Kududzirwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kunomira serimwe ramabasa makurusa apamutemo anogona kuitwa nenyanzvi yemitemo. Mashoko pamusoro pekuti matehwe akaumba hondo, akawa mitemo, uye akarondedzera maruramiro amamirioni. Bva, gwaro racho nderekare zvinoshamisa, rakanyorwa mumutauro unogona kunzwa zvose zviri zviviri kuva rekare uye zvisinganzwisisiki. Vatongi, magweta, uye nyanzvi dzinofamba kubva murugwaro rweChigumi Nezana Remakore kusvikira kuuchokwadi rwechimakumi maviri nerefu? Muitiro muvhenganiswa wakaoma kunzwisisa wezvinhu, nhau, uye uzivi. Nyaya ino inogovera sei kufungwa kwakajeka kwomutauro wezvishandiso nemitoo yemitemo kuti vasarumbidze icho chinoreva zvirokwazvo chiteshi cheBumbiro remitemo.

Chikonzero Nei Kududzira Bumbiro Remitemo Kuchikosha Kumunhu Wose

Bumbiro reMitemo imutemo mukurusa wenyika, asi harisi bhuku rokuzviparadza. Kana hurumende ikapa mutemo unorambidza kubvisa pamuviri, Congress inoumba chirongwa chikuru chinoronga, kana kuti Purezidhendi anotaura ropafadzo huru, mumwe munhu anofanira kusarudza kana zviito izvozvo zvichishanda pasi peBumbiro reMitemo. Ndiro basa guru rokududzira mutemo. Mapango acho akakwirira zvikuru, anotapura chinhu chiri chose kubva kukuva nepfuti uye kutaura kwakasununguka kukodzero dzakavanzika uye dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinorangarira mibvunzo iyi dzinojekesa sei nheyo chaiyo yehurumende yeAmerica.

Manyuko Makuru: Kuvamba Kududzira

Nyanzvi yezvemitemo isati yatanga kuongorora zvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha.

Rugwaro rweBumbiro Romutemo

Rwendo rwacho runowanzovamba namashoko amene. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinorovedzwa kurava Bumbiro reMitemo noururami hukuru. Vanobvunza kuti: Nderipi revowo zvayo? Shoko rokuti “matongerwe na” zvakasiana rine rondedzero yakatsiga, kana kuti inotanhama here? Uku kuwirirana kwamashoko kwakananga pamusoro peizvo muturikiri angashuva kutaura. Somuenzaniso, Commerce anopa Congress simba ku“ Recommonting neMarudzi okumwe, uye pakati pezvizvarwa zvinoverengeka zveIndianational.” Revo chaiyoiyo ye “Commerce” uye “pakati pezvikamu zvinoverengeka zveNyika” yave iri nhau yekurukurirano huru kwamazana maviri amakore, kuumba hwaro hwehurumende yakawanda.

Mavambo Echinyorwa

Pane dzimwe nguva, revo inotorwa kwete bedzi muizvo Bumbiro reMitemo rinotaura, asi mukuvakwa kwaro kwose. Ikoku kunozivikanwa sedudziro yehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoumba mapazu matatu ehurumende, rinokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende nehurumende, uye rinosimbisa gadziriro yecheki nechiyero. Kubva muichi chivako, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzisingatongotaurwi zvakajeka. Somuenzaniso, dzidziso yeparadza masimba haina kunyorwa mumashoko mamwe, asi inoratidzirwa zvakajeka nokusikwa kwemitemo, mukuru wemitemo, uye mapazu edare. Chirevoneri chamakuru Johane Marshall akashandisa uku kurangarira kwourongwa [FL:0]. [FLT.[FLT] v. [FLD]] [FLD] [19]

