Kurondedzera Kupunzwa Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo muAmerica Yazvino Uno

Kodzero dzevagari vemo ivimbiso huru dzokubatwa kwakaenzana nedziviriro pasi pomutemo. Apo idzi kodzero dzinorambwa kana kuti kudzorwa zvikurukuru nemhaka yemitezo yomunhu muboka rakadzivirirwa, kuputswa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo kunoitika. Uku kuputswa hakuna kuganhurirwa kumabasa akanyanyisa okusasarura; kunobatanidzawo miitiro yetsika, mirangariro yamanomano, uye miitiro yesangano izvo zvinokuvadza zvikuru mapoka akacherwa. MuUnited States, rondedzero yapamutemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo inobatanidza rusarurano zvakavakirwa zvikurukuru padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano (kubatanidza mirangariro yevatano nechiratidzo chevatano nevatano mumibatanidzwa yevatano), mavambo orudzi, zera, uremaremara, kana kuti mugariro wetsika.

Mienzaniso inozivikanwa navose yokuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu inobatanidza kubhadharwa kana kuti kusimudzirwa kwebasa, kusvika kusina kuenzana kwedzimba kana kuti kukweretesa chikwereti, kusazvibata kwamapurisa kwakadai sokusasarura dzinza kana kuti simba rakanyanyisa, kudzvinyirira nzira dzinoshandiswa nevavhoti dzinodenha nzanga shoma, uye kurambwa kwepokugara kune mufungo nokuda kwavanhu vane urema. Kunzwisisa chinoumba kupunzwa kwechinoumba nhano yokutanga kukutsvaka mishonga yapamutemo uye kuita kuti vapunzi vanozvidavirira.

Fandesheni Yenhau Neyemutemo

Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Huru

Gadziriro yazvino uno yapamutemo yedziviriro yamaruramiro avagari vemo muUnited States iri pamutemo wechiratidzo wakaitwa pakati pezana ramakore rechi 3520, wawedzerwa nemitemo yakatevera iyo yakatambanudzira dziviriro kumapoka okuwedzera. Mitemo inokosha zvikurusa inobatanidza:

  • Dare reChivil Rights ra 1964: Uyu mutemo wekona unorambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose, mapurogiramu anotsigirwa nehurumende, uye basa. Umutwe VII, zvikurukuru, unorambidza rusaruro rwebasa rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi uye wakatanga Eult Accomplication Commission (EOC).
  • [[FLT: 0] Murayiro weVoting Rights Act wa 1965:[[FLT: 1] wakaziviswa kubvisa miitiro yokuvhota norusaruro, yakadai sokuedza kurava nokunyora nemitero yokuvhota, ichi chiito chakavandudzwazve chamutsidzirwazve uye chinoramba chiri chishandiso chinotsoropodza mukudzvinyirira muvhoti.
  • Mutemo weFair Hoswor Act wa 1968: Uyu mutemo unorambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kurenda, kana kuti mari yedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, mavambo orudzi, mugariro wenzvimbo, kana kuti urema. Unomanikidzirwa neBato reHowary neUrban Development (HUD).
  • VaAmerica vane Rubadziko Act (ADA) ya 1990: ADA inorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema munharaunda dzose dzoupenyu hwavose, kubatanidza basa, pokugara, zvokufambisa, uye zvokukurukurirana.
  • Umutwe IX weInformations of the Education of 1972:[[FLT: 1] Musoro weIX unorambidza rusaruro rwevatano mupurogiramu ipi neipi yedzidzo kana kuti mubato wokugamuchira betsero yemari yehurumende, uchifukidza nhau dzinobva mumabanza emitambo kusvikira kukunetswa mune zvevatano nedenho.

