Kunzwisisa Hwaro Hwoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Nevanhu

Kusarudza ikombiri yehurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuchigovera vagari vemo vane mutoo wakarongwa wokusarudza vatungamiriri vavo, kupesvedzera muitiro wavose, uye kuzvidavirira vakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa. Shoko rokuti “rusarudzo” runobva muchiLatin erigirieere, rinoreva kuti “kusarudza” kana kuti“ kusarudza,” uye pfungwa yakashanduka mumazana amakore kubva kumavhoti enzanga maduku muAtene neRoma kusvikira kumiitiro yeboka guru rehurumende yazvino uno inooneka munyika-maruwa. Mubasa rehurumende inotonga zvakanaka, sarudzo inopfuura ratidzirowo zvayo youchangamire hwakakurumbira, umo chiremera chehurumende chakawanwa mukubvumira kutongwa.

Kunzwisisa kuti basa resarudzo rinokosha sei kuvagari vemo vose, zvikurukuru vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanoita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira zivo, nzanga dzakabatanidzwa. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera kupetwa kwakakwana kwemarudzi ezvisarudzo, gadziriro dzevhota, nhano nenhano dzekuvhota, mhinganidzo dzokuita kuti vatsigire kuvimbisana kuvavhota. Kupfurikidza nokuzivisa vavhoti vesarudzo, tinogona kupa vanhu simba rokushandisa maruramiro avo ndokusimbisa jira rehurumende renzanga dzavo.

Marudzi Egadziriro Dzemaelectoral

Dzisati dzapinda mumarudzi chaiwo esarudzo, kunobetsera kunzwisisa gadziriro dzevhota dzinosarudza kuti vhoti dzinoshandurirwa sei muzvigaro kana kuti mumahofisi. Nyika dzakasiana - siana dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzakasiana - siana, imwe neimwe ine betsero dzayo imene nedzinodzorwa. Chisarudzo chegadziriro inogona kuumba zvikuru makwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika, kumirira, uye mufambiro wavavhoti.

Kutanga-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Inozivikanwawo souzhinji, FPTP igadziriro yakapfava zvikurusa: vavhoti vanokanda chivhota chimwe nokuda kwomutsigiri mumwe muruwa rumwe, uye muvhoti ane kuwina kukurusa. Iyi tsika inoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited States, United Kingdom, uye Canada. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti inobudisa miuyo yakajeka uye inochengeta batano yakasimba pakati pavamiririri vavo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti inogona kutungamirira ku “mavhota, umo vakwikwidzi vashomanene vetsigiro nemhaka yokuti vhoti inopesana, uye kuti kazhinji kazhinji inoguma negadziriro yemativi maviri.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Mugadziriro dzePR, zvigaro zviri mudare remitemo zvinogoverwa kumapati ezvamatongerwe enyika muwirirano negoverano yamavhoti aanogamuchira. Vatsigiri vanobatanidza muroori webato PR, mubatanidzwa wemitezo yakavhengana (MMP), uye vhoti imwe inotamiswa (STV). PR inoshandiswa munyika zhinji dzeEurope, kubatanidza Germany, Sweden, uye Netherlands. Vatsigiri vanoti inopa miuyo miuyo mirevereri, inoderedza chiverengero cha “mavhoti, uye inokurudzira Hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vazhinji.

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV)

Kunozivikanwawo sevhota kwokuvhota kwapakarepo, RCV inobvumira vavhoti kuti varonge zvisarudzo. Kana pasina muvhoti wokutanga wepareferefere, muvhoti akaderedzwa anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinoparadzirwa kune zvinotevera. Muitiro uyu unopfuurira kusvikira mumwe mutevedzeri awana ruzhinji. RCV anoshandiswa mumaguta akawanda U.S uye munyika dzakadai seAustralia neIreland. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti unosimudzira kubvumirana, unoderedza kutsigira kuvhotera kwakaipa (kubvira kutsvaga mavhota echipiri), uye vanovimbisa kuti mukundi ane tsigiro yakafara.