Nhoroondo Nemapepa Ezvenhoroondo

Kunzwisisa revo yorugwaro rwakanyorwa muna 1787, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinozvibatikanisa vamene munhau yeChinyorwa. Vanofunda kurukurirano paConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo, Féderalist Papers[ (ipo yakakwikwidziridza kunyorwa kwakanyorwa, uye Anti-Fedarisst. Nharidziro inowanzo kunzwisisa “revo yapachena” yorugwaro rwacho, [=mutoti munhu ane mufungo panguva yokusimbiswa angadai akanzwisisa mashoko. Nhau iyi inogovera mashoko anokosha nokuda kwamashoko akajeka. Apo Reftermeter Reformation inodzivirira maruramiro oku “chengeta naMislm, nyanzvi dzinotarira kurunga rwa 188 kuti aone kana kuti arangarirwe zvakanaka.

Basa Rezvinoitika Nezvenhau

Nepo rugwaro nenhau zviri zvakavakirwa, mazana amakore ezvisarudzo zvokutonga akavaka chikamu chikuru chedudziro pamashoko asina kunyorwa.

Star Decuisis: Dzidziso Yemberi

[[NT.[FF] [10] [Imba] kana kuti dare rikasarudza [[FFF] kana kuti rikasarudza] [[FFF] [FF3] [FFF:] kana kuti dare rikasarudzirwa kuti “kumira muzvinhu zvinosarudzwa” inheyo yokuti matare anofanira kutevera mitemo yapamberi, anobvunza, “inoita kuti nhau iyi ive nzira imwe cheteyo ne [[FLT]] v. [FFFFF] [FF3] [FF]] [FFF] [10] kana kuti .]

Muitiro Wenhau Wamapazu Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mamwe manyuko e “glos” paBumbiro reMitemo muitiro wakare-kare wakamiswa weCongress neBazu roUkuru. Kana Purezidhendi ave achishandisa simba rakati kwamakore 150 pasina chirambidzo kubva kuCongress, muitiro iwoyo unogona kubetsera kusimbisa kuva kwebumbiro remitemo resimba iroro. Irori rinowanzoshandiswa mukurukurirano pamusoro pechiremera chehurumende nemitemo yokumwe. Somuenzaniso, kuvapo kwehurumende yokudzora yakazvimirira (mibato yakafanana neEPA kana FCCC) inoruramiswa zvikuru nokushandisa misi yenhau kudzokera shure kuRepublic yapakuvamba, pasinei zvapo nokunyarara kweBumbiro remitemo pamasangano akadaro. Ruraffter akanga ari mutsigiriki weiyi “kudzo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yetsika".

Zvikoro Zvikuru Zvedudziro Yebumbiro reMitemo

Nyanzvi yezvemitemo yose ine ruzivo kana kuti ruzivo rwemashandiro aingaita zvinhu izvi zvinokwikwidzana.

Kurerutsa

Chiratidzo ndicho murangariro wokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rine revo yakatsiga, inosarudzwa neizvo rakareva kuvanhu vakaritendera. Kune kunzwika kwakasiana, asi kwakatanhamara zvikurusa nhasi ndi . Chirevo chaPurigal Renation Transformation [. Ichochi hachitsvaki vavariro dzenhau dzaJames Madison kana kuti vaFramers, asi panzvimbo pezvo kunzwisiswa kwerugwaro sezvakungadai kwakanzwisiswa navose panguva yokusimbiswa. Mutongi Antonin Scalia akanga ari mutsigiri akakurumbira zvikurusa wouyu murangariro. pakuvamba anotaura kuti uku kunodzivisa uku kuisa mipimo yavo yomunhu oga pamutemo. Idzidziso yedemocracy, inoita kuti mitemo inofanira kuchinjwa negadziriro inosarudzwa.

