Kunzwisisa Raje Sabra: Dare reIndia reUnited States

Rajiya Sabba, kana kuti Council of States, iimba yapamusoro yeParamende yeIndia yeBacameral. Inomirira nyika neUnion Progatories (UT) pamwero worudzi, ichigovera chikuva nokuda kwenzwi renharaunda kuti rikurudzire mutemo wehurumende. Kusafanana neLok Sabba, iyo yakasarudzwa zvakananga navanhu, Raja Sabha yakagadzirirwa kuva muviri unopfuurira, [FLT:], [FOL], [2] makore maviri oga oga, kuvimbisa kuyeuka nokutsigadzika kwemikwa kwemite yemite yemitezo. Kuumbwa uye kusana kwaRajiya Sabha kunodzorwa nenzvimbo dzinodzorwa sei nenzvimbo dzinosarudzwa nenzvimbo idzi chaidzo.

Chiremera chose cheRaje Sabha chinoiswa pa 250 mitezo, 238 iri vamiriri vezvigaro neUTS, uye 12 vanosarudzwa naMongal weIndia nokuda kwounyanzvi hwavo muminda yakadai semabhuku, sayenzi, unyanzvi, uye basa renzanga. Kugoverwa kwezvigaro kuhurumende imwe neimwe neUT kwakavakirwa pavagari vemo, sezvo paChikamu cheChina cheMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo. Nyika dzine zvigaro zvakakura, zvakadai seUttar Pradesh (zvigaro) uye Maharastratra (zvigaro) (199), dzine dzimwe vamiriririki, nepo duku dzakafanana neGoga) dzine zvishoma. Nokuda kwenzvimbo dzadzo, zvigaro zvakasiana nenzvimbo dzakaiswa: Delphiah, Pudry ane zvigaro 3, uye uTuchry une nzvimbo, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzisina kuratidzwa kwemagungano. Maharastratratratemists anovimbisa kupfurikidza nenzvimbo yakarongwa nenzvimbo yadzose.

Muitiro Wokusarudza Wenhengo dzeRaje Sabha

Nokuda kwehurumende neUTs nemagungano emitemo, Raje Sabha mitezo inosarudzwa nemitezo yemagungano iwayo ichishandisa gadziriro inosimudzirwa imwe [STV] yomufananidzo unowirirana. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti mapoka maduku kana kuti vadaviri vakazvimirira vane mukana wakanaka wokuwina, sezvinopesana negadziriro yetsika yokutanga-kare inoshandiswa nokuda kwaLok Sabba. Mutezo mumwe nomumwe weungano unovhotera vhoti noukoshi hwakati hunozivikanwa [[FLT:] nhamba yezvigaro kuti izadzwe uye hwerengedzo yavagari vehurumende [FLT].

Heino nzira iyo STV inoshanda nayo muna Sabra:

  • Sarudzo imwe neimwe (mumwe akasarudzwa MLA) ine vhoti imwe chete, asi vhoti iyoyo inochinjwa pakati pavanoda kusarudzwa yakavakirwa pazvavanoda.
  • Hwerengedzo yamavhoti apamutemo inokamurwa nenhamba yezvigaro zvinofanira kuzara pamwe chete, uye ipapo mumwe anowedzerwa kuwana quotita inodikanwa kuti mutevedzeri ahwinhe.
  • Vamiririri vanoda kutevedzerwa. Kana vhoti yokutanga yemutengi inopfuura muganhu wacho, mavhoti akasara anochinjirwa kune mamwe anotevera. Kana pasina muteveri akasvika padanho, mudavi akaderera zvikuru anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinoparadzirwa.
  • Basa racho rinopfuurira kusvikira zvigaro zvose zvazara.

Uyu mutoo wakagadzirirwa kuita muuyo unowirirana ndokudzivisa udzori hwose hwebato rimwe. Zvisinei, kushanda, matongerwe enyika akavhengana nokuvhota kunowanzopesvedzera muuyo wacho. Somuenzaniso, muhurumende umo boka rimwe rinochengeta voruzhinji, vanoda kuwiriranwa vanowanzowina zvigaro zvose, asi mugungano rakaturikwa, STV inobvumira mapoka maduku kudzivirira. ECommution Commission of India (ECI) inotarisira vose vaRajiya Sabhaha kuti vave nechokwadi chokuteererwa nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo.

Kuti akwaniriswe nokuda kwokusarudza Raje Sabha, mudaviri anofanira kusvitsa zvikwaniriso pasi pe Article 84: iva mugari weIndia, iva anenge makore 30 ezera, uye ane zvimwe zvikwaniriso zvakarongerwa neParamende. Kuwedzera, vada kunyoreswa savasaruri murusarudzo rupi norupi nerungano yeparamende muhurumende kana kuti UT mavari kutsvaka kuvhota. Disquariations pasi peIregit of People Act, sem profities dzoutsotsi kana kuti kuva nehofisi yemhindu, zvinoshandawo.