Marudzi Okusarudza

Kunzwisisa izvi kunobatsira kujekesa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana idzo vagari vemo vanogona kushandisa nadzo kodzero dzavo dzokuvhota.

Kusarudza Kukuru

Sarudzo dzavose zvikurusa uye dzine revo dzorusarudzo, dzinoitwa panguva dzose kuti dzizadze nzvimbo munyika, hurumende, kana kuti hurumende yomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, sarudzo yavose makore maviri ari ose inovhota mitezo yose yeImba youmende uye chikamu chimwe chetatu cheDare, nepo sarudzo dzamapurezidhendi dzinoitika makore mana ari ose. Mugadziriro dzeparamende dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, sarudzo dzavose dzinosarudza kuti ibato ripi kana kuti mubatanidzwa zvichaumba hurumende ndokusarudza mutungamiriri wehurumende.

Kusarudza Kukuru

Sarudzo huru inoshandiswa namabato ezvamatongerwe enyika kusarudza vadaviri vavo nokuda kwesarudzo yavose. Vasarudzo vanogona kuvharwa (mitezo yebato bedzi yakanyoreswa), vakazaruka (munhu upi noupi anogona kutora rutivi pasinei zvapo nesonganirano yebato), kana kuti akavharwa kashoma (vasingazvimiriri vanogona kuvhota mubato guru). Sangano guru rinoita basa rinokosha mukuumba zvisarudzo zvinowanika kuvhotera muvhotera uye rinogona kupesvedzera nhungamiro yetsika dzemapoka.

Sarudzo Chaidzo

Sarudzo chaidzo dzinodanwa padzimwe nguva kunze kwekarenda renguva dzose kuti dzizadze nzvimbo dzinoparirwa nokurega basa, rufu, kana kuti kubviswa kwomumiriri. Dzinogonawo kushandiswa kubvumira zvitanho zvebholoti kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Sarudzo chaidzo kazhinji kazhinji dzakava nechepfupfuudzo kupfuura sarudzowo zvadzo, idzo dzinogona kutapura zvikuru miuyo.

Majerencem Nenhano Dzeballot

Vavhoti vanobvumira vavhoti kubvumira kana kuti kuramba zvakananga kana kuti kuramba mitemo kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kunokarakadzwa nedare remitemo kana kuti nechikumbiro chevagari vemo. Nhano dzeBallot dzakafanana asi dzinobva kuvagari vemo panzvimbo pehurumende. Izvi zvirongwa zvinowanzoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seCalifornia, Switzerland, uye mamwe manisiparati eU. nepo vachipa simba utongi hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji. Kunyange zvazvo vachipa simba utongi hwehurumende hwechienzi, vatsoropote vanonetseka kuti nhau dzakaoma dzinogona kunyanyowedzerwa uye kuti nhizha dzakasanodzorwa dzinogona kudzora migumisiro.

Muitiro Wokusarudza: Nhungamiro Nenzira

Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzakananga dzichisiyana nenyika uye dzichidzora, kusarudza kwakawanda kunotevera nhanho dzakafanana.

Kunyoresa Nemari

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zhinjisa, vagari vemo vanofanira kunyoresa kuvhota vasati vagona kuisa vhoti. Zvinodikanwa zvokunyoresa zvinosiyana(5) dzimwe nyika (dzakadai seGermany neSweden) dzinonyoresa pamutemo vagari vemo pavanosvika pazera rokuvhota, nepo vamwe (seUnited States) vachida kunyoreswa kunyoresa kunoitwa, kazhinji kazhinji mavhiki kana mwedzi pamberi pekuvhota. Kunyoresa kunobatanidza kazhinji kazhinji kugovera chibvumikiso chezvizivikanwo, zera, uye shambiso. Kukundikana kunyoresa kana kuti kunyoresa pashure pokutama ndeimwe yemigaro inonyanyozivikanwa.