Iyi mitemo yehurumende inoshanda pamwe chete nemirau yehurumende neyomunzvimbomo yekodzero dzavagari vemo, iyo kazhinji kazhinji inogovera dziviriro dzokuwedzera kana kuti mapoka okufukidza asina kubatanidzwa pasi pomutemo womubatanidzwa, wakadai sechimiro chevatano uye kuzivikanwa kwavanhukadzi munyika dzakawanda.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo

Kupfuura mutemo wemitemo, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinopa dziviriro dzinokosha pakuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Gemeterment’s Ecult Protection Claus inorambidza kuti zvisaramba kudzivirira munhu upi noupi akaenzana pasi pomutemo, richibatira sohwaro hwemitemo inodenha youdzvinyiriri nemiitiro. Gadziriro yeFirst Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yokuungana nokuteterera hurumende nokuda kwokugadziridza zvigumbuso, izvo zvinokosha kukodzero dzevagari vemo. Chikamu cha 1983 cheTit 42 cheU.S. Chikamu chinobvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe kukwirira hurumende uye vakuru vakuru vemo vanoputsa kodzero dzavo dzemitemo, kazhinji vanoshandiswa muzviitiko zvemapurisa okusazvibata kana kuti kuiswa mujeri zvisiri pamutemo.

Kumanikidza Michina: Kumanikidzwa Kunoitwa Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu

Gadziriro Dzehurumende Dzakazvitsaurira Kukumanikidzwa

Masangano akawanda ehurumende ane chiremera chokunzvera zvichemo, kupa nhungamiro, uye kuunza zviito zvapamutemo kuti atsigire mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo.

  • .Actal Opportunity Commission (EOC): Mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza rusaruro pabasa. EEOC inonzvera pomero dzorusaruro, kuedza kudzipedza kupfurikidza nokurangana, uye kunganyora kupomera vanyajambwa. Inoitawo nhau dzinotsanangura nhungamiro inoumba kuti vashandirwi vanowirirana sei neTitle VII, ADA, uye ADA, uye Chirambidzo cheNhambo muMutemo weProrim.
  • Kupa Dare reRuramisiro (DOJ): Chikamu cheChivil Rights cheDOJ chinodzika mitemo yehurumende inorambidza rusaruro mukuvhota, pokugara, dzidzo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo, uye pokugara. Inogona kutanga mutoo wokunzvera womutemo we691 kupfurikidza nokunyoresa matare mukurwisana namasangano anobatanidzwa murusaruro rwakapararira.
  • Nzvimbo yeHome neUrban Development (HUD): Office of Fair Howation and Aunciliment Option inomanikidzira Fair Howation Act kupfurikidza nokunzvera zvichemo zvekusarurwa kwedzimba, kuhwirudzura kuteererwa, uye kuronda mishonga yokutarisira kana kuti yepamutemo.
  • Nzvimbo yeHofisi yeDzidzo nokuda kweMaruramiro avagari vemo (OCR): OCR inomanikidzira kuti pave neTit, Chikamu 504 cheRehabilitation Act, uye mimwe mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo mumasangano edzidzo ayo anowana mari yemari yehurumende. Inoongorora zvichemo uye inogona kunyima mari yehurumende kumasangano asingabhadhari.

Hurumende Nekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Hurumende dzakawanda namasipala zvakatanga zvigaro zvadzo zvimene zvekodzero dzevagari vemo kana kuti masangano eukama hwavanhu. Masangano aya anobata zvichemo mumutemo wehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji achifukidza mapoka akadzivirirwa nomutemo, akadai senzvimbo yeroorano, wirirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti manyuko emari. Anogona kugovera nzira inokurumidza, yakarongeka zvikuru nokuda kwechisarudzo kupfuura masangano ehurumende. Mudzimwe nyika, aya masangano ane “zvibvumirano zvinowirirana” neEEOC, achibvumira kunyunyuta kumwe kugadziriswa pasi pomutemo wenyika nehurumende panguva imwe chete.

Mitemo Yavo Voga Nezviito Zveboka

Vanhu vakaputswa kodzero dzevagari vemo vangaisa mhosva mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende.Kukwirira mhosva mudare muchivande kunogona kuva chishandiso chinobudirira chokuwana mishonga, zvikurukuru apo hurumende inenge isina zvinhu zvokushandisa kutevera kuputswa kwose. Zvinhu zvinokosha zvokutarisira kuti vanhu vatevedzere mutemo

  • Kutonga kwehurumende: Munyajambwa anopomera mupunzi zvakananga, achitsvaka chirango nechirango, mari yegweta, uye rusununguko. Nokuda kwemirau yakawanda yekodzero dzehurumende, kupera kwemishonga yokudzora (g., kuiswa murutivi neEEOC) kunodikanwa pamberi pesutu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kupa mhaka kwezviito: Apo boka guru ravanhu rakakuvadzwa nomuitiro mumwe chetewo, chiito chekirasi chinobvumira mumiriri mumwe kana kuti vazhinji kukwirira nokuda kweboka rose. Iyi nzira inokosha zvikuru muzvinoitika zverusarurano rwegadziriro, rwakadai seshambidzo dzakapararira kana kuti nzvimbo dzokugara, apo kutaura kwomunhu kungava kuduku zvikuru kururamisa kupomera mhaka.

