Electoral College: Chiratidzo Chinotsungirira asi Chinoitirana Nharo Chehurumende Yechiokomuhomwe yeAmerica

Electoral College inomira seimwe yenzvimbo inosiana zvikurusa (///nasfeaturess dzegadziriro yapurezidhendi weUnited States. Panzvimbo pokusarudza purezidhendi nemutevedzeri wapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nevhoti yakakurumbira yenyika, Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadzira mutoo umo hurumende imwe neimwe inogadza boka ravavhoti vanokandira nenzira yapamutemo mabhirikiti enzvimbo dzakakwirira zvikurusa dzenyika. Muitiro uyu wakaumba makwikwikwi ose apurezidhendi wehurumende chifo chokuvamba kwenyika, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji achikudza manzwi emitunhu duku nemiruwa miduku nemiruwa apo dzimwe nguva inoparira miuyo inonyungurira muvhoti yakakurumbira. Vadzidzi vanoedza kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yehurumende ye Amereka inoshanda sei chaizvoizvo.

Gadziriro yacho haisi chisaririra chezana ramakore rechi18; inopesvedzera nokushingaira gadziriro, muvhoti, uye rudzi rumene rwomumiriri wezvamatongerwe enyika. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kuva kwayo yave ichipanikirwa zvikuru kupfuura panguva ipi neipi chifo chekugadziridzwa. Nyaya ino inonzvera mavambo eElectoral College, vagadziri, betsero, tsveyamo, uye zvikarakadzo izvo zvinogona kuitsiva kana kuti kuitsiva.

Electoral College Chii?

Electoral College haisi nzvimbo chaiyo asi muitiro wakaoneswa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. uye gare gare wakachinjwa nePendement yechi12. Icho chine 538 vavhoti vanosarudzwa makore mana ari ose nokuda kwedonzo rimwe rokusarudza purezidhendi nemuteveri wapurezidhendi. Kuti ahwinhe White House, mutevedzeri anofanira kuchengetedza vhoti dzinenge 270.

Nyika imwe neimwe inogamuchira nhamba yavavhoti vakaenzana nechiverengero chavasarudzi vayo vaviri pamwe chete nemitezo yayo muImba yaVamiririri. Nemhaka yokuti zvigaro zveimba zvinogoverwa navagari vemo pashure pekuverengwa kwavanhu kwegore negore, nyika huru dzine vhoti dzakawanda dzinovhota kupfuura duku. District of Columbia, kunyange zvazvo isiri nyika, inogoverwa vatatu vavhoti pasi pe 23rd Amendment. Chimiro ichi chinovimbisa kuti nyika yose ine zvivhoti zvinenge zvitatu zvakasarudzwa pasinei zvapo noukuru hwevagari vemo, inopa mubatanidzwa muduku wemasvocial mass aunzirosts kana kuti uwation upfupi worudzi rune mubatanidzwa wavanhu vorudzi.

Kushanda Kunoita Electoral College

Kuchinja Kwevarapi

Muitiro wokugovera wakananga munheyo asi unojekeswa mukushandiswa:

  • Senate pasiseko: Hurumende iri yose inowana vavhoti vaviri vanomirira vasanderi vayo vaviri veU.S.
  • Kumirira Imba: Vavhoti vokuwedzera vakaenzana nenhamba yavamiriri veU.S. California, somuenzaniso, ine vamiriri 53 uye nokudaro 55 vavhoti vanosarudzwa (53 + 2).
  • Muganhu weColumbia: Pendusion yechi 23 inopa vasaruri vatatu venyika, mari shoma yaizova nayo kudai yaiva nyika.

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika munyika imwe neimwe anotora zvirevo zvavavhoti vamavhota avo vakavimbika chaizvoizvo kana kuti vabati vebato. apo vavhoti vanokanda mavhoti avo paZuva Rokusarudza, ivo vavhotera nenzira yesayenzi nokuda kwavavhoti vavo vakasarudzwa vanovimbiswa.

Muitiro Wokutakurika

Sarudzo yaPurezidhendi inoitika paChipiri chokutanga pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muna November, sezvakarairwa nomutemo wehurumende. Nyika zhinjisa dzinotevera mukundi anowana mutemo wose: mutsigiri anowana vhoti yakakurumbira yavose yehurumende anogamuchira mavhoti ose ehurumende iyoyo. Maine neNebraska ndezvechisinosesarudziro, vachishandisa mutoo weruwa weCommunional: vavhoti vaviri vanoenda kumuwiri wehurumende yose, uye vhoti imwe inosarudzwa inopiwa kumuwinyinyikidzwa muruwa rumwe norumwe.