Chisarudzo Mundima dzeUnion: Kusvika kweNhengo mbiri

Union Foreigration muIndia inodzorwa zvakananga nehurumende iri pakati, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe dzakapiwa nzvimbo nemisangano yavo vamene yewirirano. Muitiro wokusarudza Rajiya Sabba kuUTs haufanani; kunotsamira pakuti UT ine gungano remitemo here. Pari zvino, UTs , UTs , unit , us Delhi na Punderry [naromassssss , nakabhina, naKamirna, uye Hash, zvinovhongedzeisverwa magungano anotora muReabhurojini muRajian. Mamwe maUThahaha, saruvara, uye zvimwe sezvipoti naNagarda DA , Laukhdakey, naDhaeah, nas Hamirma, uye Kamirnsh, uye Kamirner, anodzongedzese, mamwe magungano.

Minda yeMasangano neMitemo: Delhi nePuducher

Delhi na [FT:] Puducherry vane mamiriro emitemo akasiyana pasi peZvikamu 239A ne 239A. Zvose zviri zviviri zvine Gwetalsease neDare reVafundisi, asi masimba azvo akaganhurirwa kunzvimbo dzakazara, asi mapurisa, uye nhevedzano yavose zvinoramba zviri pasi peSavara yehurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro, magungano azvo anopiwa simba rose kuvhiya Sabbaha mitezo. Delhi ane zvigaro 3 SABHA, nepo Puuchry ane chigaro 1. Muitiro wokuvhotera unotevera maSV anoshandiswa nokuda kwemaSMLMelma anosaewn (84), kunyange zvazvo zvichingova zvikamu zvamabhine 30)

Somuenzaniso, muDelhi, mubato rinotonga rinodokuva rinowana zvigaro zvose zvitatu nemhaka youkuru huduku hwegungano uye idi rokuti STV inovhota muboka rimwe rinowirirana zvinova chiitiko chokutanga chepashure pechigaro choga chePuducherry. Zvisinei, muDelhi muvhoti rezvigaro zvakawanda, STV inokosha. Mutengi wovhotera mumwe nomumwe unovakirwa pavagari veUT kuchiverengero chezvigaro. Kuvhotera chaiko kunogara muchivako chePuducherry pasi pechidzoro cheECI. Ra Rajisha Syasha inhengo idzi dzinomirira fariro dzevaki vagari veUT muParmendial, kutevene miteo remitemo, uye kutakura dzidzo yehurumende.

Minda yeUnion Pasina Magungano Ane Mitemo: Kumirira Kupfurikidza Nokuiswa Kwezvidhori

Nokuda kweUTs dzinoshaiwa gungano romutemo, hakuna purogiramu inosarudzwa yeMLMA ASHO KUvhota nokuda kwaRaja Sabha mitezo. Panzvimbo pezvo, Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera kuti Mutungamiriri weIndia anogadza mitezo inomirira aya maUTS[. Iyi gadziriro inodzorwa ne Article 80 ([5][FLT]]] uye Hurumende yeUNICED yeUNICES, 1963 [sokushandurwa kwechinjo]]). Mitezo ine mitezo inobatira makore matanhatu, kufanana nemitezo inosarudzwa, uye inofarikanya masimba mamwe maSabata. Vanogona kuvhotera kunze kwemiteve.

Muitiro wokuisa zita munzanga unotangwa neMinistry of Home Affairs, iyo inokarakadza mazita kuna Purezidhendi akavakirwa parumbidzo dzakabva kumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, nzanga, kana kuti dare reUT. Mubasa, hurumende yepakati inowanzotaura nezvevanhu vakaita mipiro mikuru muupenyu hwavanhu vose, basa renzanga, kana kuti tsika, kana kuti vane ukama hwakasimba neUT. Somuenzaniso, mutsigiri wemhoteredzo akakurumbira weAndaman angasaiswa muboka rimwe kuti amiririre UT of Andaman neNicobar neLakhadcueve yakabatanidzwa muchigaro chimwe. Sa2025, UTs anotevera anomirirwa naRajya Sabha mitezo yakasha yakapfuurwa nechikadzi:

  • Andaman neNicobar Islands neLakshadsea (chigaro 1 chabatanidzwa)
  • Chandigarh, Papara naNagar Hapoli, Daman naDiu (chigaro 1 vabatanidzwa)
  • Ladakh 1 chigaro, pashure pokurongwazve kwa2019)
  • Jamumu naKashmir (hapana dare rakananga Rajiya Sabha pari zvino; zvigaro zvaro zvina zvinogoverwa kuruwa rweJ&K pamberi pokurongwazve, asi zvino chigaro chomutemo weUT chisati chagadzwazve kuti chigaro chigadzirwezve kumitezo inosarudzwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, hurumende yepakati yakaronga kuzadza izvi zvigaro kupfurikidza nokunangana kana kuti kuvhota pashure pokuumbwa kwegungano, asi sokuna zvino zvino zvinoramba zvisina maturo? Njororo 2019, J&K’SYA Sabha Habha yakaderedzwa kubva pa4 kumirira?, Chiteshi cheChina chakagadzirirwa kuisa zvigaro J&K 4, asi magungano anogoverwa nesangano. Asi zvinongosara mitezo yeUT, inoshanda nemisangano yeduca inoumbwa neya yakarongwa neyamurongeripo. Zvisinei, gungano racho harifaniri kuva munzvimbo inopfuurwa kusvikira apo kusarudzwa 20 K.

Muenzaniso: Chivi chomuRajiya Sabhaha chinomirira UTS yeChandigarh, Farra naNagar Hameli, uye Daman naDiu zvinoitirwa nomminee. Muitiro wokusarudza unobatanidza hurumende yepakati inorangarira vadaviri vanobvira vanogona kumirira zvinobudirira fariro dzeidzo dzakaparadzirwa muruwa. Purezidhendi anopa ziviso pasi petarisiro yeEcomment Commission, uye mutezo unogarwa anopika muRajaya Sabba. Iyi tsika, nepo inotsotsoronwa navamwe senzira yokurongedza nayo imba yapamusoro, zvinovimbisa kuti kunyange UT ine inzwi dukusa munyika yose.

Nzvimbo Chaidzo Nemienzaniso Yadzo Yechienzi

Shoko rokuti “nzvimbo chaidzo” mumashoko akapoteredza Rajiya Sabha rinonongedzera kunzvimbo dzine gadziriro dzechienzi dzebumbiro-mitemo, kazhinji kazhinji nemhaka yenzvimbo yadzo inorongwa, chiverengero chavagari vomunyika, kana kuti udzori hwenhau. Idzi dzinobatanidza Universetions of Andaman ne Nicobar Islands[, [[FT], [[FLT], [[5], semaganhu], pamwe chete nenzvimbo ye [FLT], kana kuti nzvimbo yeUT] inochengetedzwa munzvimbo dzakati. Nhiko, kana kuti nzvimbo inosito chaiyo yeUT. Nhiko. Nhingidzo dzakava] munzvimbo dzakajeka dzinowanikwa pamusoro penyika dzinoteverwa.

Chisiiwo chimwe chakatanhamara i Penteerant yemitezo miviri kubva kunzanga yeBritain yeIndia kusvikira kuLok Sabha (dis yakaramba iri muna 2020) uye mitezo 12 yakapfuudzwa kuRajiya Sabhaha. Pakati paivava 12, inozivikanwa kubatanidza vanhu vanobva munharaunda chaidzo kana kuti nzanga duku. Somuenzaniso, aichimbova mukuru weuto anobva Ladakh kana kuti nyanzvi yezvokushanda kwengarava inobva kuAndaman Islands ingasaiswa mukurumbira weruwa. Zvisinei, ikoku hakusati kuri kusingangoitiki rudyi rwenharaunda chaiyo; kuri pachisarudzo chaPurezidhente, chinotungamirirwa nehurumende.

Mhaka yaJamu naKashmir: Ndima Chaiyo yeMubatanidzwa ine Mutongo

Kurongwazve kweJammu naKashmir muna 2019 kwakagadzira Nhevedzano itsva yeUnion yeJamumu neKashmir nesangano rewindikiro neUT yeLadakh pasina gungano. Nokuda kwaJ&K, zvigaro zvayo zvigaro zvina zveRajiya Sabhata pakutanga zvakanga zviri rutivi rwechigadziko chehurumende (Maricle 80 neChine Chigaro chaChina). Pashure pokurongazve, UT’S Rajavia Sabbaha yakaderedzwa kuva [[FLT: 0] zvigaro? Zvomene, J&K Reorgation Act, 2019 yakagadzirirwa Chitemo cheNhenga kuti chishamise kuti UT yeJ&K ive, apo aya achava nezvigaro zvigaro zvina muRajisha [1] FYKA yakasiyana namamwe mativi akaitwa uye akaitwa zvigaro, asi anenge asara anenge asara kuti asharirwe neECI ashatirorongete dare reChine.

