Muitiro wakafanira ndichimwe chezvibvumikiso zvikuru mumutemo weAmerica, bva vanhu vazhinji vanoisangana bedzi mumisoro mikuru yenhau pamusoro penhau dzedare kana kuti kurukurirano dzebumbiro remitemo. Mumashoko anoshanda, muitiro wakafanira ndiwo unovimbisa pamutemo uyo unovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kukutorera upenyu hwako, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma pasina kutevera miitiro yakanaka uye kuremekedza maruramiro ako makuru. Ndiyo nhoo inodzivirira vanhuwo zvavo pazviito zvoudzvinyiriri zvehurumende (hwupi kana kuti inoreva kuti mukuru mukuru wemapurisa anotungamirira kutsvaka zvisiri pamutemo, chikoro chinodzinga mudzidzi pasina kunzwiwa, kana kuti chishandiso chinoramba betsero pasina tsananguro. Kunzwisisa kuti muitiro wakafanira unoshanda sei muupenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva kodzero dzako nokuzvidzivirira nenzira inobudirira.

Chii Chiri Kuitwa Chakakodzera?

Pamavambo payo, muitiro wakafanira ipfungwa yokuti gadziriro yapamutemo inofanira kubata munhu ari wose nenzira huru. Shoko rinooneka muMitemo yeChishanu nerechigumi namana yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., asi revo yayo inotambanudza kupfuura zvikuru mashoko mamwe. Muitiro unoda kuti apo hurumende inoita chiito chingagona kukukuvadza, kukuita kuti uzvipinze, kutora musha wako, kana kuti kubvisa rezinesi, rinofanira kukuzivisa zvainoda kuita, mukana wokunzwiwa, uye chisarudzo chinoitwa nomugadziri wechisarudzo asina retare.

Iyi nheyo inoshanda kumabazu ose ehurumende: mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Inofukidza kukwirira mhaka kwoutsotsi, kutongwa kwavagari vemo, kutonga kwehurumende, uye kunyange zviito zvinoitwa nezvikoro zvehurumende kana kuti zviremera zvedzimba. Mativi anokosha anobatanidza maruramiro kukutonga kwakarurama, maruramiro okupa ufakazi, kodzero yokuyambuka zvapupu, uye maruramiro okumiririrwa negweta. Pasina muitiro wakafanira, tsika yemitemo ichava chishandiso chedzvinyiriro panzvimbo pegadziriro yeruramisiro.

Muitiro wakafanira hausi murangariro unowirirana. Matare akadudzira zvinodikanwa zvawo nenzira yakasiana zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza. Chinorangarirwa semuitiro wakanaka mumhaka yemotokari duku chakasiana nezvinodikanwa mukutonga kukuru. Asi nzwisiso huru ndeyokuti muitiro wakafanira nguva dzose uri pamusoro pa [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [pakati pefariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka kana kuti chengeteko nefariro yomunhu oga mukubatwa nechiremera noruremekedzo.

Marudzi Maviri Ezvinoitwa

Muitiro wakafanira unowanzokamurwa kuva mapoka maviri: muitiro wechiduku wechinodikanwa nemuitiro wekusarudza. chimwe nechimwe chinodzivirira marudzi akasiyana ekodzero uye chinoisa misengwa yakasiyana pahurumende.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira wokuda kudzivirira maruramiro makuru akati kudzongonyedzo yehurumende, pasinei zvapo nemiitiro inoshandiswa. Inobvunza kana hurumende ine chikonzero chakanaka nokuda kwechiito chayo, kwete bedzi kana ichitevera nhano dzakarurama. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unorambidza zvimiro zvose zvokudzora kubereka sezvingabvira ungaputsa muitiro wakafanira nemhaka yokuti unoputsa kodzero huru kukodzero yokuva yoga uye kuzvidzora kwomuviri. Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa mutoo wakafanira wakaderera kudzivirira maruramiro akadai seroorano, kurera, kudzivirira pamuviri, uye kufamba.