Pashure pesarudzo yaNovember, vavhoti vanosangana mudzimbahwe ravo rehurumende paMuvhuro wokutanga pashure peChitatu chechipiri muna December kuti vakande mavhoti avo − apurezidhendi uye mumwe wemutevedzeri wapurezidhendi. Aya mavhoti ipapo anopfuudzirwa kuWashington, D.C., uye anoverengwa murusando runobatanidza rweCongress pana January 6. Mutevedzeri namavhoti anenge 270 anovhota anoziviswa kuva purezidhendi anotevera.

Vazivisi Vasina Kutenda

Nepo vavhoti vachikarirwa kuvhota nokuda kwomutsigiri wavanopikirwa kwaari, panhambo nenhambo "vavhoti vasina kutenda" vakavhotera mumwe munhuwo zvake. Chifo chokuvamba, mavhoti asingasviki 200 asina kutenda akanyorwa, uye hapana akachinja muuyo wesarudzo. Muna 2020, Dare Rapamusoro raitonga mu Chifalo v. Washington inodudza mitemo inoda vasaruki vasaruki kuti vatevere zvipikiso zvavo, zvichideredzazve bviro yavasarutsiri vasina kutenda.

Chikonzero Nei Vavambi Vakaita Electoral College

Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo ra1787 yakakakavadzana mitoo mizhinji yokusarudza nayo purezidhendi: vhoti yakakurumbira, sarudzo yakananga neCongress, kana kuti kugadzwa nevanogadza hurumende. Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chakanga chine mhinganidzo. Vavambi vakatya kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yaigona kuisa ruzhinji runodzvinyirira kana kuti kubvumira zviremera zvokukwirira kufungira mano akaipa munharaunda. Vaidawo kuchengetedza pesvedzero yenyika duku ndokudzivirira uori nepesvedzero dzokumwe nyika.

Electoral College yakaoneka seyakarerekera. Yakapa basa mukusarudza purezidhendi pasina kuita kuti kusarudzwa kuve basa rechiverengero chavagari vemo. Vavhoti vaifungidzirwa kuva vanhu vakachenjera, vane ndangariro dzakazvimirira avo vaigona kuita rutongeso mufariro yakanakisisa yorudzi. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, kumuka kwamapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika kwakashandura vavhoti kuva nhume dzakatendeka panzvimbo pezvirongwa zvokubvisa vanhu.

Kubvumirana kuviri kukuru kwakaumba gadziriro yacho: mitanhamari mitatu yakadzika midzi, iyo yakarangarira vanhu vakapinzwa muuranda samativi matatu emunhu nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokugovera (zvinosimudzira nesimba rakasarudzwa rehurumende dzokuisa varanda), uye kugoverwa kwevavhoti vaviri pahurumende imwe pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo, izvo zvakadzivirira fariro dzenyika dzine vanhu vashoma. Uku kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwenhau kunopfuurira kupesvedzera kushanda kweElectoral College nhasi.

Zvipumburu Nemakori eElectoral College

Kubvisa mativi ose ari maviri kunokosha kuti tinzwisise zviri pakati nepakati.

Betsero

Vatsigiri vanopa zvibvumikiso zvinoverengeka vachitsigira Electoral College:

  • inodzivirira fariro dzezvikamu zviduku: kupfurikidza nokupa hurumende iri yose mwero wavavhoti vatatu vakasarudzwa, gadziriro inovimbisa kuti vanoda kubhapatidzwa havagoni kufuratira hurumende dzine vanhu vashoma zvikuru chose chose. Mudaviri angafuratira Vermont kana kuti Wyoming mugadziriro yakakurumbira yevhoti asi anofanira kuzvirangarira nokuda kwamavhoti avo matatu avavhoti vakasarudzwa.
  • Kubatanidza kuvakwa kwakafara: Nemhaka yokuti muda kubhapatidzwa anoda mavhoti 270 anobva kunyika dzakasiyana- siyana, nhimbe dzinofanira kukwirira kuvhotera munzvimbo dzakasiyana- siyana namapoka avagari vemo. Ikoku kunogona kusimudzira chinzwano chorudzi panzvimbo pokunangidzira ngwariro bedzi panzvimbo dzavagari vapamusoro vamaguta.
  • shopera muuyo wakajeka, unoraira: Muwirirano-mubato wose kazhinji kazhinji unoparira vazhinji muElectoral College kunyange kana vhoti yakakurumbira yakakamukana zvishoma. Ikoku kunobetsera kudzivisa kudikanwa kwehurumende dzinobatana kana kuti kusarurirwa dzinozivikanwa muparamende.
  • Preserveism: Electoral College inosimbisa basa rehurumende mukuvhota kwomubatanidzwa, pamusoro pechimiro chakafanira chehurumende yeAmerica.