Ladakh, kune rumwe rutivi, iUT isina mutezo wedare, naizvozvo kumirira kwayo kuri kupfurikidza nomutezo unosarudzwa. Uku kuratidzira uku kupesana kwechimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika chakaoma kunzwisisa chenharaunda yacho. Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) haina basa mukuvhota Rajeya Sabhaha, asi mitezo yayo inowanzopesvedzera hurumende yepakati nokuda kwokusarudzwa kwomubati wedaviri anonzwisisa nhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakadai sechiono chokushambadza, mafashoni, uye chengeteko.

Kufambira Mberi Munzvimbo Chaidzo: Zvinoitwa Nemitumbi Yemunzvimbo Dzacho

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo chaidzo, dzakadai se Andaman na Nicobar Islands, hakuna masangano emitemo omunzvimbomo ayo anosarudza Rajiya Sabba. Zvisinei, Andaman naNicobar Islands Panchayati Act[[FL:3] Act [[FLT]] inopa nzvimbo yemusha neruwa, asi aya haana basa ripi neripi murusarudzo. Muitiro bedzi weRajiyasha inziro yemaminimini. Nyaya yokutanga inodudza “mitengo yenzvimbo inosarudzwa yenzvimbo chaidzo" munzvimbo chaidzo musingabviswi. Kubva muLat .

Zvisinei, kune gadziriro mu Kuziviswa kweChiito chaMarudzi, 1951, Chikamu 27C inobata nokusarudzwa kwavamiriri vakabva kuUTS pasina maparamende emitemo: ivo vanosarudzwa nemitezo yeNzvimbo yaVanhu (Lok Sabha) uye Council of State (Raja Sha) kubva kuUT? Aiwa, ndiko kupedza zvitsama zvisina basa. Zvomenemene, nokuda kwokusarudza kweRajiya Sabhahahahaha yakabva kuUTs, namagungano. Mune dare renyika inongofanana bedzi. Naizvozvo hakuna kusarudzwa kwakananga nemitumbi yomunzvimbomo. Naizvozvo nhau yegore ino “inowanzo kusarudzwa navamiriri vamiriri vomunzvimbomo."

Zvinorehwa Nemifananidzo Yendima Nhatu

Kubatanidzwa kweUnion Toditions nenharaunda chaidzo muRajiya Sabhaha kunovimbisa kuti kunyange nzvimbo dzine vanhu vashomanene kana kuti dzinokosha zvikuru dzine chirevo mukudzora kwenyika. Nepo vatsoropodzi vachipikisa kuti mitezo isina kuzvidavirira kwokusarudza, vatsigiri vanosimbisa kuti iyi mitezo inounza zivo chaiyo uye inogona kutsigira mabasa angasarirwa nevezvematongerwe enyika vakasarudzwa. Somuenzaniso, nhengo yakashandwa nevakawanda kubva kuLakshadting inogona kumutsa zvinetso pamusoro pechinjo dzemamiriro okunze pazvitsuwa zvemakori, nepo nhengo inobva kuChandigarh inogona kutsigira basa rokuronga zviri nani romuguta. Rayya Shabbaha rebasa seimba inogadziridza mitengo inobvumira iyi kupesvedzera mitemo pavanhu vakaita semhoteredzo, dziviriro, uye tentexmate, izvo zvinotapura zvakananga vanhu vanogara muzvitsuwa zveUT.

Uyezve, muitiro wokusarudza kupfurikidza nokusarudzwa wave uchiongororwa nedare. S. R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa kuti simba raPurezi rokusasarudza harina kutenderwa asi rinofanira kushandiswa payamuro nezano reDare reVamiririri. Iro rinoreva hurumende yepakati inosarudza nenzira inobudirira manyunamine, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji pamibatanidzwa yebato kana kuti kurangarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, Bumbiro reMitemo reMitemo yeMitemo yeSault ([FL:2]] Kubhikainwa kusati kuri kutengwa kwapamutemo. Uni Union yeIndia (2006) yakajekesa chinodikanwa che “Saultha bragooto muSarudzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kupedzisa uye Kupfupikisa Pfungwa Huru

[Nyaya] Muitiro wokusarudza Rajiya N[10][10][10] Nhamba dzinosarudzwa kubva ku Union Togo nenharaunda chaidzoidzo.[10][10][Nyaya] Nhamba dzinobatanidza magungano echiNgezi neIndaneti.[NUP] yemabumbiro echiIas, Lakshadia, Far Haverli na Nagar Dau, Changal, Hargar, na Diu Ang, Ladagar Acth, na Lakh ST.[10] Inongengwa yato Nhan inongo------------nkulusarome. [NFFF]