Kuchinja Kunoita Chirongwa

Vanhu vanotsvaka basa vanofanira kutevera miitiro yakarongwa kuti vawane chirongwa chokuvhota. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kunyora mapepa, kuita mipimo yokusagona kunyorwa (mutoo, zera, ugari hwemo, kugara mumusha), uye pane dzimwe nguva kubhadhara mari kana kuti kuunganidza nhamba duku yezvisaini kubva kuvatsigiri. Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoisa zvibvumirano kana kuti mapepa okunyoresa vadaviri vavo, nepo vanoda kufunda vakasununguka vanofanira kuunganidza sigini zvakananga kubva kuvavhoti.

Kushingaira uye Dzidzo Yemabhuku

Kana vangosarudzwa, vada kuvamba nhimbe yokukurukura zvikuva zvavo, mitemo, uye zvikwaniriso kuvavhoti. Kushingaira kunogona kubatanidza misangano yavose, nharo, kushambadza, kubudisa vezenyuchi, runhare, kukwidza suo, uye tsamba dzakananga. Mishandirapano inoshanda inogoverawo vavhoti mashoko pamusoro pomusi wesarudzo, nzvimbo dzokuvhota, uye mitoo yokuvhota. Munyika dzakawanda, kukwikwidza kunodzorwa kupfurikidza nemitemo pamusoro pemari inotengwa, mipiro, uye kushambadza kuvimbisa kuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro.

Nzira Dzokukurukurira Nadzo Mashoko

Pazuva resarudzo (kana kuti mukati menhambo dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba), vavhoti vakanyoresa vakakanda mavhoti avo.

  • [ Kuvhota:[[FLT: 1] Vaongorori vanoenda kunzvimbo yakasarudzwa yokuvhotera, kugamuchira bhanisi, uye kuratidzira zvisarudzo zvavo, papepa kana kuti zvimwe muchina wokuvhota wemagetsi.
  • Kuvhota maposi (kuvhota kwechibharo): Vagamuchiri vhoti nepositi, vanoipedzisa pamusha, uye vanoidzorera kupfurikidza netsamba kana kuti bhokisi rokudonhedza. Uyu mutoo wakura zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, zvikurukuru mukati medenda reCOVOVID-19.
  • Kuvhota kwapakuvamba: Hurumende dzakawanda dzinobvumira vavhoti kukanda mavhoti mumunhu zuva resarudzo risati rasvika, kazhinji kazhinji munzvimbo dzakadzika mitsetse, kuderedza mitsetse ndokuwedzera kuwanikwa.

Mutoo mumwe nomumwe une dziviriro kuva nechokwadi chokuperera kwevhoti, zvakadai sokuvhota mabhii, kusaina uchokwadi, uye kuchengeta kwakachengeteka.

Kuverenga Masipi Nokutenderera

Pashure pokunge nzvero dzapera, vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanovamba kurangarira mavhota. Muitiro unosiana: mapepa arobhoti angaverengwa nemaoko kana kuti neoctal scanner, nepo michina yemagetsi ichiita mavhota nenzira isingazivikanwi. Munzvimbo zhinji, mabhora anoverengwa pamwero wenzvimbo, uye migumisiro inopfuudzwa kuhofisi yesarudzo yepakati. Vacherekedzi vanobva kumapati ezvamatongerwe enyika, mapoka ewawawadhig, uye vanobudisa nhau kazhinji kazhinji vanonzvera kuverenga kuva nechokwadi. Migumisiro yemichina yemagetsi inowanzoziviswa pausiku hwesarudzo, asi migumisiro yehurumende ingatora mazuva kana kuti mavhiki kuti itenderwe, zvikurukuru kana vasarukidzi vetsamba dzichifanira kuongororwa.

