Table of Contents
Kurashwa Kunoitwa Mitezo yeRaje Sabha Nenhambo Yayo Yenhambo
Raje Sabra, pamutemo iDare reUnited States, imba yapamusoro yeParamende yeIndia yeBadamaral. Inomirira nyika nenzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa, ichivimbisa kuti fariro dzehurumende dzinoziviswa pamwero wenyika. Kusafanana neLok Sabbaha, iyo inosarudzwa zvakananga, Rajiya Sabhaha inotevera gadziriro yesarudzo isina kunanga yakagadzirirwa kuratidzira dzikamo pakati pemireza yakavakirwa pavagari vemo nenzvimbo. Kunzwisisa marongedzero esarudzo nourefu zvemitezo yayo kunokosha kunzwisisa gadziriro yedemocracy, kuteraracy, kuterama, uye gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.
Nyaya ino inogovera tsananguro ine udzame, ine chiremera yenzira iyo mitezo yeRaje Sabha inosarudzwa nayo, vagadziri vegadziriro imwe inotamiswa yokuvhota, urefu hwavo hweshoko, kutenderera kwezvigaro, uye gadziriro dzinowirirana nebumbiro remitemo.
Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Nokugadzwa Kwaro
Raje Sabba yakaitwa pasi peChikamu 80 cheBumbiro reMitemo reIndia. Chinogona kuva nechiverengero chikuru chemitezo 250: vamiriri vehurumende nenharaunda dzinobatanidzwa, uye mitezo 12 yakagadzwa naPurezidhendi. Simba chairo rakasiana munguva; kusvikira muna 2025, Rajiya Sabha ane 245 mitezo. Chiroriso chezvigaro kunyika chakavakirwa pavagari vemo, nehurumende huru saUttar Pradesh achitumira vamiririri vakawanda (zvino uno 31) nepo nyika duku dzakadai seSikkim inotumira bedzi. Mitengo yeUnion ine nhamba duku yezvigaro; somuenzaniso, Delm naPuchry vane vamiriri vakasarudzwa.
Bumbiro reMitemo rinorairawo kuti Rajiya Sabha iimba yechigarire uye harisati richizoparara. Kusafanana neLok Sabhaha, ine shoko ramakore mashanu, Rajiya Sabha inopfuurira nokusingaperi, netatu yemitezo yayo inoramba ichirega basa makore maviri ari ose. Chiichi chinosimbisa kupfuurira kwemitemo neyeuko yesangano, kuchiiita simba rinotsigisa mumitengo yeIndia.
Gadziriro Yokusarudza: Kusarudza Kwakananga Kunoitwa Nemagungano Ehurumende Ane Mutemo
Nhengo dzeRaje Sabba hadzisarudzwi zvakananga nevoruzhinji. Panzvimbo pezvo, dzinosarudzwa nemitezo yakasarudzwa yeLegislative Countries (MMLS) yehurumende imwe neimwe. Uyu mutoo wesarudzo usina kunanga unonyorwa neChikamu 80 uye unopfuudzirazve udzame mumitemo yeInternational Act, 1951. Nheyo iri pasi apa ndeyokuti MMLS, avo vamene vanosarudzwa navanhu, vanoshanda sekoreji yakasarudzwa nokuda kwaRajasabha. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti imba yapamusoro iratidzire kuvambirwa kwemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika, nokudaro inomirira fariro dzeruwa panzvimbo.
Sarudzo inoitiswa neEvolution Commission of India. Chigaro chehurumende imwe neimwe cheRaje Sabba chinozadzwa kupfurikidza nesarudzo imwe, asi nzvimbo dzinozadzwa nejekiseni apo kunenge kuri madikanwa. Muitiro unoshandisa gadziriro yokuratidzira youfakazi kupfurikidza nevhoti imwe inotamiswa [STV] . Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti mapoka mashoma kana kuti mazvimiriro netsigiro inokosha inogona kudzivirira, ichiita kuti Rajiya Sabbaha iratidzire zvikuru mhadziso yemhatsa yezvamatongerwe enyika mumagungano enyika.
Mashandire Anoita Mubato Mumwe Chete
Vhoti imwe inotamiswa (STV) igadziriro yokuvhota yakasarudzwa inoshandiswa kusarudza vamiriri vazhinji mudanho remitezo mizhinji. MuRaje Sabha umonde, nyika yose inobatwa sechitsigiri chimwe. MLA imwe neimwe inovhota, asi vhoti iyoyo inogona kuchinjirwa kuchisarudzo chechipiri kana kuti chechitatu kana mutevedzeri wavo wokutanga wemubato akatowana mavhoti akakwana kuti ahwinzve kana kuti abviswa. Nharidzano ndeyokusarudza vanowana chitsama chakananga chevhoti.
