Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yakasanogadzirwa yechekeso nedzikamo izvo zvinodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora dzimwe. Yakaitwa neBumbiro remitemo, ichi chivako chinoparadzanisa simba pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana: Chiremera (Mutungamiriri), Legislati (Mutungamiriri), uye Ruramisiro (Choreg), uye Rurati). Kubatana kwavo kunoitwa ne_kamwe chete, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunokakavadzana [“kuumba nheyo ine simba yeAmerica Hurumende. Kunzwisisa ukama ihwo hunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, inoita sei, uye kududzira sei, uye kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinopa sei simba nokudzora vamwe.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Masimba Neganhuriro zvaPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi anobatira somukuru wehurumende, mukuru wehurumende, uye mutungamiriri mukuru wamauto.Chikamu II cheMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo chinoisa “simba guru” muPurezidhendi, asi simba iroro rinodzorwa noune neDare nematare. Masimba ePurezidhendi anobatanidza:

  • Simba reVETO – Purezidhendi angaramba mutengo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress, kunyange zvazvo Congress ichigona kukurira vhato nevoruzhinji vane matatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Chiremera Chokugadza – Purezidhendi anonangidzira vatongi vehurumende, vanyori veCabinet, nhume, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanogadza, vose vanodzorwa nesimbiso yeDare.
  • Mutongi mukuru [ – Purezidhendi anotungamirira mauto asi haagoni kuzivisa hondo; simba iroro ndereCongress.
  • Mirairo nemirairo - Izvi zvinotakura simba romutemo kutoti zvakundwa nematare kana kuti kuchinjwa nomutemo wakatevera. Ukuru hwazvo hunoganhurirwa nemirairo iripo neBumbiro remitemo.
  • Utungamiriri hwemiitiro yeKnotsve – Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvichiwana tendero yeDare yezvitatu zviviri) uye anogona kupinda zvibvumirano zvavakuru vakuru pasina kubvumira kweDare.
  • [ Simba reProfesi – Purezidhendi anogona kupazve nokukanganwira mhaka dzehurumende kunze kwemhaka dzekusazvidzora.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zviremera zvakafara, Purezidhendi haagoni kuita mari yakafanira mumwe chete, kutanga mahofisi matsva ehurumende, kana kuti kufuratira mutemo wakagadzwa.

Mitemo Yebazu: Dare Somugadziri Wemitemo Nomutumbi Unotarisira

Congress, chikwata chemitemo chinoumbwa neBay of Screaders (mitezo ine 435), uye Dare (100 mitezo), vane mutoro zvikurukuru wokuita mitemo.Chikamu I chinoronga masimba aro anodudzwa, kubatanidza mitero, kukwereta, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye kuzivisa hondo. Kupfuura kuitwa kwemitemo, Congress inoita mabasa akakomba:

  • Dhiyi nerondedzero[[FL:1] - Congress inodzora ndyiko dzose dzemari dzehurumende dzegore negore mumari yeappropria. Purezidhendi anopa chikumbiro chebhajeti, asi Congress haisungirwi naro.
  • Kungwarira nokunzvera - Matare mukamuri dzose dziri mbiri anonzvera zviito zvevakuru vakuru, anotonga, magwaro echipameso, uye anodana zvapupu kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira.
  • Simba rokutonga [ - Imba ine chiremera chose chose chokupa (mutero) purezidhendi, mutongi, kana kuti mumwe mukuru mukuru wehurumende nokuda kwe “mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye matsotsi.” Ipapo Dare rinotonga uye, kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri shanu, ringabvisa mukuru mukuru.
  • Kubvuma nebvumirano – Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi ndokuita kuti zvibvumirano zvive zvapamutemo. Ikoku kunopa pesvedzero huru yekamuri rapamusoro pavatongi navakuru vakuru.
  • [ Muitiro worumano – MaBhiri anofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana uye anofanira kusainwa naPurezidhendi (kana kuti kupfuudzwa pavhu) kuti ave mutemo. Uku kukwirirana kwakavakwa kunovimbisa bvumirano huru.