Miuyo Yokuzivisa Nekunyunyuta

Kana mavhoti ose angoverengwa nokusimbiswa, migumisiro yehurumende inopupurirwa nechiremera chesarudzo. Vawirwa vanoziviswa (kana kuti kupika pamusi wapashure), uye nhambo yesarudzo inoguma. Mumadzinza apedyo zvikuru, vanoda kukumbira kurondedzerwa kana kuti kudenha miuyo kupfurikidza nenhau dzapamutemo. Kujeka mudanho rino kunokosha kuchengeta chivimbo chavose mumuuyo.

Kukosha Kwokubatanidzwa Mune Zvokufambisa Zvokudya

Kuvimbisana hakusati kuri bedzi pamusoro pokuita musi wesarudzo — kuchibatanidza musengwa mukuru wokugara wakaziviswa, kukurukura nhau, uye kutora rutivi mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika gore rose. chibvumirano chikuru chinosimbisa utongi hwehurumende hunosarudzwa navanhu munzira huru dzinoverengeka.

Mutemo Wokudzora uye Zvokutanga

Apo vavhoti vanotora rutivi pamwero wakakwirira, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanogamuchira zvikuru zvinodikanwa nezvishuvo zvavagari vemo panzvimbo pezvishomanene zvenzwi.

Kuzvidavirira Kuvatungamiriri

Sarudzo ndiwo mutoo mukuru wokuzvidavirira muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kuvhota kwakaderera kwenguva dzose kunogona kutungamirira kukusava nehanya pakati pavasakafanira, nepo mauto akasanosarurwa uye anoshingaira anotungamirira kuti adzivirire zvinyorwa zvavo, adzivise uori, uye ape miuyo. Sarudzo yenguva dzose inogovera nzvero pasimba, sezvo vavhoti vanogona kutsiva vakuru vanokundikana kuita.

Kusimudzira Mutoro Wevaviri Neboka Renzanga

Kupa mari ibasa rehurumende rinokurudzira pfungwa yokuva munhu uye kugoverana mutoro.Nzanga dzine muvhoti mukuru dzinowanzoratidzira chivimbo chakasimba zvikuru munzanga, kuzvipira kukuru zvikuru, uye masangano omunzvimbomo akasimba zvikuru. Zvikoro nepurogiramu dzedzidzo zvinodzidzisa vadzidzi pamusoro pomuitiro wekuvhota zvinobetsera kusakurira miitiro youpenyu hwose yokutora rutivi kwehurumende.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokuparadzira

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwokuvhota, vagari vemo vazhinji vakakodzera vanotarisana nemhinganidzo huru dzinovadzivisa kana kuti kuvaodza mwoyo pakukanda pepa rokuvhota.

Kushaikwa Kwamashoko Nedzidzo Yakafanira

Vagari vemo vazhinji, zvikurukuru vanhu vaduku navavhoti vokutanga, vanoshaiwa zivo huru pamusoro penzira yokunyoresa nayo, kwokuvhota, uye nhaui dziri mungozi. Dzidzo yenzanga yakakwana muzvikoro inogona kusiya vadzidzi vasina kugadzirira kufamba nomuitiro wevhoti. Nhamburiko dzokuvhota nedzisiri dzepapatiti (dzakadai seidzo dzakagoverwa na USA.gov) inogona kubetsera kuvhara mukaha uyu.

Nhau Dzokuwanikwa Kwevanhu Vane Urema

Mhinganidzo dzomuviri panzvimbo dzokuvhota, dzakadai sokupaka parera isingasvikiki, misuo mitete, kana kuti kushaikwa kwemichina yokuvhota ine mashoko namano okushandisa, zvinogona kuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kana kuti kusingabviri kuti vanhu vane urema huvhote. Mitemo yeFederal yakadai seAmerican ine Urema Act (ADA) inoda kuwanikwa, asi kuteerera hakuna kufanira. Kuvhota nokushandisa tsamba kunopa dzimwe nzira.