Mupimo wacho unoverengwa uchishandisa mutoo: mavhoti apamutemo / (Nhamba yezvigaro + 1) + . Somuenzaniso, kana hurumende ine zvigaro 4 zvaVork Rajiya Sabba ne100 MM Svota, chikamu chaizova (100 / 4+1) + 20 + 1 = 21 vhoti. Mutevedzeri anochengetedza panenge 21 yokutanga mavhoti anoziviswa. Kana mutengi akagamuchira anopfuura chitsama chapa, mavhotera anotamisirwa anoendeswa pamwero kuzvaaiwo.
Voters (MMLS) ratidzira zvisarudzo zvavo nezviverengero (1, 2, 3, zvichingodaro) papepa revhoti. Kuverenga kunoitwa kushandisa mutoo wokumirira novhoti inotamiswa, sezvinoratidzwa muChitako cheIndation Registration Reslation, 1961. Sangano inovimbisa kuti purogiramu yokupedzisira yavakundi inofungidzira zvakafara mwero wevhoti yakagamuchirwa nebato rimwe nerimwe kana kuti boka mukati megungano.
Muenzaniso WeSTV Muchisarudzo cheRaje Sabha
Rangarira nyika ine zvigaro zva3 Lance Rabya Sabba na 100 MM Avhota. Chikamu chacho ndi (100 / 3+1) + 1 = 25 + 1 = 26 vhoti. Tsatire Party A ine 55 MMA, Party B ine 30 uye Parti C ine 15. Parti A ine mutezo wokutanga, X, ane mavhoti 55 okutanga, kupfuura chikamu chePrevota ne 29. X anoziviswa, uye mavhota 29 anochinjirwa kuzvinodiwa zvepiri panzvimbo izvozvo. Zvinowanzova, zvinodiwa zvepiri kubva paParty AML S anoenda kumuteshi unotevera kubva kuParty. Panguva ino, A B rechitecrocts anowana magirati 30 okuvhota, uye anopfuudzwa ne4 Y anogamuchirwa. Zvinongogara zviripo, uye zvangogara zviripo, zvinowanzova zvasara kuti zvipfuure.
Nguva Yemashoko: Makore Matanhatu Nokurega Basa Kwakanyanyisa
Mutezo uri wose weRaje Sabha unoshandisa shoko ra makore matanhatu, seChikamu 83 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Zvisinei, mashoko anokatyamadzwa kuitira kuti imba irambe ichishanda uye yave neruzivo. Bumbiro remitemo rinoraira kuti sezvinobvira, chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemitezo yacho chirege kutora mudyandigere pamugumo wegore rechipiri riri rose. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa chinjo dzakamwe kamwe kamwe mukuumbwa kweimba yapamusoro uye kugovera tsigano mukuita mutemo.
Kuchinja kwacho kunosarudzwa neECommution Commission. Pamusangano wokutanga weRaje Sabba pashure pokuumbwa kwayo muna 1952, mitezo yakakamurwa kuva mapoka matatu akavakirwa pamijenya, neshoko reboka rimwe nerimwe richiguma pashure pemakore maviri, mana, kana kuti matanhatu. Sarudzo dzinotevera dzinozadza zvigaro zvemitezo inoenda kumusha, uye mitezo ichangobva kusarudzwa inobatira nhambo yakazara yegore matanhatu. Iyi nhambo inopfuurira inoreva kuti sarudzo dzeRajiya Sabbaha dzinoitika panguva dzenguva dzose dzamakore maviri, kunyange zvazvo masangano angava nezvisarudzo panguva dzakasiana zvichitsamira paapo mitezo yadzo inorega basa.
Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Mashoko Ane Mwero
Ngatitii hurumende ine mitezo mishanu ine mashoko achapera muna 2026, 2028, uye 2030. Muna April 2026, sarudzo dzichaitwa kuti dzizadze zvigaro zvemitezo inorega basa muna 2026. Avo vachasarudzwa vachabatira kubva muna 2026 kusvikira muna 2032. Munguva ino, mitezo yakasarudzwa muna 2024 ichapfuurira kusvikira muna 2024. Iyi dare rinokatyamadzwa rinovimbisa kuti hapana sarudzo imwe inogona kuchinja zvikuru voruzhinji veRapya Sabba, uye zivo yesangano inochengetwa mumiitiro yesarudzo.
Nzvimbo dzinoparirwa nokurega basa, rufu, kana kuti kusashanda dzinozara nemagetsi. Mutezo unosarudzwa muchisarudzo unobatira bedzi chikamu chakasara cheshoko romutangiri, kwete shoko idzva ramakore matanhatu.