Dzisiri Betsero

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura nezvezvikanganiso zvinokosha:

  • Chisarudzo chokutonga vhoti yakakurumbira: Musarudzo shanu dzapurezidhendi (1824, 1888, 188, 2000, 2016), mukundi weElectoral College akarasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira munyika yose. Ikoku kunosekesa nheyo ye "munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe" uye kunogona kubvisa kutenda kwavose mugadziriro yakasarudzwa.
  • Sutuang-state: inosimbisa mitengo inonangidzira ngwariro panhambo duku yemaruwa amakwikwi", kazhinji kazhinji inonzi "mabattleh"(apo kufuratira kunenge kutsvuku kana kuti bvuru. Majee ari munyika dzakakotsekana anogamuchira ngwariro shoma, kupedza nhimbe kwakaderera, uye zvipikirwa zvishomanene zvemiitiro.
  • Vamiriri vanovhota: Vagari vomunyika dzisiri dzenhando vangarangarira kuti vhoti dzavo hadzina basa, kuchitungamirira kukuderera kwemwero yokutora rutivi, zvikurukuru musarudzo yapurezidhendi.
  • Pesvedzero inopa purofiti: Nyika duku dzinomirirwa zvikuru nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, Whoming ine vhoti imwe yavanhu 195 000 vari vose, nepo Texas ine imwe nokuda kwe730 000. Uku kukweverwa kwamasvomhu kunogona kuita kuti nzvimbo dzomumaruwa uye nharaunda dzinogarwa navanhu dzive dzine simba zvikuru kupfuura mugove wavo wemitemo yerudzi.

Nhoroondo uye Zvinonyatsozivikanwa

Sarudzo ya1900 pakati paThomas Jefferson naAaron Burr yakaratidza zvikanganiso mugadziriro yokutanga, zvichitungamirira kuPendeko re12. Kugadziridza ikoko kwaida vavhoti vakasiyana kuti vavhotere purezidhendi nemutevedzeri wapurezidhendi panzvimbo pegadziriro yekutanga yemasangano maviri akakwirira.

Sarudzo hurusa umo muwani weElectoral College akarasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira inobatanidza:

  • 1824 (John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson): Kunyange zvazvo Andrew Jackson akawina vhoti yakakurumbira uye kuwanda kwamavhoti, sarudzo yakasarudzwa muImba yavamiriri, iyo yakasarudza Adhama.
  • 1876 (Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel J. Tilden):[ Tilden akawana vhoti yakakurumbira, asi akakakavadzana achidzoka kubva kunyika nhatu dzokumaodzanyemba akatungamirira kubasa rakasarudzwa iro rakapa purezidhendi kuHayes.
  • 188 (Benjamin Harrison vs. Grover Cleveland): Cleveland akawana vhoti yakakurumbira kupfurikidza namavhoti anenge 90 000, asi Harrison akawana voruzhinji muElectoral College.
  • 29 000 (George W. Bush vs. Al Gore): Sarudzo yakasvika kumuganhu wereza muFlorida; chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa chakamisa rondedzero, uye Bush akawina vhoti 25 dzeFlorida dzakasarudzwa ne 537, achimupa denderation pasinei zvapo nokurasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira kunenge 540 000 munyika yose.
  • 2016 (Mumwero Trump vs. Hillary Clinton): Clinton akagamuchira anenge mamiriyoni 3 evhoti munyika yose kupfuura Trump, asi Trump akatakura nyika dzakafanana naWisconsin, Michigan, uye Pennsylvania nemicheto mitete, achitora mavhoti 306 ezvivhoti zveClinton 232.

Zvimwe zvisarudzo zvainetsa zvinosanganisira 1960 (kusawirirana kwaiitwa muIllinois neTexas) uye 2004 uko vhoti yakakurumbira yakanga iri pedyo asi mucheto weElectoral College maiva nekaburi kakanaka.