Mitemo Yemitemo Yezvibvumirano Nemirau Inoganhurira

Mimwe miganhu inoda vavhoti kuti vape zvimiro chaizvo zvezvibvumikiso zvemifananidzo panzvero. Nepo vatsigiri vachipikisa iyi mitemo inodzivisa kubiridzira, nzvero dzinoratidza kuti kubiridzira kwomuvhoti hakuwanzowaniki zvikuru uye kuti zvinodikanwa zvechidhindo zvinotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi kuwana mari yakaderera, vashomanene, vakwegura, uye vavhoti vavadzidzi avo vasingabviri kuva neredhina dzinogamuchirwa. Mudzimwe nyika, mitemo yeID inodzorwa yakawanwa kuva inoderedza namapfundo 2 29 293 ezvikamu.

Kusawirirana Kwemapoka Akati

Munyika dzakawanda, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanowanirwa mhaka dzemhosva dzechitsotsi vanorasikirwa namaruramiro avo okuvhota, pane dzimwe nguva kunyange pashure pokupedza mitongo yavo. United States ndiimwe yedzose inoganhurirwa zvikurusa muna ikoku: vaAmerica vanofungidzirwa kuva mamirioni 4,6 vanobviswa nemhaka yepwitikano yemhosva, mukuwirirana ne Project yovhotis. Iyi inotapura zvikuru nzanga dzeBlack neSpenish uye inogona kuchinja miuyo yechisarudzo mumadzinza apedyo. Mamwe mapoka, akadai seasiri matsorororo, anotongwa nendangariro, angatarisanawo neganhuriro.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka uye Kuvimba Zvishoma

Kushatiswa pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota yakadai senhema pamusoro pezvinotaurwa pamusoro pomuvhoti, misi yokuvhota, kana kuti gadziriro dzemabutiro echikwata chetsono nejeri retsono. Zviteshi zvenzanga zvazova zviteshi zvenhau nokuda kwemashoko asina kururama akadaro, uye kuirwisa kunoda nhamburiko dzinobatanidzwa navachenjeri veidi, vadzidzisi, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vasarudzo. Kuvaka chivimbo kupfurikidza nemiitiro inojeka uye kurukurirano yakajeka kunokosha.

Zvirongwa Zvokukurudzira Kubatsira Vamwe

Kukurira idzi mhinganidzo kunoda chiito pamwero yakawanda — kubva pamiitiro yehurumende kusvikira kunhamburiko dzenzanga kunhamburiko dzomunhu oga. Vadzidzisi, vatungamiriri venzanga, uye masangano ehurumende anosanoiswa kuti aite musiano.

Simbisa Dzidzo Yemiviri

Kupinza zvidzidzo zvinoshanda, zvinobatsira pamusoro pomuitiro wokuvhota muchikoro kunogona kubvisa kuvhota ndokuvaka chivimbo pakati pavanhu vaduku. Kurovedza kwechiratidzo sesarudzo yokunyepedzera, nharo, uye kunyoresa kunopa vadzidzi ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakananga. Masangano akafanana Mubato weSangano unogovera vadzidzisi zvinhu.

Kunyoresa Zvirongwa Zvisina Kuoma

Kunyoresa kwokuzvidira kwemuvhoti (AVR), uko kunonyoresa vagari vemo vakakodzera apo vanobata namasangano ehurumende seDMV, kwakaratidzwa kuti kunowedzera zvikuru mwero yokunyoresa nokuwedzera. Kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero, kunowanika munyika dzakawanda, kunobvisawo mhinganidzo yemisi yapakuvamba. Vatsigiri vanogona kusimudzira iyi mitemo pamwero wenyika.

Kudziridza Kukurumidza uye Kuparadzira Tsamba

Kugovera nzira dzakawanda dzakakodzera dzokuvhota nadzo . zvakadai semaawa okuvhota akakurumidza kurererwa, kudonha kwakawanda kunobva munzvimbo, uye kusaisa tsamba muforobhu dzetsamba dzinoiswa mutsamba, zvinokuita kuti kuve nyore nokuda kwavanhu vane rudungwe rwakabatikana, kufamba kwakaganhurirwa, kana kuti denho dzezvokufambisa. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti kuwedzera kusvika kukukurumidza nokuvhota kunowedzera nokuzvininipisa asi nguva dzose.