Zvinodiwa uye Kusakodzera Kwenhengo
Kuti akwaniriswe nokuda kwokusarudzwa kuRaje Sabha, munhu anofanira kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvakarongwa muChikamu 84 cheBumbiro reMitemo:
- Anofanira kuva mugari wemuIndia.
- Anofanira kuva naanenge makore 30 ezera (zera dukusa nokuda kwaLok Sabhah ane makore 25).
- Zvinofanira kuva nezvimwe zvikwaniriso zvakadaro sezvinongarayirwa nomutemo (pari zvino, kumirirwa kweInternational Act, 1951 kunoda muvhoti nokuda kwechibvumirano cheparamende).
Kushata kunodzorwa neChikamu 102 nemifananidzo yeTenth Shegel yeTreat yeRuzivo rwevanhu, 1951. Zviteshi zvinosanganisira kuva nehofisi yemhindu muhurumende, kuva nepfungwa dzisina kunaka, kuva asina kupiwa munyuko, kana kuti kuva akapiwa mhaka yemhosva dzakati. Kupesana kunogonawo kumuka kubva pakutsauka pasi peTentith shopu (mutemo wokubvisa purofiti), kunyange zvazvo Raja Sabhata (Muvambi weVice-Prent weIndia) ari iye mutongi wokusarudza mhosva dzokupandukira Rajiya Sabba.
Mitezo Yakasarudzwa: Chikamu Chaicho
Purezidhendi anoisa mitezo 12 kuRaje Sabha pasi peChikamu 80 (1) (a) cheBumbiro reMitemo. Ava vanhu vanosarudzwa nokuda kwounyanzvi hwavo muminda yakadai semabhuku, sayenzi, unyanzvi, basa renzanga, uye mitambo. Donzo nderokupinza vanhu vakatanhamara mugadziriro yeparamende avo vangava vasingatsigirwi nezvamatongerwe enyika kuti vahwine shoo asi vanogona kupa zivo inokosha. Mitezo ine kodzero imwe cheteyo nemasimba semitezo inosarudzwa, kubatanidza kuvhotera pamitero yose kunze kwokusatora mabhii Purezidhendi weIndia (sesaru Purezidhendi anosarudzwa nekoreji inobatanidza mitezo yakasarudzwa yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri, asi isina kusarudzwa havasati vari rutivi rweiyo inosarudzwa).
Mitezo yakasarudzwa inobatirawo nhambo yamakore matanhatu, asi haisati ichizviisa pasi porudungwe rumwe cheterwo rwebasa semitezo inosarudzwa. Iyo inowanzoiswa mumapoka, uye mashoko ayo anozunguzirwawo. Bumbiro reMitemo haridi kuti mitezo inosarudzwa ive yebato ripi neripi rezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo mukushanda vakawanda vachibatanidzwa nepfungwa yebato rinotonga.
Kumirirwa Kwendima Dzemasangano
Mamitezo eUnion (UTS) ane masangano echibvumirano (Delhi, Jamimu & Kashmir, uye Puducherry) anosarudza mitezo Rajiya Sabhaha mugadziriro imwe cheteyo yokumirira, asi neMML Swww yemagungano avo emitemo. Mamwe maUT akadai seChandigarh, Lakshadhiat, uye mamwe haana kusarudza mitezo muRaja Shabha; mufananidzo wavo unogoverwa kupfurikidza nemitezo yakaitwa naProfester pasi peChikamu 80(c) (zvino yaparadzwa pashure pechitima neKashmirorgiation Act, 2019, asi nokuda kwezvimwe zvirongwa zveUS), , Rajahabhu anobatanidza kubva kuDelka (3), Puuchn Purmu, uye (4)
Zvinorehwa Negadziriro Yokumirira
Kusarudzwa kwokumirira kuwiriraniswa kupfurikidza neSTV nokuda kweRajiya Sabha ndekwemaune. Kunovimbisa kuti mapoka maduku namagariro anogona kuwina zvigaro kana ane nzvimbo yapakareji mugungano rehurumende. Ikoku kunosiana ne‘kutanga kupfuura tsika yePuroteji yakashandiswa nokuda kweLokwabhaha, iyo inowanzobatanidza nzanga zhinji. Gasca Sabba naizvozvo inogovera chekichekedzo paimba yapasi, zvikurukuru munhau dzinoda mitemo chaiyo, yakadai semitemo yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende. Inodzivirirawo fariro dzenyika nemhaka yokuti mitezo yayo inosarudzwa nemitemo yehurumende.