Kunyora mashoko

Textism yakasanowirirana neredictism asi inonangidzira ngwariro zvikuru parugwaro rumene. Mutongi weTextustic anopa mashoko eBumbiro remitemo rerevo yawo yenguva dzose panguva yokuitwa kwemitemo, kuramba kutarira kunhau yemitemo kana kuti vavariro. Nokuda kwomutsigiri wamashoko worumano, rugwaro ndirwo chiremera bedzi. Kana rugwaro rwakajeka, rugwaro runonzvera migumo. Uku kurangarira kunopesvedzera zvikuru muzvose zviri zviviri pamutemo nerondedzero yemitemo, kunotsigirwa noMutongi Neil Gormoth. Chirango chokudzora, chinoraira kuti mutongi ashande neizvo mutemo unotaura chaizvoizvo, kwete izvo vanofunga kuti unofanira kureva.

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu

Muchishoro chakananga kuUnistry uzivi hunozivikanwa seConstitution. Uyu murangariro unotaura kuti Bumbiro remitemo igwaro rine simba rinofanira kushanduka - shanduka nenzanga. Mashoko aro makuru (“kufamba,”“ dziviriro yakaenzana,” chirango chechienzi”) anokumbira dudziro yokuratidzira “mipimo inochinjika yetsika inoyera inopa fambiro mberi yenzanga inokura.” Mutongi William Brennan naMutongi Stephen Breyer vave vari vatsigiri vanotungamirira. Uku kubvumira Bumbiro remitemo kuvambirana nenjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu (se kuvanzaniso yemichina) uye fambiro mberi yenzanga (se kuenzve). Vatsoropoteme vanopikisa kuti iyi inopa simba guru rokutonga kunyorazve Dare remitemo pasi pokududzira.

Kuvaka

Sekwadudzwa pakuvamba, chiBatikalist chinowana mitemo nenheyo kubva mugadziriro yose yeBumbiro remitemo. Inosimbisa ukama pakati pamapazu ehurumende nehurumende. Uyu mutoo hauna kunetseka zvikuru norugwaro rwakati rwechikamu chimwe chemashoko uye unoitira hanya zvikuru gadziriro yacho yose. Somuenzaniso, mutemo wose wehurumende wekusunungurwa (apo mutemo wehurumende unokunda mutemo wehurumende) unovakirwa panheyo dzinobva kuSupremacy Claus nechimiro chehurumende. Mutongi angatonga chiito chehurumende kwete nemhaka yokuti chirevo chakati chinoirambidza, asi nemhaka yokuti unodzosa muganhu wesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende yenyika.

Kuzvinyima uye Kushandisa Miduku

Kuzvidzora imigumisiro yakabudirira zvikuru. Mutongi anonangidzira ngwariro pamigumisiro chaiyoiyo yenyika yechisarudzo. Havana kunetseka nokuomerera kwakasimba kurugwaro kana kuti nhau yapakuvamba uye vanoitira hanya zvikuru kuronga mutemo unoshanda zvakanaka. Mutongi Oliver Holson Holmes Jr. idiro renhau remitemo yeAmerica yemitemo. Minicalistism, kazhinji kazhinji yakabatanidzwa neMutongi Sandra Day O’Connor naRumbisori Ginsburg, inzira inowirirana. Minimass inosarudza kusarudza nhau dzakati rekare pasina kuisa mitemo yakafara yenhau yeAmerica yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yapamutemo. Vanodavira kuti iyi inodzorwa ideresaidzosesa uye idzodzosa, vanobvumira mutemo kukura zvishoma nezvishoma kuti ukure.

Kushanda Kunoita Kududzira

Kungoda kururamisira vanhu hakuwanzoitiki kuti vanyatsosarudza zvokuita.

Zvikepe Zvokuvaka

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinoshandisa mitemo yemitauro, inozivikanwa semazita okuvaka, kubetsera kududzira rugwaro. Mimwe mitemo yomutauro wegamuchidzanwa: shoko rokuti “uye” rinonzwika; shoko “kana kuti” rakananga zvikuru kumutemo. Canon Against Surprage inofunga kuti shoko riri rose riri muBumbiro remitemo rine revo. Essem [[FLT]] genesris[[FLT]]] ramatefauta inotaura kuti apo chirevo chisarudzo chavose chinotevera ndazati yamashoko akananga, shoko ravose rinoshanda bedzi kuzvinhu zvakafanana norudzi rwakafanana. Izvi zvinopa rugwaro rwakafanana.