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba unomutsa nharo nemhaka yokuti kunoda kuti vatongi vasarudze kuti ikodzero dzipi dziri "dzepfungwa". Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vatongi vanogona kuisa mipimo yavo vamene; vadziviriri vanotaura kuti kuri madikanwa kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga mukunyengera kukuru. Pasinei zvapo nekurukurirano, muitiro wakafanira wakaderera unoramba uri chishandiso chikuru nokuda kwemitemo inodenha nenzira isina kururama yorusununguko rwomunhu oga.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yakafanira yetsika inonangidzira ngwariro pakururama kwemitoo inoshandiswa nehurumende apo inonyima mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Hahupanikiri mutemo umene; panzvimbo pezvo, inobvunza kana hurumende yakakupa ziviso yakakwana, mukana une revo wokunzwiwa, uye mugadziri wechisarudzo asingasaruri. Somuenzaniso, kana guta richida kuparadza imba yako nokuda kwokuputsa mitemo, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti ugamuchire ziviso yakanyorwa yokuputsa mutemo, mukana wokuikwikwidza pakunzwa, uye kutonga kunobva kune mumwe munhu asingakusarura.

Purogiramu inowirirana idzidziso mhenyu. Matare anoyera zvinhu zvitatu kuti aone kuti muitiroi wakafanira: fariro yomunhu oga inotapurwa, ngozi yekushaiwa kusina kururama mumiitiro yazvino, uye fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka nemutengo. Uku kuyera, kubva muchinoitika chechiratidzo Maws v. Eldridge[[FLT] [1977], inobvumira muitiro wakafanira kuchinjira kumigariro yakasiana-- siyana.

Mavambo Enhau Ezvinoitika Zvakakodzera

Pfungwa yokuti mambo aisagona kungotora zvinhu zvomunhu kana kuti kuzviisa mutorongo pasina donzo inovapo mazana amakore akapfuura. Magna Carta we1215, akasainwa naMambo Johane mudzvinyiriro yakabva kumiitiro inopandukira, yaiva nechikamu chinovimbisa kuti: Hakuno munhu akasununguka achabatwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo... kunze kwokunge norutongeso rwapamutemo rwavaenzani vake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. Uyu "mutemo wenyika" ndiwo muteveri wakananga webasa razvino uno. Nokufamba kwenguva, mutemo wavose weEngland wakakudziridza pfungwa yokuti kunyange mutongi anofanira kutevera miitiro yemitemo yakagadzwa.

Vagari vomuAmerica vakauya namagamuchidzanwa apamutemo iwaya navo. Pashure peChinjo, vatangi vakanyora muitiro wakafanira muBill of Rights. James Madison pakuvamba akakarakadza shanduro yeFindrence yairava kuti "Hapana munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina mutoo wakafanira womutemo." Chitsama chamashoko chakagamuchirwa nekurukurirano duku, asi revo yacho yakanga yadzika midzi zvikuru muAnglo - America jurisprudence. Matare apakuvamba eAmerica akaona muitiro wetsika, wakadai sekodzero yokutonga dare repamutemo nekodzero yokutarisana.

Gemende ye14th Amendment, yakatenderwa pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, yakatambanudzirwa mutoo waifanira kurwiwa. Iyi yakanga iri chinjo yokuchinja. Pasati pa 1868, Bill of Rights yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende. United States ingagona kufuratira zvinodikanwa zvakafanira. Gwero reMitemo reMitemo re 144th Reformation Claus rakamanikidzira hurumende yose kuremekedza kururama kukuru, uye kwamakumi amakore akatevera, Dare Rapamusoro pashoma napashoma "rakanyoresa" zhinjisa yeBill of Rights Rights, rudzidziso, uye kodzero yokupa zano pamusoro pekupesana nehurumende.

Tsigiro yeBumbiro reMitemo

Hurumende yeFin conf Amendment inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende: “Hapana munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. ” Iweyanith Amendment inoshandisa mutauro wakafanana kuhurumende dzenyika. Pamwe chete, inoita mupimo wakabatana worudzi weruramisiro. Dare Gurusa rakadudzira iyi mitsetse kudzivirira kwete bedzi vapomeri voutsotsi asiwo vanhu vanobata namasangano, nezvikoro, uye mamwe masangano avose.

Murangariro we "rebetry" mugadziriro yakafanira wakafara. Hakusati kuchingobatanidza rusununguko bedzi mumuviri mukuzvidzora asiwo maruramiro okuroora, kurera vana, kuita zvisarudzo zvokurapa, uye kuronda basa rakasarudzwa. Murangariro we "fashoni" unopawo nzvimbo huru (inobatanidza kwete bedzi nyika nemari asiwo maruramiro akafanana nebetsero dzegarikano, basa ravose, uye marezinesi ebasa. Apo hurumende inoramba kana kuti inoramba betsero dzakadaro, inofanira kugovera muitiro wakafanira.