Somuenzaniso, muhurumende umo pasina boka rimwe rine boka guru, mapoka anofanira kushanda pamwe chete kuvhota Raje Sabba vanoda kugamuchirwa.Izvi zvinokurudzira kukurukurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. STV inoitawo kuti mavhoti aderere, sezvo kunyange vaya vanotsigira mutambi anohwina vachigona kuverengwa zvavanoda.
Misiyano Mikuru NeLok Sabha
| Feature | Rajya Sabha | Lok Sabha |
|---|---|---|
| Mode of election | Indirect (by MLAs) | Direct (by citizens) |
| Voting system | Single transferable vote | First past the post |
| Term | 6 years (staggered) | 5 years (dissolution possible) |
| Minimum age | 30 years | 25 years |
| Representation | States and UTs (population-based) | Constituencies (population-based) |
| Nominated members | 12 by President | None |
Kusarudza Kunoita Rajeya Sabha
Komishoni yeNzvimbo yeKusarudza yeIndia inopa ziviso inoraira sarudzo kuti izadze nzvimbo. Muitiro unobatanidza:
- Kuziviswa kwesarudzo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende, pazano rehurumende, anobudisa ziviso inoratidzira musi wesarudzo nechiverengero chezvigaro zvinofanira kuzadzwa.
- Kudzokororwa kwetsinga: Kuisa mapepa efaira nemukuru mukuru anodzokera (kazhinji kazhinji mukuru weIAS) munhambo yakatarwa. Chinyorwa chimwe nechimwe chinoda mari (zvino inova 7610 000 nokuda kwavanofunda vose, 765 000 nokuda kweSC/ST vanoda kukarakadzwa nainenge imwe MLA.
- Kudzokororwa nokubvisa: kunoongororwa, uye vanoda kutora vanogona kubuda mukati menguva yakapiwa.
- Kuvhota: pamusi wakarongwa, MMS Savhota mukamuri regungano rehurumende kupfurikidza nevhoti yapachivande. Kuvhota kunoitiswa namapepa okuvhota namabhokisi chaiwo.
- Kuverenga: Mukuru mukuru anodzosa anoverenga vhoti achishandisa mutoo weSTV. Vanosvika padanho rinoziviswa. Kana vadaviri vashomanene vakasvika padanho kupfuura zvigaro, muvhoti shomasa vanobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinochinjirwa kune dzinotevera. Ikoku kunopfuurira kusvikira zvigaro zvose zvazara.
- [ Kuziviswa kwemiuyo: Mutarisiri anodzokera anozivisa vakundi.
Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa
Raje Sabba Sabba nguva nenguva akatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo. Nhau dzinobatanidza kupomera mhaka dzokupaza muchinjikwa, kuraira kuti gadziriro yokuvhotera idzivise kutsauka kwebato, uye mirau yeDare Gurusa reDare pakuva nemirayiridzo yokuvhota. Muna 2017, Dare Gurusarudzo rakati kuvhota muRajiya Sabhaha hakubviswi pamutemo unorwisana nedanho; yakatonga kuti MAKA vhotera muRaja Sabbaha kusarudzo inogona kushaidzwa. Zvisinei, dare rakajekesa kuti tya racho ringangogona kupiwa bedzi nokuda kwavadaviriri uye kwete nokuda kwokupfuudza kwokuzvidira. Muna 2023, Dare guru rinotsigira kuwanda kwebrowa kwapaza nokuda kweboka raSajita shabhata kuti risarutsirirwe nokudzivisa uori.
mhedziso
Sarudzo yaRaje Sabba kupfurikidza nokumiririra kupfuudzwa kumwe kupfurikidza nokuvhota chinhu chakaoma chinodzikamisa kumirira nokutsiga. Shoko ramakore matanhatu rinokatyamadzwa rinovimbisa kupfuurira nepo richibvumira kuvandudzwa kwenhambo nenhambo. Iyi purogiramu inosimbisa chimiro chenyika kupfurikidza nokupa inzwi rakananga muimba yapamusoro uye inogovera nzvimbo nokuda kwenyanzvi kupfurikidza nokusarudzwa. Kunzwisisa muitiro werusarudzo runokosha nokuda kwomudzidzi upi noupi wehurumende yeIndia, sezvo inosimbisa kudzokorodza kunzwika pakati pemiitiro yejekiseni, pamutemo, uye muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.
Kuravazve, kunongedzero kumagwaro epamutemo: Constitution of India (Mazita 80-84), Commission of India[[[FLT:]] internation commissions pa Rajiya Sabha Sabha, uye [FLT:] uye [FLT:]