Chitanga: Chikonzero Nei Mutemo - wi uchisiyanisa Zvinhu

Zuva riri rose, vagari vemo vanosangana nemiuyo yokuita chisarudzo chehurumende () kubva mumhepo yavanofema kusvikira kukotsekano yezvokudya zvavanodya nemwero yemubereko padzimba dzavo. Chinongomira vashomanene kuti varangarire zvishandiso zviviri zvakasiyana asi zvinotsamirana izvo zvinoita kuti izvi zvibvire: mitemo nemirau. Mutemo unoisa nharidzano huru kupfurikidza nemirau inopfuudzwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa; murairo unozadza udzame muudzame mumitemo kupfurikidza nemitemo yakapiwa namasangano ehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti aya masimba maviri anobatira pamwerowo sei haisiwo muitiro wedzidzo. Izivo inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kupesvedzera miraudzo yavose, kuchengeta kuti anozvidavirira kuhurumende, kana kuti angonzwisisa kuti kodzero dzavo dzinoumbwa sei.

Nyaya inopa mirayiridzo inobatanidza mitemo nemitemo, inotsanangura zvinoitwa nechinhu chimwe nechimwe, uye inopa nhungamiro inoshanda pamusoro pokuti vagari vemo vanogona kubatanidzwa sei nezvose zviri zviviri.

Kurondedzera Mutemo Nokudzorwa

Chii Chiri Mitemo?

Mutemo unonongedzera kumitemo inoitwa nedare remitemo, rakadai seUnited States Congress, mubatanidzwa wehurumende, kana kuti dare reguta. aya masangano anoumbwa navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanokurukura uye vanovhota pamabhiri anokarakadzwa. Akambopfuudzwa namakamuri ose ari maviri (mugadziriro yemibatanidzwa yemitemo) ndokusainwa nomukuru mukuru mukuru (mutungamiriri wehurumende, gavhuna, kana kuti meya), mutemo wacho unova mutemo wakanyorwa nesimba rehurumende.

Mitemo yakafara zvikuru. Inotanga nheyo, inoumba mapurogiramu, inobvumira kushandisa mari, uye inopa chiremera kumasangano ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Clean Air Act hairongedzi muganhu uri wose unobvumirwa worudzi rwuri rwose rwoutsi; panzvimbo pezvo, inozivisa kuti mhepo inofanira kuva yakakotsekana nokuda kwoutano hwavanhu uye inoraira Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kutanga mipimo chaiyo.

Mitemo inogona kukamurwazve kuva mitemo yavose (inowanzoshandiswa kuvagari vose) uye mitemo yomunhu oga (kupa betsero kana kuti yamuro kuvanhu vakati kana kuti masangano). Mizhinjisa yemitemo inotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva(makwara ekodzero dzechibharo, mitemo yemitero, mipimo yemhoteredzo yavanhu.)

Kudzorerwa Chii?

Kudzorwa, mukupesana, igadziriro yemirau nezvinodikanwa zvinobudiswa namasangano ebazu makuru kuti ashandise mitemo inopfuudzwa nedare remitemo. Idzi masangano () akadai seEPA, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Nepo mutemo uchigadza “icho” ne“ nei” zvechiito chehurumende, mirau inopa“ sei” zvinangwa zvemiitiro yakafara kuva mipimo yakananga, inomanikidzirwa. Somuenzaniso, Crow Air Act inopa EPA simba reNational Ambient Air Ser Service Directs (NAAQS). EPA inopawo mitemo ine udzame inoratidzira kuiswa kwezvinosvibisa zvakadai seozone neozone, pamwe nemitoo yokuongorora, miganhuro, uye zvirango nokuda kwokuputsa.

Mitemo ine uremu hwapamutemo humwe chetehwo semirau, chero bedzi ichipiwa mukati mechiremera chesangano rinogoverwa. Matare anowanzononokesa kududziro dzemitemo isina kujeka yedzidziso yeCHEBHA pasi pe (nheyo yakapiwa zita pashure penhau yeDare Gurusa re 1984 CHEVron U.S.A. Inc. neNatural Resources Defensence Council[), kunyange zvazvo iyi dzidziso yakadzoserwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya.