Kurava rugwaro chairwoirwo rwechigadziriso, unogona kushanyira Cornell Information’s Constitution peji. Nhevedzo yeNyika [[ inewo makopi akaenzana nedziyo ezvinyorwa zvapakuvamba.

Kufambira Mberi Muupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Kushanda kwakakodzera hakusi kungoitwa mudare chete, asi kunokanganisa kodzero dzako mumamiriro ezvinhu akawanda enguva dzose.Pazasi pane nzvimbo dzinokosha dzinoshandiswa kudzivirira kwakakodzera.

Kusangana Kuchisimbiswa Kwomutemo

Apo unomiswa namapurisa, muitiro wakafanira unokudzivirira pakusungwa nenzira youdzvinyiriri. Gemeters yeChina inorambidza kunzvera kusina mufungo netsviyo, asi muitiro wakafanira unowedzera mirwi yedziviriro: maruramiro okuramba wakanyarara, maruramiro egweta, uye maruramiro okuziviswa nezvekodzero idzodzo. Mu Manda v. Arizona [1966], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti mapurisa anofanira kuudza maruramiro avo okuramba akanyarara uye kuva negweta mutongo mukati mvudziro mukati mokubvunzurudzwa.

Muitiro wakafanira unoganhurirawo kuti unogona kuchengetwa kwenguva yakareba sei usati wapiwa mhaka kana kuti kuunzwa pamberi pomutongi. Chikamu chenzizi kudivi rapaRwizi kubve. McLaughlin (191]) chisarudzo chaidavira kuti munhu akasungwa asina justaundi anofanira kugamuchira chisakiso chinobvira mumaawa 48. Kana mapurisa akakuchengeta kwenguva refu zvikuru pasina tsananguro, vangava vachiputsa muitiro wakafanira.

Kodzero Dzenzvimbo Nenzvimbo Yakakudzwa

Hurumende ingatora nzvimbo yavanhu nokuda kwokushandiswa kwavose kupfurikidza nenzvimbo yakakurumbira, asi Findrefendment inoda kuti "Berefey" uye mutoo wakarurama. Muitiro wakafanira unoreva kuti unofanira kugamuchira ziviso yokutora, banza rokudenha kushandiswa kwavose kana kuti muripo, uye kunzwiwa pamberi pomuviri usingasaruri. Ikoku kunoshanda kuchinhu chiri chose kubva kumugwagwa mutsva unomhanya munyika yako kuenda kuguta rinoshurikidza chivako chaparara.

Kunyange apo kutora zvinhu kusingaitwi mumuviri, muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira kodzero dzako. Kana hurumende ichida kutora zvinhu zvako kupfurikidza nokurasikirwa nehurumende(iitiro umo vatsigiri vomutemo vanotora mari kana kuti zvinhu zvinofungidzirwa kuva zvine chokuita noutsotsi) une maruramiro okukwikwidza kubatwa mudare. Nyika zhinji dzakachinja mitemo yadzo inorasikirwa nokuda kwekubvumikiswa kwoutsotsi mamiriro ezvinhu asati agona kutorwa, murutivi nokuda kwenhau dzakafanira.

Dzidzo Yavose

Vadzidzi muzvikoro zvavose vane maruramiro akafanira, zvikurukuru apo vanotarisana nokurevererwa kana kuti kudzingwa. Mu Gos v. Lopez [1975], Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti mudzidzi atarisana nejere remazuva 10 kana kuti ari pasi anofanira kupiwa ziviso yokutaura kana kuti kunyorwa yepomero, tsananguro youfakazi, uye banza rokupa rutivi rwavo. Kudzinga kana kuti kudzingwa kunoda zviito zvetsika, kubatanidza maruramiro okudana zvapupu uye kumiririrwa kupfurikidza nezano.

Kana yunivhesiti ichiita kuti mudzidzi asava nechokwadi nedzidzo isina kunzwa, mudzidzi wacho angava nemuitiro wakakodzera.

Basa Nehurumende Zvinobatsira

Vashandi vehurumende (vaya vanoshanda nokuda kwehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende, dzehurumende, kana kuti dzomunzvimbomo) vane fariro yenzvimbo mumabasa avo kana vakafukidzwa nechibvumirano kana kuti gadziriro yebasa rehurumende. Vasati vaguma, vane maruramiro okuzivisa zvikonzero, banza rokupindura, uye tee. Nenzira yakafanana, vagamuchiri vebetsero dzehurumende dzakadai seSocial Security, Medicaid, kana kuti zvitatimendi zvezvokudya havagoni kuva nebetsero idzodzo dzinopera pasina chiziviso chakafanira uye mukana wokudenha chisarudzo.

Vashandi vomunharaunda dzevoga kazhinji kazhinji vane maruramiro mashoma akafanira nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoganhurira chiito chehurumende, kwete chiito chomunhu oga.

Mutemo Wemhuri Namaruramiro Omubereki

Kodzero yokurera vana vako ndeimwe yemitemo inokosha zvikurusa inodzivirirwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakafanira. Hurumende haigoni kubvisa mwana mukodzero yokuchengeta mwana pasina kutonga kwedare noufakazi hwakajeka hwokubatwa zvisina kufanira kana kuti kuregeredzwa. Vabereki vane maruramiro okumiririrwa negweta, kutarisana nezvapupu, uye kupa ufakazi. Mukuguma kwenhau dzekodzero dzavabereki, mupimo wechiratidzo ndewe "ufakazi hwakajeka nouhunopwisa," chiteshi chakakwirira kupfuura nhau dzenguva dzose dzevagari vemo.

Muitiro wakafanira unoshandawo muchatanuro uye kutongwa kwokuchengeta mwana, kunyange zvazvo miitiro yacho iri yapamutemo zvishoma. Dare rinofanira kungopazve boka rimwe nerimwe banza rakarurama rokupa nhau yaro. Kukundikana kuita kudaro kunogona kuguma nokuchinja pakukwirira.

Kurapwa Nezvisarudzo Zvekurapa

Varwere vari muzvipatara kana kuti misha inochengeterwa vakwegura vane maruramiro akafanira apo hurumende inotsvaka kuzviita nenzira yokusada, kurapa kwokumanikidzira, kana kuti kuganhurira zvisarudzo zvavo zvokurapa. Dare Gurusa rakarangarira kuti kuzvipira kwokusazvidira kunoda kutongwa noufakazi hwakajeka uye hunopwisa kuti munhu ane ngozi kwaari amene kana kuti vamwe. Nenzira yakafanana, vasungwa vane maruramiro okurapa kwakakwana.[1] Kuda kurapa kuri madikanwa kunogona kuputsa muitiro wakafanira.

Kunyange muzvirongwa zvokutarisira utano zvomunhu oga, basa rehurumende mukutsigira mari mapurogiramu akadai seMedicare naMedicaid rinoreva kuti varwere havagoni kunyimwa nenzira yamaune kufukidza pasina muitiro wokukumbira. Maws v. Eldidge[ nhau yacho imene yakabatanidza denho kukuvadziko yekuvadziko yeSocial Security, kusimbisa mutoo iwoyo wakafanira unoshanda kubetsero.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Mumatare

Munhau dzoutsotsi, muitiro wakafanira inheyo yokutonga kwakarurama. Inovimbisa maruramiro kukutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwavose, maruramiro edare rinobetsera vatongi risina rusaruro, maruramiro okunangana nezvapupu, uye maruramiro emuitiro wokumanikidzirwa kuwana zvapupu munyasha dzako. Hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka inopfuura kupanikira kune mufungo, uye muchuchisi anofanira kuzivisa ufakazi hwokupa mhaka hunogona kubvumikisa kuva asina mhaka. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo muitiro wakafanira, sekwakasimbiswa mu Brady v. Maryland[[FLT:] (1193]).

Muzvinoitika zvevagari vemo, muitiro wakafanira unoda ziviso nebanza rokunzwika zvinhu zvako zvisati zvatorwa. Somuenzaniso, kana mukweretesi akakukwidza, unofanira kubatira zvakafanira nokunyunyuta ndokupiwa mukana wokupindura. Kutonga kwakakwana hakugoni kupinzwa pasina chibvumikiso chokuti wakagamuchira ziviso. Nenzira yakafanana, kana muridzi wemo akatsvaka kukudzinga, hurumende zhinji dzinoda kuti kutonga kwedare pamberi pomubati wehurumende akubvise.

