Kushandisa Kunoita Hurumende Kuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi Kudzivirira Vagari Vemo

Mubatanidzwa we14th Amendment, wakasimbiswa muna 1868, ndeimwe yegadziridzo hurusa inovapo kuBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Yakaitirwa pakuvamba kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vaichimbova varanda pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, asi mutauro wayo wakafara wakaibvumira kuva hwaro hwedziviriro dzisingaverengeki dzerusununguko rwomunhu oga nokuenzana. Hurumende dzehurumende, hurumende, uye mwero yomunzvimbomo dzinovimba nokugadziriswa kwezvose zviri zviviri kudzivirira vagari vemo muchiito chehurumende chakazvimirira uye kumanikidza kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Nyaya ino ino inoongorora mipimo mikuru yeKinne7 Reformation Reformation uye nzira yadza mashandisirwe nayo kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo, muitiro, uye rusununguko runokosha.

Kutanga kweMitemo Yechigumi Negumi

Pashure peHondo yakaraira nhambo yeChibiko kugadziridzwazve kwebumbiro remitemo. Ithth Amendment yakabvisa uranda, asi Southernernernter dzakakurumidza kudzika mitemo ye “Mitemo Yembeu” iyo yakaganhurira zvakakomba rusununguko rwevaAmerica veAfrica. IMitemo ye 144th Amendment yakanzi ipedzedzedzedze iyi kusaruramisira kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kuva mugari wemo uye kuva nechimiro chapamutemo. Ine gadziriro dzinokosha dzinoverengeka: Chigamuchikanchi, Maropafadzo kana kuti Immunionsutunies Classia, iS Proce Clace, neE Protection Classias. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvi zvirongwa zvakapa hurumende zvishandiso zvine simba zvokudzivirira vagari vemo kuti vasarutsigiriki vasaruki uye kusaruramisira.

Kudzivirira Claus Zvakaenzana

The Expande Protection Claus inoti: “Hapana Hurumende icharamba kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati moudzori hwayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Iyi murairo yave iri chombo chikuru chebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nemitemo youtsotsi nemiitiro. Hurumende (8) zvikurukuru hurumende nematare ehurumende) inoishandisa kuputsa mitemo inobata vanhu nenzira yakasiana padzinza, vatano, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti mamwe mativi anofungidzirwa.

Kushandiswa Kwenhau: Kugumisa Kusarurana

Kushandiswa kwakakurumbira zvikurusa kweKudzivirira Claus kwakauya Brown v. Board of Education (1954), uko Dare Rapamusorosoro rairangarira kuti rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvavose rwakanga rusina kuvimbika nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Mumakumi amakore akatevera, matare akashandisa kurangarira kumwe cheteko kuputsa nzvimbo dzokugara, zvokufambisa, pokugara kwavose, uye basa. Chikamu chacho hachisati chichingodzivirira bedzi parusaruro rwemaune; matare azvino unoishandisawo kuhwirudzura mirangariro inoparira paradza pamapoka akadzivirirwa, kunyange zvazvo nemitengo inosiyana yokunzvera.

Kuenzana Kwevanhurume Nevakomana

Kudzivirira Kukaenzana kwave kuchikosha kukuwedzera vatano. Reed v. Reed [771] uye Craig v. Boren [77], Dare rapamusoro rakatanga kuti mitemo inoronga vanhu vose mukuwirirana nevarume navakadzi inofanira kubatira “chinangwa chehurumende” uye kuva nechokuita nedonzo iroro. Iyi inonzi “nzvero yezvero yezvero yevatano" yakashandiswa kuputsa mitemo inorevesa vatano, seiyaya inoganhurira kodzero dzezvinhu, mabanza, mabasa, uye kukwanisa kubatira basa rehondo. Hurumende dzinopfuurira kubatira pachishandiswa kudzivirira kudzivirira zerana, kubereka, uye kuchengetedzwa dzidzo inowanika.