Matanho Okuongorora

Apo mutemo unodenhwa seunoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo, Dare rinoshandisa mwero wakati wokunzvera kwehurumende, uko kuri kuedza kwokutonga. Mwero unowanzosarudzwa unosarudza mugumisiro. Ratifastical Isstung Review[ ndiyo inodzorwa zvikurusa; mutemo unorangarirwa kuva unoshanda kana une chokuita nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo (g., mitemo yemari). [[FLT:] Sctrictinty [ itsika yakaoma zvikurusa; mutemo unofungidzirwa kuva usingashandi kana hurumende ichigona kubvumikisa kuva inosaidzwa nenzira inosakisa kubatira fariro inogombedzerera (g., mitemo inotapura dzinza kana kuti maruramiro makuru). [FT]: [FT]

Nharo Dzazvino Uno Nemakwikwi

Hondo pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo iri pakati pezvikamu zveAmerica. Dare razvino rinopfuura mativi ose renyika rine mativi makuru eExpreditoist neTextusism, kuchitungamirira kumisiano inokosha munharaunda dzakadai sokubvisa pamuviri, maruramiro epfuti, uye rudzidziso. Kukakavadzana pamusoro pe Mibvunzo yeMibvunzo jeko iri chitanganoto chemisi inoda kuti Dare ritaure zvakajeka apo rinoda kusimbisa sangano kuti risarudze nhau yemarimuto mukuru kana kuti yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti chinonzi Cristaryism ifundo yakasarudzwa yenhau yakagadzirirwa kusvika miuyo isingachinjiki. Vadziviriri vanotaura kuti jambwa rinotsiva (a Living Constitution) ikokero yokuti vatongi vabvise bhenji. Mativi ose ari maviri anotaura kuva ari kudzivirira mutemo. Kusimbisa hondo padare reDare guru zvino zvikurukuru ihondo pamusoro pemaziviro pamusoro pemiitiro yokududzira pamusoro pezvichadzora.

Mugumisiro: Nharo Dzisingaperi

Kusarudza icho Bumbiro reMitemo rinoreva hakusi kurovedza kwoungwaru. Ibasa guru romunhu rinobatanidza nhau, mutauro, uzivi, uye zvamatongerwe enyika. Rugwaro runotsigiwa, asi kunzwisisa kwedu kwarwo kunoumbwa nekurukurirano isingagumi pakati penguva yakapfuura neyazvino uno. Nyanzvi dzapamutemo dzakanakisisa dzinounza kutendeseka kwoungwaru nokuzvininipisa kubasa, kuziva mutoro mukuru wokurondedzera rugwaro runodzora rudzi rukuru uye rwakasiana. Kana munhu ari Mutendi Mutendi muBumbiro reMitemo Mhenyu, nharidzano yakafanana: kuita kuti rugwaro rutsvene rwaManyoro Anowanwa, rutsaureve, rune, uye rune nhevedzano kuvanhu veAmerica nhasi. Chibvumikiso pamusoro perevo yechokwadi yeBumbiro reMitemo ndecheto, munzira dzakawanda, kurukurirano yacho imene yeAmerica.

Mamwe Manyuko

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunzvera iyi mifungo vanowedzera, zviwanikwa zvakaisvonaka zvinoverengeka zvinowanika paIndaneti. Convolve Constitution Anetsono yakarongwa inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kwomutemo webumbiro-mitemo sezvinorondedzerwa neDare Gurusa. [[FLT:] project yeNational Constitution's Center [[FLT:]'Constitution Center] yeConstitution's [[FLT]] inopa rutivi rwemienzaniso yemirangariro yakasiana-mativi ose.[2] [5] nokuda kwenhau dzine udzame, [[5] .] .[5]