Muitiro wakafanira unoganhurirawo kushandiswa kwokusungwa kusati kwatongwa. United States v. Salerno (1987), Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira gadziriro yeBail Reform Act yehurumende yokudzivirira kusungwa, asi nemhaka bedzi yokuti raida kutongwa uye ufakazi hwakajeka uye hunopwisa kuti munhu wacho aiparira ngozi kunzanga. Kunyange ipapo, kusungwa kunofanira kuva kwenguva yakaganhurirwa uye nhau yokuhwirudzura.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokuita Zvakakodzera

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rayo guru, muitiro wakafanira unotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzakawanda mutsika yanhasi yapamutemo. shatiso nemhosva zvinotungamirira kukukurumidza kutongwa, kuratidzirwa kwapamutemo kusina kukwana, uye kunonozeka. Masangano anodzivirira vanhu vose anowanzova anoshongedzwa, kureva kuti vanhu vazhinji vanotarisana nemhosva havagoni kubhadhara gweta uye vanofanira kuvimba nezano rakashandiswa. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukumanikidza kukumbira, apo vanhu vasina mhaka vanopomera kuva nemhaka yengozi yetongero yehasha pashure pokutongwa.

Masangano outarisiri anorebesawo muitiro wakafanira. Zvisarudzo zvizhinji zvehurumende . zvinobvisa mvumo, kubvisa raisenzi, kana kuti kuisa faindi (inoitwa navatongi). Nepo kutonga kwehurumende kunofungidzirwa kugovera muitiro wakafanira, mitemo inowanzorerutswa. Somuenzaniso, matare okusapinda munyika anoshanda mumiitiro yakasiana - siana kupfuura matare III, uye kushaikwa kwezano rakagadzwa nokuda kwavatami vakatapwa kwakashorwa sechinoputsanokorwa chegadziriro yakafanira.

Kuchengeteka kwerudzi namasimba ekurumidziro zvinopa dzimwe tyisidziro. Pashure pa 9/11, hurumende yakavharirwa kunyumwira magandanga pasina pomero kana kuti kutongwa kwenhambo dzakarebesa. Dare Rapamusoro mu HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004]) yaidavira kuti kunyange vavengi varwi vanopiwa kodzero yomuitiro wakafanira, kubatanidza ziviso yehwaro hwechokwadi hwehwaro hwavo hwakarefukidzwa uye mukana une rekukwikwidzana. Asi dzikamo pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko inoramba ichikwikwidzana.

Ruzivo rwemichina rwakamutsawo mibvunzo mitsva inodikanwa. Maarusaiti echerekedzo anoshandiswa mukutongera, bhero, uye zvisarudzo zvokubvisa ropa zvinogona kuva zvisinganzwisisiki uye zvingaparira miuyo yakaipa. Vadziviriri havawanzova namaruramiro okunzvera bumbiro kana kuti mashoko anoshandiswa kurangarira mutengo wavo wengozi. Muitiro wapashure unoda kujeka namano okudenha ufakazi, asi izvi zvinodikanwa hazvina kuchengeta batano nokugamuchirwa kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira mutsika yeruramisiro.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzama pa MAWs v. Elditridge bhrock project [[[FLT:]Oyez] [ inogovera pfupiso pfupi yenhau yacho. Uye nokuda kwekurukurirano yomuitiro wakafanira munyika yokutarisira, American Bar Association's peji yedzidzo yavose [ ichinhu chinobetsera.

mhedziso

Muitiro wakafanira hausi shoko rapamutemo rinofanira kusiiwa kumagweta navatongi. Chivimbo chipenyu icho chinotapura munhu ari wose anobatira pamwe nehurumende − kana pane kumira kwemotokari, kana pakutonga kwechikoro, musangano wedare rinoronga, kana kuti dare. Kunzwisisa mavambo egadziriro yakafanira kunokubatsira kuona kuputsa kunobvira ndokuita chiito kudzivirira maruramiro ako. Kuziva kuti une maruramiro okucherekedza, kunzwa, uye mugadziri asina chiziva anogona kuita chisarudzo chisakarurama kunogona kuita musiyano pakati pomuuyo wakarurama nowomutongi asina kuvimbika.

The strength of due process depends on citizens who demand it. When you insist on your rights—and on fair treatment for others—you help maintain the principle that the government must follow the law, not just power. In a society that values liberty, due process is not a luxury; it is the foundation of justice.[[FAMU]