Gadziriro Yomutemo Muukuru

Kuva Kunoita Bhiri

Mufananidzo we “maitirwo anoitwa mari inongova mutemo”. Kutaura zvazviri, rwendo rwacho rwakaoma, haruna kujeka, uye rwakaumbwa nokubvumirana kwezvematongerwe enyika. Matanho akarongwa ndeaya:

  1. Introduction[[FLT: 1]: Mutezo weCongress unotsigira mutezo wousuma muImba yaVamiriri kana kuti Dare. (Zvikwereti zveRevenuse zvinofanira kuvamba muImba.)
  2. Committee Referral: Mutengo unonongedzerwa kudare rakafanira (somuenzaniso, mutezo wokutarisira utano unoendeswa kuDare reNzivisiro neCHENGETS kana kuti Dare roUtano, Dzidzo, Basa, uye Penzura. Dare rinoita kuti kutonga kuitwe, kurukurirano dzinogadziridzwa, uye ringa “ratidzira bhiri racho.
  3. Nharo ne Vote[[FT:1]: Kana dare richitendera mutengi, inopfuurira kusvikira kunzvimbo yakazara. Mirairo inodzora (zvakadai seganhuriro dzenguva neganhuriro) inogadzwa neImba Rinotonga kana kuti kupfurikidza nebvumirano imwe muDare. Voruzhinji vanodikanwa nokuda kwokupfuudzwa muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa.
  4. Action muimwe Dare: Mutengo unopfuudzira mumwe muitiro mukamuri rakapesana. Kana kamuri rechipiri rikapfuudza shanduro yakasiana, dare remitezo yedare rakabva mumakamuri ose ari maviri rinokurukura kubvumirana.
  5. [[FT:0] Passal: Matende ose ari maviri anofanira kutendera mashoko akafanana. Mutengo unonyorwa wotumirwa kupurezidhendi.
  6. Predésitial Action: Purezidhendi angasaina mutemo mumutemo, kana kuti kuubvumira kuva mutemo pasina kusaina pashure pamazuva gumi (kuwedzera maSvondo) apo Congress inenge iri murusando. Kana yakatenderwa, Masangano anogona kudzora nevhoti mbiri mumakamuri ose ari maviri.

Kunzwisisa mitsipa yebhodhoro nedanho redare uye dare redare reSahenari revabereki (vagari vemo) nerokushandisa zvinenge zvichidiwa kuti zvivaitire nyore.

Vatambi Vanokosha Nepesvedzero

Vari kunze kwavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, mutemo unoumbwa neboka guru ravatambi:

  • [ Mushandi weCommittee[[FL:1]: Mutauro wedraft, wirirano, uye tsiuro mitezo.
  • [LBB: mapoka ezvisakiso anomirira (masangano, mibatanidzwa, zvisingabetseri) uye anosundira nokuda kana kuti kupesana negadziriro.
  • [ Masangano anoshanda: Ipa unyanzvi hwemibato uye pane dzimwe nguva kukarakadza mutauro wemitemo.
  • [[FOLT:0] Constuteens[[FLT: 1]: Vavhoti vamwe navamwe vanoonana navamiriri vavo vanogona kudzongonyedza vhoti, zvikurukuru panhau dzomunzvimbomo kana kuti dzakakwirira.

Vagari vanoda kupesvedzera mutemo vanofanira kuisa ngwariro pakuvaka ukama nehofisi dzevamiririri vavo, zvikurukuru vashandi vanobata nenhau yemitemo yakafanira.

Gadziriro: Maitirwe Emitemo

Administrate Procedure Act (APA)

Mitemo haisati yaitwa mubhokisi dema. Administrative Procedure Act ya 1946 inodzora gadziriro yokugadza mitemo yamasangano ehurumende, kuvimbisa kujeka, kutora rutivi kwavose, uye dare. Masangano ehurumende anoshanda mumiitiro yakafanana yokutungamirira yenzvimbo. APA anotanga marudzi maviri okutanga okuita mitemo: kusarongwa (masangano neapomendi) uye mashandiro epamutemo (magadzirwo enhau). Mitemo mizhinji inopiwa kupfurikidza nokugadzira mutemo wamasanga.

Nhano Mukuronga Kutonga Kwemasanga

  1. SSta Officey Gunyara: Sangano rinofanira kuva nechiremera chakananga kubva kumutemo kubudisa mirau pamusoro.
  2. Trusautsi yokuita Ruramisiro (NPRM): Sangano racho rinobudisa mutemo unokarakadzwa mu Faceral Register[ (magazini yezuva nezuva yehurumende yeU.S.). Chiziviso ichi chinobatanidza rugwaro rwomutemo unokarakadzwa, chiremera chapamutemo, uye chikumbiro chetsinhiro dzavose.
  3. Nguva yeMapinduriro: Anowanzova mazuva 30 kusvikira ku 60, kunyange zvazvo akatambanudzwa nokuda kwemitemo mikuru. Munhu upi noupi(individo, mabhizimisi, mapoka okuzvidira, hurumende nenzvimbo.] Actives anofanira kunyora tsinhiro dzakanyorwa.
  4. View and Reformation: Pashure penhambo yetsinhiro yapera, sangano rinohwirudzura redisc, ringahwirudzura mutemo, uye kugadzirira shanduro yokupedzisira.
  5. Kutonga kworuvara: Rakabudiswa mu REGURES] neratidziro yehwaro nedonzo kutsanangura kuti sangano rakapindura sei kutsinhiro. Mutemo unobatanidza musi unoshanda (zvinowanzova mazuva 30 gare gare).
  6. [[FLT: 0] Judicial Review[[FLT: 1]: Vaparidzi vanofarira vanogona kudenha mutemo wokupedzisira mudare, vachisimbisa kuti unopfuura chiremera chesangano racho, unoda hawo kana kuti hauna kurongwa, kana kuti unoputsa Bumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo.

Kushanda kwemakambani okunyika kunobatsira vanhuwo zvavo kuti vakwanise kupa mashoko ane simba okuti mitemo ishande mumamiriyoni evanhu.

Basa Register yeFederal neMitemo.gov

Zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha zvinoita kuti muitiro wokutungamirira uratidzike:

  • REGEBENT [Ibhuku rezuva nezuva rinonyoresa.gov): Chinyorwa chezuva nezuva umo mitemo yose yakakarakadzwa neyokupedzisira, pamwe chete nemagwaro epurezidhendi, zvinooneka. Chinonzverwa nesangano, musi, uye musoro.
  • Mitemo.gov: Chiteshi chikuru chetsinhiro yavose pamusoro pokuita mirau yehurumende. Vagari vanogona kutsvaka mitemo inokarakadzwa, kurava magwaro anotsigira, uye kupa tsinhiro pakombiyuta.

Zvikuva izvi zvakasununguka uye zvakazarukira vanhu. Mitemo.gov ndicho chinhu chimwe chinokosha zvikurusa nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kupesvedzera mirau.

Kupindirana Pakati Pemitemo Nokudzorwa

Kupiwa Chiremera

Chivimbo chewirirano yomutemo i pamutemo. Dare (kana kuti chigaro chehurumende) rinopfuudza mutemo wokuti nhume dzinoisa chiremera kusangano. Mutemo unoisa miganhu: sangano rinogona kubudisa mirau iyo “inowirirana nendangariro” kuzvinangwa zvomutemo. Iyi nhume inobvumira nyanzvi dzemitemo, panzvimbo pemitemo yehurumende, kumiramirau yemitemo ine udzame. Inogonawo kugonesa kugadziridza mirau yemitemo semigariro inochinja pasina kuda mutemo mutsva.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti nhume dzakanyanyisa dzinoputsa nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yokuparadzana kwamasimba, asi matare akatsigira kazhinji kazhinji nhume dzakafara chero bedzi Congress ichigovera “nheyo inorondedzerwa” kutungamirira sangano racho. U.S. chiteshi chengarava chehurumende [ chinotsanangura idzi nhume mumugariro wegadziriro yose yokugadzira mutemo.