Congress inewo simba rokugadza chiverengero chevatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro, kugadzira kana kuti kuparadza matare ehurumende akaderera, uye (nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvedzimba dzose dziri mbiri) inokarakadza gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogona kuchinja kutonga. aya masimba anoita kuti Congress igova rinozvidavirira zvikuru kuvanhu, bva kushanda kwayo kunotsamira pakubatira pamwe naPurezidhendi noruremekedzo nokuda kwokuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga.

Bazu Rokutonga: Matare Savazivisi Navatongi

Dare redare rehurumende, rinotungamirirwa neDare repamusorosoro reUnited States, rinotsanangura mitemo neBumbiro reMitemo.Chikamu III chinosimbisa Dare rimwe guru nematare akaderera akadaro seCongress angatanga (madare 94 eruwa namatare 13 okukwirira). Mativi makuru anobatanidza:

  • Kuhwirudzura kwechimumuchini - Chokutanga chasimbiswa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803), iri simba rinobvumira matare kuputsa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Ichenjedzo huru yejaji pamamwe mapazu.
  • Nguva yoUpenyu [ - vatongi veFederal vanoshumira “mumufambiro wakanaka,” kureva kuti vanogona bedzi kubviswa kupfurikidza nokudzidzisa. Ikoku kunovadzivisa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kunobvumira kuzvimirira kwenguva refu.
  • [ Kuiswa kwemirau [ - Apo mitemo inojeka, matare anosarudza chinangwa cheCongress ndokushandisa mutemo kunhau dzakati. Mitemo yavo inogona kuumba nenzira inobudirira mashandisirwe emirau.
  • Chiremera [ – Dare Gurusa rinotonga zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare ehurumende akaderera nematare makuru ehurumende panhau dzomutemo womubatanidzwa. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinova muenzaniso unowirirana munyika yose.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu – The Bill of Rights and 144 Amendment inovimbisa rusununguko rwakati; matare anodzika mitemo iyi mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengera.

Kutsamira pakunoenzanisira chikonzero nei kuremekedzana pakati pamapazu kuchikosha. Uyezve, Congress inogona kuganhurira kudzora, kuisa ukuru hweDare Rapamusorosanopfuura (kunyange zvazvo risina kuchinja chifo cha 1869), uye inokarakadza kugadziridza kubvisa dudziro dzemitemo.

Kupindira Kunokosha: Matanho Anoita Mapazi Pakuongorora uye Kupesvedzerana

Purezidhendi neDare: Dzikamo Yesimba Rezuva Nezuva

Ukama pakati peWhite House naCapitol Hill ndihwo hunooneka zvikurusa uye kazhinji kazhinji hunokakavara zvikurusa. Simba raPurezidhendi rinomupa nzvero yakananga paCongress, asi tyisidziro yokupfuudza inokurudzira kukurukurirana. Ukuwo, kudzora kweCongress kunoshandisa mari nejeri (inogona kuramba mari nokuda kwepurogiramu dzinotsigira kana kuti kuisa migariro kumitevero yedare yekusimbisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru kunova nechokwadi chokuti Purezidhendi vabvunza vadzo pakugadzwa, pane dzimwe nguva kutungamirira kukushambadza mabhiza kana kuti vadzokoroni.

Congress anotungamirirawo kupfurikidza nokutonga nokunzvera. Mapurezidhendi angakumbira ropafadzo yavakuru vakuru yokunyima mashoko, asi matare anoda chaizvoizvo dikanwo chaiyo yokukurira ropafadzo iyoyo, sezvinoonwa muUnited States v. Nixon chisarudzo chakamanikidzira Purezidhendi Nixon kubudisa matepi. Mumhaka yakakomba, House yakapinza purezidhendi vatatu (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump kaviri), kunyange zvazvo Johnson naTrump vakaedzwa bedzi neDare uye hapana vakatongerwa mhaka.

Mapurezidhendi anopesvedzerawo Congress kupfurikidza neState of the Union kero, kukurudzira, uye utungamiriri hwebato. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anowanzoshandisa zvirango zvevakuru vakuru kuita zvisina kumira mberi apo Congress inodzorwa, asi mirairo yakadaro inogona kuchinjwa nehurumende inotevera kana kuti kuparadzwa nematare. Chirambidzo cha2017, somuenzaniso, chakatarisana nezvinetso zvakawanda zvapamutemo shanduro yakadzokororwa isati yatsigirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro mu Trump v. Hawaii

Congress Nematare: Kubvisa Musangano Wacho Nemhosva Yawo

Dare rinopa simba guru padare redare nokusimbisa. Dare repamusorosoro roga roga razova chiitiko chikuru mune zvematongerwe enyika, nezano reDare uye kubvuma kazhinji kazhinji zvichichinja kuva hondo dzinorwisana nedare. Dare rinogona kuramba manyumine, kunonoka kunzwa (sokufanana naMerrick Garland muna 2016), kana kuchinja danho rokusimbisa (kubvisa chikwata chedare guru muna 2017). Kupfuura kugadza kwedare, Congress anogona:

  • batanidza chivako chematare ehurumende - Wedzera kana kuti kubvisa vatongi, kuchinja miganhu yedunhu, kana kuti kunyange kuparadza dare (sezvakwakaita neChemmer Court muna 1913).
  • muganhu weLimellate - Chikamu III chinopa chiremera cheDare kuisa kusiana kuchiremera cheDare Rapamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo simba iri risingawanzoshandiswi uye ganhuriro dzaro dzinokurukurwa.
  • O kushatisisa rondedzero dzokutonga – Apo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinodudzira mutemo wehurumende munzira iyo Congress isingadi, inogona kuchinja mutemo kujekesa donzo rawo. Kushandura gamuchidzanwa kunoda kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, chivharo chakakwirira zvikuru.
  • [ Control mari [[[FLT: 1] – Congress yakakodzera mari nokuda kwedare redare, kubatanidza miripo, zvivako, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuchipa simba pamabasa edare.

Macademy nhano inoreva kuti nokukurumidza apo mutemo unomiswa, Congress inofanira kugamuchira kutonga, kupfuudza mutemo mutsva unowirirana nemipimo yemitemo, kana kuti kukarakadza kugadziriswa. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana ne Brown v. Board of Education (1954]) uye [[FLT:] Obergefell. Hodges

Purezidhendi Nematare: Kugadzwa, Zvinetso, uye Kumanikidzwa Kushanda

Simba raPurezidhendi kugadza vatongi vehurumende − nenduramo yegumi(idzo imwe yenzira dzinogarisa zvikuru iyo mukuru mukuru anogona kuumba nadzo mutemo weAmerica. Mutungamiriri mumwe anogona kubvisa dzikamo yepfungwa dzematare kwamakumi amakore. Purezidhendi Trump akagadzwa vatongi vatatu veDare Gurusa reDare (Neril Gormoth, Brett Kavangaugh, naAmy Coney Barrett) navatongi vedunhu 54, nepo Purezidhendi Biden akagadza Ketanji Brown Jackson navatongi vazhinji vedare rapasi. Hondo dzekusimbisa dzazova dzinowedzera kuva dzenyika, navasarutsi vadzori vezvizivi zvedare uye zvisaru.

Mapurezidhendi anobatiranawo nematare apo zviito zvavo zvokutungamirira zvinodenhwa. Department yeRuramisiro inodzivirira zviito zvapurezidhendi mudare, asi Purezidhendi anodikanirwa nebumbiro remitemo ku “ngwarira kuti Mitemo ipedzwe nenzira yokutendeka,” kureva kuwirirana nezvirevo zvedare zviri pamutemo. Mu vaduku metap / Tube Co. v. Saayter [1952], Dare Rapamusoro rakavhara Porofesitisitisiti yezvigadziko dzesimbi mukati mehondo, rinosimbisa kuti kunyange masimba ehondo ane ganhuriro dzemitemo. Nhauni Nixon akarairwa kushandura matepi, uye matare akaderera akavhara mirayiridzo yezvokubuda munyika, chengeteko, uye chengeteko yenyika.