Kurumbidza Kodzero Nezvishuvo

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kunodzorawo maruramiro okuvhota uye kumirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mu Reynolds v. Sims (1964), Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti maruwa emitemo yehurumende anofanira kuva akaenzana muchiverengero chavagari vemo (“munhu mumwe, murairo mumwe"). Ikoku kwakabvumikisa kuva maruramiro eruramisiro uye kwakadzivisa kumira kwaparuwa kwakaenzana. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, chitsama chakashandiswa kudenha gerrymanstering, mitemo yemicrov, uye mimwe ganhuriro inotapura zvikuru vorushoma. Hurumende dzinogona kudzivirira chinjo kupfurikidza nokuratidza kuti dzinobatira fariro inodzorwa. [5]

Kuronga Claus Kunofanira

The System Claus inozivisa kuti hakuna nyika icha “paradza munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Iyi vimbiso ine mitaro miviri yakasiyana: muitiro wakafanira negadziriro yakafanira. Zvose zviri zviviri zvishandiso zvinokosha zvokudzivirira vagari vemo muchiito chehurumende chakazvimirira.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro inoda kuti hurumende dzisati dzabvisa upenyu hwomunhu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, dzinofanira kugovera miitiro inoruramisira. Ikoku kunobatanidza ziviso yakakwana yepomero, mukana wokunzwiwa, muiti wechisarudzo asina chizivano, uye kodzero yokupa ufakazi. Hurumende dzinovimba nezvinodikanwa izvi kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabasa adzo ashayise betsero dzegarikano, kubvisa rezinesi, kana kuti kubvisa risino pamutemo rakagadzwa. Dare raita muedzo unodzikamisa puro inoremadza purofiti padanda, ngozi yokushaiwa betsero yemhosva, uye fariro yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT] Maws. v[FLD][FF] [FP] [12]

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yakafanira inodzivirira maruramiro makuru ayo asina kurongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, kunyange apo hurumende inoshandisa miitiro yakafanira. Dare Rapamusoro rakawana rusununguko rwakadai sekodzero yokuroora, kodzero yokuva navana, kodzero yokuva voga, uye kodzero yokuramba kurapwa sokudzivirirwa muiyi dzidziso. Marudzi akaita se Grockdbrock v. Connecticut[FL:1] (655) (kufunga), [FLTB:] Roeev. [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT] [3] [73] [73])] [73])) [inenge kuti mutengo musero mukuru, uye [FLT] unoramba kubetsera mutengo mukuru.

Kudzivirirwa Kwerusununguko Rwemari

Kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakasiya zvikuru muitiro wakafanira wemari we Lochner nhambo (iyo yakaputsa mitemo yemibayiro neawa), hurumende dzazvino uno dzichiri kushandisa muitiro wakafanira kudzivirira mirau yezvemari ine donzo retsika. Dare rinoshandisa muedzo wakarurama, richida bedzi kuti mutemo uwirirane nedonzo rehurumende rapamutemo. Ikoku kwakabvumira masangano kudzora miitiro yebhizimisi, zvinhu, uye zvibvumirano kwenguva refu zvikuru sezvo murairo wacho usati uri usina kusava usina mufungo chose chose kana kuti kutsiva. Mutevedzero wePrositemu yeClaus Claus nokudaro unogovera uriri pasi pano usingagoni kuwira pasina chikonzero chinogombedzera.

Dzidziso Yokuchinja

Chitendero cheIncorporation Doctrine inheyo yemitemo yokuti dziviriro dzeBill of Rights dzinoshanda kunyika kupfurikidza neChiteshi cheMitemo cheKinaith Amendment’s Claus. Pakutanga, Bill of Rights yakaganhurira bedzi hurumende yehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakavamba “kusimbisa” zvipikirwa chaizvo zvokutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 20, uye nhasi inodokuva gadziriro dzose dzekugadziridzwa kwehurumende nehurumende dzomunharaunda dzokutanga.

Kodzero Dzakabatanidzwa Nguva Yapfuura

Kodzero dzinokosha dzakabatanidzwa dzinosanganisira:

  • Mutemo wePrefect : kutaura, kutsikirira, rudzidziso, gungano, chikumbiro (kutanga Gitlow v. New York, 1925).
  • Fimendment yechitatu inodzivirira pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nehosha ( Mapp v. Ohio, 1961).
  • Fith Amendment dziviriro painenge iripo pachayo ([[FLT:]]Malloy v. Hogan, 1964]) nengozi yakapetwa kaviri ([[FLT]] Bhenton v. Maryland, 1969).
  • SAUTS [ kodzero yokupa zano ( Gideon v. Wainwright[, 1963]), kurwisana kwezvapupu, kutongwa kwokukurumidza, uye kutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi.
  • dziviriro yeFiji yeChirango pachirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose ([[FT:2]] Robinson v. California), 1962) nebhedha rakanyanyisa.