Mazadzikire Anoita Mitemo

Mitemo inowanzova nemikaha, zvisakafanira, kana kuti mashoko asina kujeka anoda kududzirwa. Somuenzaniso, Savenety neState Act yeOcciation inoda vashandirwi kugovera “nzvimbo yebasa isina ngozi dzinozivikanwa.” Asi chii chaizvoizvo chinoumba ngozi inozivikanwa? Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inoronga miganhu inobvumirwa kuiswa panzvimbo yakaiswa makemikari, inoda midziyo inodzivirira, uye zvinodiwa zvokuchengeta zvinyorwa. Pasi pemiraudzo iyoyo mutemo haungatendiswi.

Nenzira yakafanana, Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation and Consumer Protection Act ya2010 yakatungamirira masangano akawanda (kubatanidza SEC neConsumer Financial Protection Bureau) kunyora mazana emitemo inoshandisa gadziriro dzayo. Mutemo wacho umene wakanga uri mapeji anopfuura 2 300, bva mitemo yawakatanga yakasvika zviuru zvokuwedzera.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Mutambo wacho hausati uri mumwe chete. Nepo mirau inoshandisa mutemo, inodzorwa navose vari vaviri mapazi emitemo neatongi. Congress inogona kukurira murairo kupfurikidza nokupfuudza mutemo mutsva (kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchida danda rimwe chetero gurusa semutemo upi noupi). Inogonawo kushandisa Congregational Review Act (CRA) kushora mutemo kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chakapfava, asi ichi chishandiso chinoganhurirwa kuhwindo pfupi pashure pokunge mutemo wapinzwa kuDare. Matare anogona kurovanisa miraudzo inopesana, inodzorwa, kana kuti kudarika chiremera chesangano.

Fundo Yenhau: Dziviriro Yemhoteredzo Muchiito Chokuchenesa Kwemhepo

Mavambo Etsika

Clean Air Act (CAA), yakapfuudzwa pakuvamba muna 1963 ndokugadziridzwa zvikuru muna 1970 na 1990, chidimbu chakatanhamara chomutemo wemhoteredzo. Inozivisa kuti nharidzano yacho ndeyoku “dzivirira nokuvandudza kunaka kwezviwanikwa zvemhepo zvorudzi kuti zvitsigire utano negarikano.” Chiratidzo chinogadza miganhu nemipimo yakafara asi chinosiya udzame huzhinjisa hwezvoruzivo rwezvinhu zveEPA.

Urongwa hunokosha hweCAA hunosanganisira:

  • Kukumbira EPA kugadza National Ambentient Moyer Service (NAAQS) nokuda kwe “crite” tsvina (umh., ozone, chinhu chepakamu, carbon monoxide).
  • Kudzora kubudiswa kwezvinosvibisa mhepo zvine ngozi (HAP) zvakadai sebenzene nemercury.
  • Kutanga purogiramu yebvumidzo yamanyuko makuru amaindasitiri.
  • Nyika dzinoita zvokuchinja kuti dzitange zvirongwa zvokushandisa Hurumende (SIP) kuti dzizosangana naNAAQS.

Kuita Kwokutungamirira

EPA yabudisa mazana emirau pasi peCAA. Somuenzaniso, murau wezvinhu zviduku (PM2.5) unogadza mupimo wemicrogram 12 pamita yekyubhiki pagore. EPA inosarudza kuti hurumende dzinofanira kutarira sei kunaka kwemhepo, kuti zvii zvinofanira kuisa mitemo yokudzora kushatisa, uye kuti mipimo inodzorwa sei. Chirongwa chacho chinoisawo mipimo yebutiro remotokari, mipimo yejerecha yemagetsi, uye mudungwe wemhepo inoshatisa mhepo inoshatisa.