Matare akaregerera vanhu akaramba kuongorora zvikonzero zviduku zvokukanganwira, kunze kwemuzviitiko zvisingazivikanwi kuti angadzongonyedza kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo (muchimbichimbi, kukanganwira kodzero dzeFindrence Confender).

Makepi Nedzikamo Zviri Kushanda: Mienzaniso Yenhau Neyazvino Uno

Kusimba kwegadziriro yacho kunonzwisiswa zvakanakisisa nezviitiko zvekongiri:

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803) - Dare Gurusa rakatanga hwirudzuro, richitaura simba rokuzivisa chiito cheCongress pasina kuwirirana. Iyi chisarudzo chakanzvera zvose zviri zviviri Congress naPresidenti, kuchigadza muenzaniso unopfuurira nhasi.
  • New Deal Era – Purezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt mapurogiramu ezvemari akatarisana nechishoro cheDare Gurusa. Mumhinduro, akakarakadza “kurongedza matare” (kubatanidza matare matanhatu), iyo yakaramba. Dare rakachinja nzira yaro, richitsigira mutemo mukuru weNew Deal.
  • Watergate (1974) - Congress yakanzvera Purezidhendi Nixon pabutiro, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarayira nokubvumirana kubudiswa kwamatepi, uye House Judiary Committee yakavhota nyaya dzokusainwa. Nixon akarega pamberi pevhoti yeImba yakazara, achienzanisira kuti mapazu ose matatu anogona kubatanidzwa sei munjodzi yebumbiro remitemo.
  • Afford Care Act (202) - Congress yapfuura ACA, Purezidhendi Obama akaiisa zita, uye masangano anoverengeka akaidenha mudare. Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira murairo womunhu mumwe nomumwe somutero asi rakabvisa rutivi rwewedzero yeMedicaid. Gare gare, Musangano wakaedza kudzokorora mativi, uye Dare rakayerazve padanho, richiratidzira kupfuurira.
  • Trump Trave Ban (2017) – Purezidenti Trump akapa mirairo yavakuru vakuru inorambidza kufamba kunobva kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim. matare epasi akavhara mirairo; Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira shanduro yakadzokororwa pakupedzisira pashure pokunge utarisiro hwaita zviwanwa chaizvo. Dare harina kupindira, richisiya matare sechekero huru.

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti mapazi haawanzoita ari oga. Kakawanda, anobvuma kufambirana, achiita kuti pave nechinhu chakaoma kunzwisisa chinochinja nokufamba kwenguva.

Mugumisiro: Kutsungirira Kudiwa Kwoutongi Hwakadzikama

Kufambidzana pakati paPurezidhendi, Congress, uye Dare hakuna kumira kana kuti kumira. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda nezviremera zvakasiyana zvebumbiro remitemo asi rinoramba richitsamira pane zvimwe nokuda kwoune pamutemo, mari, kuchengetwa, uye kududzira. Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo, nepo pane dzimwe nguva ine tsvina uye isati yanonoka, yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba zvikuru mumazana amakore anopfuura maviri. Inodzivisa, inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu vashomanene (kunyange zvakadaro apo murangariro wakakurumbira kana kuti chinzvimbo chikuru zvingada kukurumidza kufungwa.

Kunzwisisa kufambidzana uku hakusi kungoshanda kwedzidzo chete. Kunoratidza kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, kuti kodzero dzinodzivirirwa sei, uye kuti kusawirirana kwezvematongerwe enyika kunogadziriswa sei. Kuvadzidzi vehurumende, kunosimbisa unyanzvi hwemapuraneti eAkatanga: simba rinofanira kuparadzirwa uye kubatanidzwa, bazi rimwe nerimwe riine chinhu chinokosha kukubatsira vamwe. Sezvo United States inotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva, kubva pakuchinja kweruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu kusvika pakusagadzikana kwepasi rose, uye mano emapazu matatu aya okushandira pamwe chete (uye kuongorora rimwe) acharamba ari madikanwa kuutano hweRiphabliki.

[[[[Njeresa:0] Zviwanikwa zveKuravazve:[