Kurongeka kunovimbisa kuti hurumende dzenyika hadzigoni kuputsa kodzero dzehurumende dzevagari vemo. Masangano anodzikamisa mutemo, madare ezvikoro, uye masangano ehurumende ose anoshanda pasi peganhuriro dzakafanana nehurumende yehurumende. Uku kubatana kunodzivirira vagari vemo pabasa rakaganhurirwa remipimo yapamutemo uye kunokosha kurusununguko rwazvino uno rwevagari vemo. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pokubatanidzwa paCornell Legal Information Institute[.

Kodzero Dzisina Kubatanidzwa

Zvikamu zvishomanene zvekodzero hazvisati zvabatanidzwa, zvakadai seThird Amendment (Ukuru hwevarwi) nechinodikanwa cheFindromendment cheFindromendi yeFindromendi yeChishanu yedare guru rinotonga. Chibvumirano cheChipiri chekuchengeta nokutakura zvombo chakabatanidzwa mu McDonald v. Chicago [2010], kupedza gakava renguva refu. Dare rakarambawo kubatanidza zvimwe zvinhu zvedare reSahluleri reSahluleri reSande reSande Demendetic Context raindel Recontext raindective Relictive Doctrinet yave iri chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvokudzivirira maruramiro ehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nemhosva Dzinoitika Munzvimbo Yacho

Mitongo yepanyika inorondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu. Pasi apa pane nharaunda dzinokosha umo kugadziridzwa kwakaitwa uye kugadziridzwa kwakagadziridzwa.

Kuenzana Kwedzinza Nechiito Chinosimbisa

Mu , Dare rakachengeta kuti mitemo yedzidzo yakakwirira mudzidzo yakakwirira ingagona kupukunyuka dziviriro yakaenzana kana vakagadzirirwa zvishoma kuti vawane mhindu inomanikidzira. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, [[FLT:]] Mifungo yeSangano [2003] [2003]. Yakatendeuka mutsika dzakakwirira mudzidzo yakakwirira ingagona kupukunyuka kunzvera kwakaenzana kana vakagadziridzwa zvishoma kuti vawane mhindu inomanikidzira. Iyi inoenzanisira zvikuru nguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Mifungo yeFair Adgictsssss.[[FLT:] 23]) inoputsa mupimo iwoyo, kuisa kudzivirira dziviriro dziviriro inowirirana nemitemo yavo.

Kurumbidza Kodzero Nokuodzwa Mwoyo

Mutezo weKinayi weFirmendi pachawo unobatanidza chirango chehurumende dzinoramba kuvhota: kuderedzwa kwemireza muCongress. Gadziriro iyoyo haina kutongoshandiswa, asi Chikamu 2 chakadudzwa munharo pamusoro pekuparadza kwefelon , mitemo. Mu Ricardson v. Ramirez[[FLL]] [1974], Dare Rakatonga kuti felfranchise hakuputsi mipimo yazvino uno uno unodzivisa dziviriro yaClauslee, sezvo mutauro weKinnemetic Amend Remend unoratidzika kuva unobvumira. Dzimwe nyika dzakato dzakashandura mitemo yavo, nepo dzimwe dzichipfuurira kubvisa zviverengero zvikuru zvavagari vemo, zvino zvinotapura kana zvichiwirirana nemipimo yazvino uno uno uno.

Roorano Yevatano Yomutezo Wakasiyana uye Kodzero Dzemhuri

Mu Dare rakarangarira kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa negadziriro yakafanira runobatanidza maruramiro okuroora, uye kuramba ikoko maruramiro avakwanyina vevatano vakaputswa dziviriro yakaenzana. Hurumende dzose dzaidikanwa kupa marezerezero eroorano kuroorano imwe cheteyo yetendi uye kuziva roorano dzavo kubva kune dzimwe zviremera. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti mifungo miviri inogona kushanda sei pamwe chete kuti idzivirire maruramiro anokosha.

