavo vane kodzero dzemitemo yakaputswa mugadziriro youtsotsi.

[[[Njeresa:0] Zviwanikwa:[