Mitemo iyi inowanzomutsa nharo. Mapoka ezvokutengeserana angaadenha seanodhura zvikuru, nepo mapoka emhoteredzo angataura kuti haana kusimba zvikuru. EPA anofanira kupindura tsinhiro mukati megadziriro yokuita mitemo, uye matare anowanzohwirudzura mitemo inokakavadzana. Kubatanidzwa pakati pechiremera chemitemo (mhepo yakachena) uye ganhuriro dzemitemo (miganhu yemitemo) kunoratidza kuti gadziriro inochinja sei nguva sezvo sayenzi noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinochinja.

Fundo Yenhau: Kutarisira Utano uye Muitiro Wokutarisira Usingatani Kushayiswa Muuyo

Act yeAfford Care (ACA) ya2010 inogovera mumwe muenzaniso wakakura. Mutemo wacho umene mukuru, asi unopa chiremera chikuru chokuisa mitemo kuBato reUniversity of Health and Human Service (HHS), Internern Revenue Service (IRS), uye hurumende dzenyika. Somuenzaniso, ACA inorambidza vapa mhaka kuti varambikidziri vemipinduriro nemhaka yemamiriro ezvinhu apakuvamba. Asi chii chinova chinokosha sechinetso chapamberi pokuvapo? Vabudisisi vanofanira kunyora sei mapepa?

Mumwe mutemo unokosha pasi peACA wakarondedzera betsero dzoutano dzinokosha idzo gadziriro dzose dzoutano nomunhu mumwe nomumwe neboka duku dzinofanira kufukidza. HHS yakabudisa mutemo unoratidzira mapoka gumi (kubatanidza kuiswa muchipatara, mirimo inonyorwa nachiremba, kutarisirwa kwomuviri, uye mabasa outano hwendangariro) ndokubvumira nyika kusarudza gadziriro yebhenji. Iyi murairo wakapa revo chaiyo kuvimbiso yomutemo ye “resticity".

Kuitwa kwokutungamirira kweACA kwakanga kusati kuri kusina kupfuudzwa. Kutonga kwakawanda kwakadenha ukuru hwechiremera chesangano, kwakakurumbira zvikurusa King v. Burwell (2015]), uko Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira zvikwereti zvemitero zvinotsaurirwa nehurumende nokuda kwemitero yakavakirwa pamirau yeIRS. Mhaka yacho inoratidzira kuti matare anorondedzera sei mitemo nemiraudzo pamwe chete.

Nei Vagari Vemo Vachifanira Kungwarira Kupindirana Kwenyaya

Kodzero Nemitoro Zvinorondedzerwa Nezvose

Vagari vemo vazhinji vanofunga nezve “mutemo” semirau inopfuudzwa bedzi neDare kana kuti chigaro chehurumende. Kutaura idi, mirau ine muuyo mumwe chetewo wapamutemo. Kana ukaputsa mupimo weEPA unobudisa, murau wekotsekano weOSHA, kana kuti chinodikanwa chokuzivisa, unotarisana nefaindiro, zvirango, kana kuti kunyange pomero dzoutsotsi — kunyange kana usati watongorava mutemo unobvumira mitemo iyoyo.

Mitemo yacho inogona kupa kodzero. VaAmerica vane urongwa hwokuva nemhosva yokusagona kuvhura; asi nhungamiro dzine udzame dzokuwanika kwezvivako nemawebsite inobva kumirau yakabudiswa neBato reRuramisiro. Mitemo iyoyo inonyatsoratidza kuti suo rakafara sei, kuti jira rakadzika sei, uye kuti inoita sei nzvimbo yokubudisira mashoko.

Mikana Yokutora Rutivi Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kubatanidzwa hakuna kuganhurirwa kukuvhota kwapurezidhendi kana kuti Congress. Gadziriro yokutungamirira inopa mukoto wakananga kuti vagari vemo vaumbe muitiro wavanhu vose. Mukati menhambo yetsinhiro dzavose, tsinhiro inosanopikiswa nomunhu, yapamhinyiswa noufakazi(hwunopesvedzera chisarudzo chesangano. Zvirongwa zvinodikanirwa kurangarira tsinhiro dzose dzinokosha. Izvi zvine simba zvikuru nokuda kwenhau dzomunzvimbomo, zvakadai semutemo wefekitari unotapura nzanga chaiyo.

Uyezve, vagari vemo vanogona kupinda matare avose, kukumbira kuti pave nehurumende, uye kunyange kukwidza zvikumbiro zvemasangano kuti amanikidze chiito (sezvinei, apo sangano rinopotsa nguva yakarongwa yemitemo).

Nzira Yokubatanidzwa Nayo: Nhungamiro Inoshanda

Danho 1: Ziva Nyaya Yacho uye Mutarisiri Anoshanda

Kana une hanya nenzvimbo yakati yetsika — kuchinja, dziviriro yavatengi, chengeteko yezvokudya — wanai uko sangano rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende rine simba. Somuenzaniso, EPA inobata mitemo yemhoteredzo yakawanda, FDA inotarisira zvokudya nemirimo, uye Federal Communications Commission (FCC) inodzora kurukurirano yemari.

Nhano 2: Kuronga Mitemo Yakarongwa

Shandisa mirau.gov kutsvaka mabudire emitemo yakazaruka. Unogona kunyoresa kumirarira yeemail nokuda kwemisoro yefariro. Uyewo nzvera Féderal Register nokuda kwezviziviso zvokuita mitemo yakakarakadzwa.

Danho 3: Dzora Tsinhiro Inobudirira

Tsinhiro dzavose dzine ukoshi hukuru apo dzinova dzakananga, dzakavakirwa paufakazi, uye dzinotaura kuchiremera chapamutemo chesangano racho. Ronga tsinhiro yako sezvinotevera:

  • Taura zvakajeka (kutsigira, kushora, kana kuti kukarakadza chinjo).
  • Rovedza mashoko, zvidzidzo, kana kuti zvakaitika pachako zvinoenderana nomutemo wacho.
  • Taura chikamu chaicho chemutemo wauri kutaura nezvawo.
  • Tsanangura kuti mutemo wacho ungakutapura sei kana kuti nzanga yako.

Mabhii anobva kumapoka evatsotsi anobatsira, asi mashoko anotaurwa nomunhu mumwe nomumwe anonyengetedza zvikuru vashandi vesangano.

Danho 4: Usapindura

Unogonawo kuonana nevamiririri vako vakasarudzwa kuti vakurudzire kutongwa kana kuti kuchinja kwemitemo.

Danho 5: Onai Mitemo Yokupedzisira Nezvinetso Zvepamutemo

Kana mutemo wacho uchikuvadza zvaunofarira uye sangano racho rikasanyatsotaura mashoko anokosha, ungave wakamira panzvimbo yaunofanira kukwirira.

mhedziso

Mutemo unogovera chirevo chedemocracy nenhungamiro yakafara; murau unoshandura kuti mipimo ishande, inodaro. Muitiro wacho haugoni kukwaniswa (hwunogona kuva unononoka, wakajeka, uye unobatwa nezvinodiwa chaizvo.) asi unopa mikana yapachokwadi yokutora rutivi.

Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kubatanidzwa kwemitemo iyi miviri, vagari vemo vanogona kuva vabati venhau dzinonzi havafaniri kudzorwa nomutemo. Vanogona kuva vapindi vanoziva vanoumba mitemo inodzora upenyu hwavo. Kana uchiitira hanya kurongwa kwomunzvimbomo, mutemo woutano hwenyika, kana kuti chinjo yemamiriro okunze enyika yose, maturusi emitemo nemitemo zvinowanika (kana uchiziva kuti ungaashandisa sei. Kutanga nhasi kupfurikidza nokuongorora .gov's kutungamirira kunzira kuinoitwa nayo mitemo [[] uye kuisa mapepa egilamu. [[FLT:]]]]