Kukurukurirana Kwazvino Nenguva Yemberi yeElectoral College

Chibvumirano Chenyika Chakakurumbira cheVote Interstate

Nhamburiko yokuchinja yakatanhamara zvikurusa iNational Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC). Muiyi bvumirano, inotora rutivi kudzorororo dzose dzevhoti dzavo dzinosarudzwa kumunhu anowana vhoti yakakurumbira yenyika, pasinei zvapo nokuti ndiani anokunda nyika iyoyo. Kubatanidza kwaizova kushanda bedzi kamwe kwakakwana hurumende dzinobatana kuti dzisvike mavhoti 270 akasarudzwa napurezidhendi. Kubvira pakutanga kwa2025, kunoreva kuti 205 vhoti dzevavhoti vakasarudzwa vakatsiva Dare, kubatanidza California, New York, Illinois, uye Colorado. Zvinetso zvemitemo uye pamusoro pemibvunzo yayo inowirirana nemitemo zvinoramba zviripo.

Kukarakadza Kuitwa kweMwedzero yeBumbiro reMitemo

Kubvisa kana kuti gadziridza Bumbiro reMitemo kubvisa kana kuti kuchinja Electoral College kwakaoma nemhaka yechikumbaridzo chakakwirira: Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress nenzvimbo nhatu dzehurumende zvinofanira kubvumira. Zvibvumirano zvinoverengeka zvakatangwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura, asi hapana zvakapfuudzwa. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvokutsiva gadziriro yematanho ose apurezidhendi nounyanzvi hweruwa hunoshandiswa muMaine neNebraska, apo vamwe vanokarakadza vhoti yakananga yenyika yakakurumbira nechinodikanwa chokusashanda kana pasina muteveriandifiti anosvika 50%.

Kuchinja Kwenzvimbo yeHurumende

Kunyange pasina mupfumi mukuru wehurumende, zviremera zvinogona kugadziridza nzira yazvinogovera nayo vavhota. Maine naNebraska vanotoshandisa mutoo woruwa. Dzimwe nyika dzakarangarira kurangarira mavhoti akasarudzwa anosarudzwa nenzira inowirirana, uko kungaratidzira nenzira yakarurama zvikuru vhoti yakakurumbira yehurumende. Zvisinei, chinjo dzakadaro dzine ngozi mune zvamatongerwe enyika nemhaka yokuti dzinogona kuderedza pesvedzero yehurumende mukuvadziko yose inowana mukundi kana dzimwe nyika dzikasatevera wirirano.

Zvematongerwe Enyika Dzechinjo

Nharo pamusoro peElectoral College dzinoparadzana zvikuru. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, vaDemocrates vave vane bviro huru yokutsoropodza gadziriro yacho nemhaka yokuti vaviri vavavhoti vakakurumbira vaikundwa vaiva vaDemocratic (Gore na Clinton). Zvisinei, vasarudzo 2020, umo Joe Biden akawina zvose vhoti yakakurumbira (nemamiriyoni 7) uye Electoral College, zvinonyaradza kwechinguvana nhamburiko. Zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira nguva dzose kuti vazhinji veAmerica vanotsigira pamutemo vatsiviso yokutsiva Electoral Colleges nevhotal yakakurumbira, asi tsigiro inobva kure kure neyapasi pose uye inova inowirirana nokutsamira pazvinoonekwa kuti ibetsere.

mhedziso

Electoral College ichiri chinhu chikuru asi chakakwikwidzana nesarudzo yapurezidhendi weAmerica. Mavambo ayo mukubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwa1787 achiri kudzokororwa mumaitiro anoitwa, mavhoti anoverengwa, uye simba rinoparadzirwa munyika dzose. Vadzidzisi, vanobatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa Electoral College havasati vachingova kuziva nhamba 270 kana kuti ndaza yezvisarudzo apo vhoti yakakurumbira inoderera. Iri pedyo nokurwisana nemibvunzo inokosha yemireza, kururama, uye dzikamo pakati pehurumende nefariro dzenyika muhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.

Sezvo nyika inova yakasiana----chinja uye yakaitwa kuti ive yamaguta, uye sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchidzosazve kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, dzvinyiriro dzokuvandudza Electoral College sezvingabvira ichawedzera. Chingava kupfurikidza neNPVIC, chinjo yebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti chinjo dzenzvimbo inowirirana, nguva yemberi yesangano iri haina chokwadi. Chinozivakanwo ndechekuti Electoral College ichapfuurira kuumba / uye inoumbwa ne(5*American shambidziko yezvamatongerwe enyika yezvizvarwa zvichauya.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza National Archives ye [FLT: 1] chitsama cheElectoral College , kunzvera kwaFairVote zvikarakadzo zvechinjo, uye 270towin yemamepu enhau dzinokurukura. Izvi zvishandiso zvinogovera vadzidzi namazai namapepa amotedzero anodikanwa kunzvera Electoral College muudzame.