Vatami Vasina Kunyorwa

Chisangwa chaMamishinari che 144 Demeters chinozivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States uye vanodzorwa nayo vagari vemo. Iyi mirau inovakirwa kuva mugari wemo wenhaka, nheyo yakakurukurwa asi yakatsigirwa nematare. Mu Plyler v. Doe[FLD:1] [1992], Dare rakarova mutemo weTexas unorambidza dzidzo yapachena kuvana vasina kunyorwa, richiita kuti dziviriro yakaenzana yaClausle idzivirire vanhu vose, kwete vagari vemo. Hurumende nehurumende dzehurumende zvino zvinofanira kuva nechokwadi kuti mitemo yavo haisasarura vanhu vasingaregi-chipo. [FLT.[FL:2]]

Zvirongwa Zvazvino Uno Nenhungamiro Dzenguva Yemberi

Dare reMitemo rechigumi namana rinopfuurira kuva chishandiso chipenyu chokudzivirira vagari vemo. Dare rinokumbirwa nenzira inowedzera kushandisa nheyo dzaro kuruzivo rutsva rwemichina, kodzero dzokubereka, uye uchenjeri hwokugadzira.

Kuziva Mashoko Nezvinhu Zvinovaka

Mu Karpeent v. United States (2017), Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti kuwana kwezvinyorwa zvenzvimbo yeserura kunoda rugwaro pasi peGrandment yeChina, asi Dare rakakarakadzawo kuti muitiro wakafanira wakafanira ungadzivirira kariro dzine mufungo dzechivande. United States iri kuedza nomutemo wakavanzika, asi IdmineMendment inopa uriri hwemitemo. Sezvo ruzivo rwokunzvera runowedzera rungava rwakapararira zvikuru, vagari vemo vangavimbawo nomuitiro unodenha kuunganidzwa kwamashoko makuru.

Kubereka kodzero Post-[

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Dobts v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization [202]) chakatendeuka Roe v. Wade, ichiita kuti [[FLT] Findment yechi 145] isati idzivirire kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri. Zvisinei, kugadziriswa kunodzivirira dzimwe rusununguko dzokubereka, dzakadai sorudyi rwokubereka (kudzorwa mu [[FLT:]]]] Girold[[[FLT:]] uye [FLT] [FLD]] [FLD] [ex] .[FLT] inodzivisa kubvisa tsvikidzira.[Foctedtat .[FLD] [FLD]] [FF] [FD7]]

Kusaenzana Kwemari Neropafadzo Kana Kuti Claus

Roogration kana kuti Immunitis Claus weMitemo ye 144th Amendment, iyo yakadokuparadzwa neSlaughter - House Cases (1873), yakaona kudzorwa kuduku. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo nevatongi vanopikisa kuti inofanira kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzisingafukidzwi neGumbi Reprocesme Claus, zvakadai sekodzero yokufamba nekodzero yokuita mabasa avose. Hurumende dzinogona kushandisa chikamu ichi kuti chive nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yehurumende haidzore mikana yezve yemari, kunyange zvazvo Dare rapamusorosoro rave richizengurira kuidzosesa kuidzoserazve. [[FL:0] Exlopartions kana kuti Immunicloise Clauss pawebh pawebsiteji yeAB[FFFFF1].

mhedziso

Mutezo we14 weMitemo unoramba uri musimboti webumbiro remitemo wokudzivirira vagari vemo pakungwarira uye rusaruro. Kubva paFolding Clause Atting Claus kusvika kuThe Adment Claus Dooke and the Incorporation Doctive, hurumende dzose dzinovimba negadziriro idzi kuti dziite kuti pave neruramisiro, kuenzana, uye kuvimbika kwetsika. Mitengo yemapepa yakawedzera kusvika kwehurumende, asi rugwaro pacharwo haruna kuchinja kubvira muna 1868. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kutsanangura nokushandisa nheyo dzacho kuzvinetso zvitsva, zvichivimbisa kuti chipikirwa chorusununguko uye kudzivirirwa chakaenzana chicharamba chiripo. Sangano inotenderwa, Kuchinja kwe1447 Kidminimption icharamba iri gadziriro yepamutemo iyo vagari vemo vanotsvaka ruramisiro uye inoita hurumende kuti ive inozvidavirira.

[[FLT: 0] Chinyorwa: Nyaya ino ndeyezvinangwa zvemashoko bedzi uye haiumbi zano rapamutemo. Nokuda kwemibvunzo yakananga yapamutemo, bvunza gweta rakanyoreswa.