Kupesana Kunotsiva Chisarudzo (ADR)

Masangano akawanda nematare anokurudzira kutaurirana kana kuti kupiwa mhaka sechinotsiva kupiwa mhaka. ADR inogona kuva iri kukurumidza, isinganyanyi kudzorwa, uye inochinjika mukugadzira mishonga. Inowanzoshandiswa mumhaka dzebasa uye neHID mukusarurwa kwedzimba. Nepo ADR ingasava yakakodzera pamigariro yose (mh., zviitiko zvinobatanidza kusazvibata kwakakomba uko muenzaniso wavose unodikanwa), inopa nzira inoshanda yokupedza nayo vanyajambwa vazhinji.

Kugadzirisa Kwepamutemo Kunowanika Kune Vakawirwa Nemhosva

Apo kuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunobvumikiswa, matare anogona kupa mubayiro mishonga yakasiyana - siyana yakagadzirirwa kuita kuti nyajambwa wacho ave akakwana, kuranga muiti wechakaipa, uye kudzivisa kuputswa kwomunguva yemberi.

Kukuvadza Kwokuronga

Chinangwa chokudzorera nyajambwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa chaikoiko.

  • Mibhadharo nebetsero zvakarasika (munguva yakapfuura neramangwana)
  • Ndyiko dzezvokurapa, kubatanidza kurapa nokupa zano
  • Kurwadziwa nokutambura, kuora mwoyo
  • Kukuvadzwa nomukurumbira
  • Kubvisa mari yaidiwa nemhaka yokuputswa kwacho (chirevo, kubviswa kwemari kana kukamanikidzwa kutamira kune imwe nzvimbo nemhaka yokusarurana kwedzimba)

Kukuvadza Kwomuranga

Kukuvadza kwokuranga kunopiwa muzvinoitika apo mupunzi akaita noutsinye, kusakendenga, kana kuti rusaruro rwemaune. Uku kukuvadza kwokuwedzera hakuna kuitirwa kutsiva munyajambwa asi kuranga muiti wechakaipa ndokudzivisa mufambiro wakafanana navamwe. Mumutemo wehurumende, chirango chinobhadharwa muTitle VII neADA zvakavakirwa paukuru hwomushandirwi (umhizha, nokuda kwavashandirwi vane 500+ vashandi, chipfeko i $30 000). Mune 1983 kupomera pamutemo kurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende, chirango chinogona kupiwa kana dare rikashataro rikashatapurwa nevavariro yakaipa kana kuti kusakendenga.

Kusunungurwa Kunosuruvarisa

Kuda kupedza marwadzo murayiro wedare unoda kuti munhu anenge aputsa arege muitiro wokupa mhosva, kuita matanho anoshanda kuti agadzirise kukuvadza kwacho, kana kuti kushandisa mitemo yokudzivisa kudzokazve. Mienzaniso yacho inosanganisira:

  • Murayiro wokupinza basa kana kuti kusimudzira nyajambwa
  • Kukumbira mushandirwi kugamuchira mitemo yokurwisa kusawirirana nevezera rake nerovedzo
  • Achirayira muridzi wemba kuti arende munhu wacho kana kuti awane pokugara pakanaka
  • Kutsigira bhizinesi nokushandisa muitiro wokuvhota udzvinyirira

Zorodzo yokuda kukuvadza kazhinji kazhinji mushonga une simba zvikurusa muzvinoitika zvegadziriro yezvinhu nemhaka yokuti unochinja mufambiro wakaparira kupunzwa.

Kuzivisa

Kunyange zvazvo pasina mutemo unopiwa, unogona kujekesa mutemo wacho uye kushanda sohwakavakirwa kusunungura kunozotevera. Somuenzaniso, dare ringazivisa kuti mutemo wedhipatimendi remapurisa unomira kumira .Gendement yeChina, uchizarura suo rokukuvadza kana kuti kukuvadza gare gare.