Kufamba Nemakero uye Kuwanika

Kubatira pamwe namabasa okufambisa, masangano ezvokufambisa avose, kana kuti vazvipiri vomunzanga vanogona kubetsera vavhoti kuti vasvike kunzvimbo dzokuvhota. Kurangarira kuti nzvimbo dzose dzinovhota dzinosvitsa mipimo yokuwana uye kuti vashandi vanorovedzwa kubetsera vavhoti vane urema hunokoshawo.

Dzivisa Mashoko Asina Kunaka

Vakuru vakuru veSarudzo namapoka enzanga vanogona kuita nhimbe dzokuzivisa vanhu kuti vape mashoko akarurama pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota. Zvikamu zvemasangano enhau zvinofanira kunyora kana kubvisa zvinhu zvenhema. dzidzo yokuverenga nokunyora nokunyora zvokure.

Nguva Yemberi Yezvisarudzo: Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Chengeteko, uye Kutora Rutivi

Kuchinja - chinja kwakaita zvinhu zvakadai sokuvhota paIndaneti, kuisa zvinhu zvinovhara zvinhu, kuvimbisa kuti zvichava nani asi kuchaita kuti pave nengozi itsva.

Muchina Wemagetsi uye WeInternet

Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakawanda dzichishandisa michina yokuvhota panzvimbo dzokuvhota, kuvhota paInternet kunoramba kuri kusingawanzoitwi nemhaka yeitiro hanya dzechengeteko. Estonia inosiyanisa zvikuru, inobvumira kuvhota paInternet nedziviriro dzakasimba. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinonyevera kuti kuvhota kwakachengeteka paIndaneti kwakaoma zvikuru kuwana pamwero mukuru, sezvo kunofanira kudzivirira panzvimbo dzinoshata, kurambwa kwekuvhotera, uye kuvhota. Kusvikira zvino, vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vazhinji vanoisa pepa sechiteshi chapasero.

Kuchengeteka uye Kuperera

Kudzivirira kusasarudzwa kunodawo matanho akasimba, kuongorora masarudzo, uye kuongorora kwapashure pekusarudza. Kushandira pamwe uye mashoko anobatana pamasangano esarudzo kunokoshawo.

Kunyora Tsamba Kunoderera

Ubati ushe hwamadokero hwakagadzwa hwaona kuderera kwemuvhoti mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, zvikurukuru pakati pezvizvarwa zviduku. Zvisakiso zvinobatanidza kuvhiringidzika kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kusafunga kwokusasarudza, uye murangariro wokuti kuvhota hakuna basa. Kutsiva muitiro uyu kunoda chinjo dzegadziriro (kwakadai sokuita kuvhota kwehurumende basa rehurumende nokuvhota kwechisarudzo chehurumende, semuAustralia, uko kunoona kuderera kunopfuura 90%) uye nhamburiko dzouswa dzokubatanidza vanhu kugadziriro yehurumende yedemocratic.

mhedziso

Kusarudza kunopfuura zvikuru muitiro wetsika wokudzora kwedemocracy, kuchigonesa vagari vemo kuumba nguva yavo yemberi yakabatana. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana - siyana ezvisarudzo, kupesana kwegadziriro dzechisarudzo, uye nhano dzegadziriro yokuvhota, vanhu vanogona kutora nokubudirira zvikuru uye kutsigira. Vadzidzisi, vatungamiriri venzanga, uye varonzete vagari vemo vanoita basa rinokosha mukubvisa mhinganidzo dzavo, kuparadzira mashoko akarurama, uye kusimudzira tsika yokubatanidzwa kwenzanga. Sezvo democracy inotarisana nedenho itsva nemikana, kuzvipira kusununguka, ruramisiro, uye kusvikika zvinoramba zviri nheyo inokosha nokuda kwechaunga chavanhu zvinomirira zvirokwazvo kuda kwavanhu.