Ndyiko Nemitengo zveAttorney

Mitemo yakawanda yekodzero dzavagari vemo, kubatanidza Thitut VII, Fair House Act, uye Chikamu 1983, inobvumira varavi vakapararira kuwanazve mitero ine mufungo yegweta nendyiko yeripo kunobva kumukwidziridziridziridziridziri. iyi gadziriro inokosha nemhaka yokuti inogonesa vanyajambwa kuwana mufananidzo wapamutemo kunyange apo kuvadziko ingabvira iri yakaderera, vachiziva kuti gweta rinogona kubhadharwa nomuiti wechakaipa.

Basa Remasangano Okuva Mufundisi

Masangano ehurumende asiri ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha muukama hwekodzero dzevanhu. Anopa mumiririri wepamutemo, anopindira mukurwisana, anodzidzisa vanhu, uye anotsigira kuchinja mitemo. Mienzaniso yakakurumbira inosanganisira:

  • American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): Kupfurikidza nehofisi yayo yorudzi nemitezo yomunzvimbomo, ACLU inounza matare kuti atsigire maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo nemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo, nengwariro pakutaura kwakasununguka, kuva woga, ruramisiro yedzinza, uye LGBTQ+ maruramiro.
  • NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF): LDF isangano rapamutemo rakatanhamara rinorwisa kusaruramisira kwedzinza, zvikurukuru mudzidzo, vhotera, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye mukana wemari. Yakanga iri chishandiswa muzvinoitika zvechiratidzo se Brown v. Board of Education.
  • National Fair House Alliance (NFHA): Iri sangano rinoshanda kubvisa rusaruro rwedzimba kupfurikidza nokuva mupfumi, dzidzo, uye kuchengetwa, kazhinji kazhinji richibatira pamwe neHUD uye nzvimbo dzedzimba dzomunzvimbomo dzakaisvonaka.
  • Lambda Marapiki: Sangano renyika rakazvipira kuwana maruramiro akazara avagari vemo nokuda kweLGBTQ+ vanhu, vachishandisa rondedzero, muitiro wavose, uye dzidzo.

Aya mapoka haangomiririri bedzi vanyajambwa asiwo anoita “kuedza” vaongorori vanonzvera vamarudzi akasiyana - siyana kana kuti varume kuti vaone kana vachibatwa nenzira yakasiana - siana — kuti vabudise rusaruro uye vaudze nhau dzinotendwa.

Matambudziko Anoramba Achioma

Pasinei zvapo nokuumbwa kwemitemo kwakasimba, mhinganidzo dzakawanda dzinodzivisa kuchengetwa kunobudirira kwemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

Masangano eFederal akadai seEOC neDoJ’s Civil Rights Division agara achitarisana nokushomeka kwekodzero uye kushayikwa kwevashandi. Somuenzaniso, EEOC ine zviuru zvepomero, uye nyunyuto dzakawanda hadzitongonzverwi. Masangano ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji ane zvishandiso zvakatoti. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kupunzika kwakawanda kwapamutemo hakuwanikwi pafoni, uye vanyajambwa vangamirira makore nokuda kwechisarudzo.

Michina Yemagetsi Neyakakwana

Rusarura runowanzova mumitemo nemiitiro zvinoratidzika kuva zvisingatori rutivi panze pazvo asi zvisingakuvadzi zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, zvinodikanwa zvebasa zvisingawirirani nebasa zvingabvisa vanhu vane ruvara; mitemo inoderedza imo inodzorwa inogona kubvisa varendi vanobhadharwa mari shomanene vari vashoma. Kubvisa muuyo wakaipa zvikuru paboka rakadzivirirwa.

Kutya Kudzorerwa

Vanyajambwa vazhinji verusaruro havadi kunyunyuta mufashoni nemhaka yorutyo rwakasaidzwa rwokutsiva. Ruramisiro dzinotaura kuti “‘ uko munhu anorangwa nokuda kwokushora rusaruro kana kuti kutora rutivi mukodzero dzavagari vemo dzinopfuurira(ndirwo rudzi rwavose zvikurusa rwepomero inoiswa neEEOC. Vashandi vangazviisa mungozi yokupfurwa, kubviswa panzvimbo yavose, kana kuti kutambudzwa; varendi vangatarisana nokudzingwa kana kuti wedzero; vadzidzi vangatarisana nechiito chokuranga. Pasina dziviriro dzeripi netsika dzinokurudzira kushuma, kupunzirwa kwakawanda kunoramba kwakavanzika.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kwezvirongwa Zvepamutemo

Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinoda unyanzvi. Mitemo yeganhuriro inowanzopfupisa (mazuva 180 kana kuti 300 nokuda kwepomero dzeEEOC), uye zvinodikanwa zvetsika (zvakadai semishonga inonetesa yokutarisira isati yapinda muchadenga). Uyezve, varapi vazhinji vanofanira kushandisa gadziriro yemitemo pasina gweta; kunyange zvazvo mimwe mitemo ichigovera chinja, kuwana gweta rinoda kuita chiito pampata kunogona kuva kwakaoma, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzinopa mari shomanene sedzimba kana kuti kodzero dzokuvandika.

Magariro Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Neamatongero Emhosva

Kudzikamiswa kwemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu kwakasiyana zvikuru zvichitsamira pazvinonyanya kukosheswa nehurumende imwe neimwe. Dzimwe hurumende dzingaderedza kudzika mutemo, kutsanangura kupfupikisa kwemapoka akadzivirirwa, kana kugadza vatongi vanopanikira kodzero dzevagari vemo dzakafara. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa renhau mu Shelby County v. Baker [2013]) yakaputsa gadziriro inokosha yeVoing Rights Act, ichibvumira masangano enhau enhau ekodzero dzekodzero dzevagari vemo kuti achinje mitemo yokuvhotera pasina kudzorwa kwehurumende. Izvi zvakatungamirira kukuwedzera kwemitevedzero yevhoti.

Zviitiko Zvenguva Ino Nenzira Zviri Kupfuurira

Mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo unopfuurira kuva wemhindu. Muna 2020, Dare Rapamusorosa rakasarudza mu Bostock v. Clayton County kuti kusarura mabasa pahwaro hwechimiro chevatano kana kuti chiratidzo chemunhukadzi chimiro chekusarura vatano kwakarambidzwa neTitle VII . Hurumende dzave dzichishingairawo, namasangano anoverengeka achigadza mitemo yedzimba yakasimba zvikuru, kuzvidavirira kwamapurisa, uye dziviriro dzekodzero dzokuvhotera.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runomutsawo denho itsva: maarugratimendi anoshandiswa mukuroja, maapps okugara, uye kusimbisa chikwereti zvingasimudzira rusaruro pasina fungidziro yavanhu yakajeka. EEOC nemamwe masangano ari kunzvera nzira yokushandisa nayo mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo iripo kuuchenjeri hwokugadzira nokugadzira chisarudzo. Munguva ino, kukura kwezvinobudisa nhau kwenza kuti kuve nyore kunyora nokuputsa ruzhinji, asi kunoparirawo ngozi dzokushandisa nokunetsa avo vanotaura.

Nokuda kwavanyajambwa navatsigiri, mutoo unobudirira zvikurusa kazhinji kazhinji unobatanidza gadziriro dzakawanda dzokuita kuti mapurisa dzivepo: kuronga nesangano rehurumende, kuronda matare apamutemo asingazivikanwi, kushanda namasangano okusasarura, uye kumanikidza vaiti vemitemo nokuda kwokuchinja kwemitemo. Simba rinobva mukupfuurira uye kubatira pamwe mumativi ose enzanga.

mhedziso

Kuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunoramba kuri chinhu chaicho muupenyu hweAmerica, asi gadziriro yepamutemo inogovera zvishandiso zvakasimba zvokudzorera. Kunzwisisa miitiro yokuita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe (kuvambira pamasangano ehurumende kusvikira kumabasa eboka revasiri voga) uye kuwanda kwemishonga iripo kunosimbisa vanhu nenzanga kuti vatsigire kodzero dzavo. Kurwira kuenzana kwakazara kunopfuurira, asi kuvakwa kwemitemo nemasangano zvakavakwa mumakumi matanhatu amakore apfuura kunopa hwaro hwakasimba. Nokungwarira, kuzvipira kutsigira vapunzi vemhosva, kufambira mberi kururamisiro kunogona kupfuurira.

Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pokuita kusarura basa kunopomerwa EEOC → → . . . . . . . . . Office of Civil Rights Revilition Division[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .