Chibvumirano chechina cheMitemo yeMitemo yeUnited States chinobatira sedziviriro yakakomba pakunzverwa kwehurumende, zvikurukuru muzviito zvokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Chinogadza gadziriro yapamutemo nokuda kwokunzvera, nhumbu, uye kusungwa, ichivimbisa kuti zviremera zvinoshanda mumiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Nheyo Yenhau Nedonzo Re Amendedzero Yechina

Chinoziviswa muna 1791 sechikamu cheBill of Rights, Fourth Amendment yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kukushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemitemo yavose nemhindu dzinoshandiswa nezviremera zveBritain muAmerica inodzorwa nehurumende. Idzi mvumo dzakafara dzakabvumira vakuru vakuru kunzvera misha ndokutora zvinhu pasina chikonzero chaicho kana kuti ganhuriro. Vanababa vakawanikwa vakaedza kudzivirira vagari vemo pakupinda nechisimba kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokurayira kuti kunzvera kupi nokupi nokupi kuve nomufungo une mufungo uye wakavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira. Rugwaro rweandendimendime runoti:

maruramiro avanhu okuchengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari, hazvisati zvichizoputswa, uye hapana vaWarrits vachamuka, asi pazvikonzero sezvinobvira, zvinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti chibvumikiso, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo ichanzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvokubatwa..

Dare Repamusorosoro rakadudzira Dare Rechina Remitemo nemitemo yakawanda, richiumba mitemo yakasiyana - siyana iyo vakuru vakuru vanofanira kutevedzera.

Zvinodiwa Nemitemo: Chisakiso Chinowirirana, Vane Simba, uye Vanonzwisisa

Chisakiso Chakarurama: Mupimo Wapamutemo

Chinoparira chinowirirana ndicho chinhu chikuru cheGavhura reChina. Kunoda kuti vatsigiri vomutemo vave nechitendero chine mufungo, chakavakirwa pamaidi uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kuti utsotsi hwakaparwa kana kuti ufakazi hweutsotsi huripo munzvimbo yakati. Chisakiso chinobvira chinopfuura kunyumwira asi hachidikani kuva nechokwadi chakakwana. Varwi vanotanga chinobvira chisakiso kupfurikidza nenzvero, mashoko eziviso, kana kuti mamwe mashoko akavimbika. Matare anonzvera nenzira isingapanikirwi sezvinobvira chisakiso, achibvunza kana munhu akachenjera angadavira kuti maidi anodikanwa aripo muhwerengedzo yemigariro yacho.

Chinangwa cheiyi nzira ndechokudzivisa nzendo dzokuredza hove uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kunzvera kunoruramiswa noufakazi hwekongiri, kwete kufumura kana kuti kufungira mano akaipa.

Vatsvaki: Kuwana Ruramisiro Yorutongeso

Musi weChina Amendment, chibvumikiso chokunzvera ndiwo mutoo unodikanwa wokuitisa nawo kunzvera. Vadzori vanofanira kupiwa namajaji kana kuti mutongi uye vanofanira kuvakirwa pahwaro hwechisakiso chinobvira. Chitendero chinofanira kurondedzera nechakananga nzvimbo inofanira kunzverwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Ichi chinodikanwa chaicho chinodzivisa kuva noupamhi, uhwo hwakanga huri chiratidzo chemitemo inovengwa yapamutemo inotenderwa yakaitwa kuti ive inopesana.

Vatarisiri vanotarisira mutemo vanofanira kutevera mitemo yorumano pakuita murairo. Kazhinji kazhinji, vanofanira kugogodza ndokuzivisa kuvapo kwavo vasati vapinda, kutoti kana pane migariro yakatanhamara inoruramisa kupinda nokukurumidza. Varwi vanoganhurirwawo mukutsvaka kwavo kunzvimbo uko zvinhu zvakadudzwa zvingawanwa nenzira ine mufungo.

Mupimo Wokunzwisisa

Nepo zvisakiso nemitemo zvichibvira zviri chinhu chikuru, chiratidzo chikurusa cheGavhura reChina chine mufungo. Matare anoyera kana kunzvera kana kutamburira kune mufungo mumigariro yose. Kumwe kunzvera kune mufungo pasina maruramiro, uye kubatwa nepfari kungava kune mufungo kwakavakirwa pachisakiso chidukusa muzvimwe zvinhu (zvakadai sekupfigirwa kupfupi kweupyrista). Kunzvera kune mufungo kunowanzobatanidza kudzikamisa fariro yehurumende mufariro yomunhu oga.

Vakasiyana - siyana: Kushanda Kwakaitwa Mutemo Vasina Murwi

Kupa mukana wokuwana tsamba hakushandi kana kuti kusiri madikanwa.

Kunzvera Kuchibvumirwa

Kana munhu akabvuma nokuzvidira kusechwa, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungapfuurira pasina rugwaro. Kubvuma kunofanira kuva kuziva, kuchenjera, uye kwokuzvidira(*). Vakuru vakuru vanowanzokumbira kubvumirana mukati mokumira kwemotokari kana kuti pakusangana navanhu. Chibvumirano chemvumo chinogona kuva chakaganhurirwa; somuenzaniso, munhu angabvuma kunzvera motokari yavo asi kwete tsvimbo yavo. Matare anonzvera hwerengedzo yemigariro kuti aone kuoma kwemifungo, kubatanidza zera romunhu wacho, dzidzo, uye kana mupurisa wacho akashandisa tyisidziro kana kuti zvipikirwa.

Murangariro Wakajeka

Kana mukuru mukuru aripo nenzira yapamutemo munzvimbo uye achiona murairo usingabvumirwi kana kuti ufakazi mumurangariro wakajeka, ivo vangahutora pasina maruramiro. Mukuru mukuru anofanira kuva nokupinda kwapamutemo munzvimbo yacho uye anofanira kukurumidza kuziva chinhu chacho soufakazi hwemhosva. Somuenzaniso, kana mukuru mukuru ari pamutemo mukati memusha mukati mekudzongonyedzwa kwemhuri uye achiona mirimo isiri yapamutemo patafura yekofi, mirimo yacho ingabatwa mudzidziso yakajeka.

Migariro Yakaoma

Migariro yenhamo inoda chiito chokukurumidza kudzivisa kuvadziko, kuparadzwa kwoufakazi, kana kuti kupukunyuka inogona kururamisa kunzvera kusina pamutemo kana kuti kubatwa nepfuti. Mienzaniso inowanzobatanidza chivako chinotsva, mupurisa anonzwa mhere mhere mumusha, kana kuti inzwi roufakazi hunopinzwa muchimbudzi. Mukuru mukuru anofanira kuva nezvikonzero zvine mufungo chaizvoizvo zvokudavira kuti kunonoka kungatungamirira kukukuvadza kana kuti kurasikirwa noufakazi. Kukurumidza kunotaurwa muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza kutiza kufungira mano akaipa kana kuti ngozi yapedyo kuvanhu vose.

Tsvaka Chinoparira Kusungwa Nomutemo

Apo mukuru mukuru anoita kusungwa kwapamutemo, vanganzvera Dare guru mu Chimel v. California[[FLT] [1969] yakagadza mutemo uyu, gare gare wakanatswa ne [[FLT:] Arizona v. [FLT] [20] [20], iyo yakaganhurira chiitiko chokusungwa bedzi uye kusvika pakati pechinhambwe, kana kuti pakawanikwa uchapupu hune mufungo hwokusungwa.

Chinjo Yemotokari

Kana mapurisa ane chikonzero chinobvira chokudavira kuti motokari ine ufakazi hweutsotsi, kubatanidza mabhokisi akavharwa mukati mayo, pasina maruramiro. Uku kusiiwa kunoshanda kumotokari, marori, zvikepe, uye dzimwe motokari dzinotakurika.

Shoma naFrisk (Nzvimbo Dzokumira Dzamatongerwe Ezvinhu)

Munyasi Terry v. Ohio (1968), vakuru vakuru vemitemo vangaisa munhu panzvimbo pfupi ndokuita kutsvaka zvishandiso zvakaganhurirwa kana vane nyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti munhu wacho anobatanidzwa mumubato woutsotsi uye angave ane zvombo. Nzviropo ine mufungo inoda chaidzoidzo, maidi anochinjika. Panhambo nenhambo yenzvimbo dzaTerry, mukuru mukuru angaderedza zvipfeko zvokunze kuti anzwe zvombo. Kana vakawana chinhu chinonzwa sechombo, vangachitora. Iyi chiyero chedare chinotsiva nedziviriro yeGedelete.

Vamwe Vanozivikanwa

Zvimwe zvitsama zvinosanganisira:

  • [[FOL:0] Vatungamiriri vanotsvaka nokukurumidza mutungamiriri anotiza vangapinda muchivako chapachivande pasina judha.
  • Kunzvera mahwendefa: Pakuputira motokari, vakuru vakuru vangaitsvaka nokuda kwekotsekano uye kunyora zvinhu zvinokosha.
  • Kunzvera kwoudzori: Kunzvera kwakati (sezvingabvira, kwemabhizimisi ari mumaindasitiri anodzorwa zvikuru) kungaitwa pasina magwaro anotenderwa, chero bedzi kune mufungo.
  • Kutsvaka: Pamiganhu yamarudzi ose, vakuru vakuru vane chiremera chikuru chokutsvaka vanhu nezvinhu pasina maruramiro nemhaka yefariro dzadzo huru dzehurumende.
  • Zvinodikanwa zvokutsvaka: Kuedza mirimo yavashandi vezvitima pashure petsaona kana kuti yavadzidzi vanobatanidzwa mumibato yepashure pechikoro yokuwedzera vangaruramiswa nezvinodikanwa chaizvo zvehurumende kupfuura kuchengetwa kwomutemowo zvawo.

Kubatwa Nokusungwa: Munhu Anobatwa Rini?

Kurondedzerwa Kwekuparara

Muna Gemence yeChina, kubatwa nepfari kunoitika apo mukuru mukuru, kupfurikidza nokushandisa nenzira yamaune, anogumisa rusununguko rwomunhu rwokufamba. Ikoku kunogona kubva pakusungwa kwakazara kusvikira kutosungwa kupfupi kwokuongorora. Dare Rapamusoro rakaita musiyano pakati pokurwisana kusingadzorwi (panoti munhu akasununguka kuenda) uye kubatwa nechirwere. Munhu anobatwa bedzi kana, achifunga migariro yose, munhu ane mufungo angasanzwa akasununguka kuenda.

Kusungwa: Kubvuma Chinokonzera Kubatwa

Kusungwa kwakazara kunoda chisakiso chinobvira. Mukuru mukuru anofanira kuva nechitendero chine mufungo chokuti munhu akaita mhaka kana kuti ari kuita mhaka. Kusungwa kunogona kuitwa kana kuti pasina maruramiro, kuchitsamira pamigariro. Kazhinji kazhinji, kusungwa kusina kukodzera kunobvumirwa nokuda kwemhosva dzinoitwa pamberi pomukuru mukuru kana kuti, nokuda kwemhosho, kana dzikaitika pamberi pomukuru mukuru wehurumende (kunyange dzimwe nyika dzichibvumira kusungwa kusina kufanira kwakavakirwa pachikonzero chakati kuti chitetwe kunyange kana mhaka yacho isina kuchengetwa).

Pakuwana maruramiro okusunga, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kupa mumiriri muratidziro unoratidzira chisakiso chinobvira. Chibvumikiso chinofanira kududza munhu kuti asungwe. Kukundikana kutevera iyi miitiro kunogona kutungamirira kukudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi hunowanwa pashure pokusungwa kana kuti kunyange mhaka yavagari vemo mu 42 U.S.C. 1983.

Chisakiso Chino mufungo Chokudzivisa Kuzvidzora

Nharo dzine mufungo itsika yakaderera kupfuura chisakiso chinobvira. Inoshandiswa kururamisa Terry kumira nokupfigirwa kupfupi. Kunyumwira kune mufungo kunoda zvakananga, maidi anopa mufungo anotungamirira mukuru mukuru kukunyumwira mubato woutsotsi. Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru munzvimbo ine utsotsi hwakakwirira anoona atarirazve munhu mumotokari dzakapakwa uye ipapo achiedza zvibatiso zvapasuo. Mufambiro iwoyo, wakabatanidzwa nezvimwe zvinhu, ungagovera nyumwiro ine mufungo nokuda kwokumira.

Chisakiso chingagona kutemwa, sezvacherekedzwa, chiteshi chakakwirira. Varwi vanofanira kuita nzvero yechipiri yezvinenge zvine ufakazi hwakakwana hwokubva pakumira kuenda kukusungwa. Mutsetse pakati penyumwiro ine mufungo nechingabvira unowanzorongwa mudare.

Mutemo Wokugumisa: Kupedzisa Kodzero DzeGadziriro Yechina

Chinangwa Nokushandisa

Mutemo wokubvisa unotaura kuti ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweGavhura rechina haugoni kushandiswa mukwiridziri mudare routsotsi. Uyu mutemo wakatangwa neDare Rapamusorosa mu Map v. Ohio [1961] uye unoshanda kuhurumende pamwe chete nenhau. Chinangwa chikuru ndechokudzivisa kusazvibata kwamapurisa ndokuchengeta perero yedare. Kana ufakazi huri chibereko chokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo kana kuti kubvuta, hunodzvinyirirwa, sezvinotorwa ufakazi hupi nohupi nohupi hunowanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo (“chibereko chomuti une uturu").

Zvisiyanisa Nekutonga Kwevashoma Kwacho

Kuti adzivise kuderedza kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwapamutemo, matare akaziva vakasiyana vanoverengeka:

  • Kumwe kutenda kwakanaka: Kana mukuru mukuru akavimba nenzira ine mufungo negwaro rokunzvera iro gare gare rakabvumikisa kuva risina kushanda (mutoo, nemhaka yekanganiso yavafundisi), ufakazi hwacho hahuna kushaikwa.
  • Kuwana kusingabviri: kana ufakazi hungadai hwakawanwa nenzira dzapamutemo, hahusati huchibviswa.
  • Manyuko akazvimirira: Kana mutemo ukawana ufakazi kupfurikidza namanyuko akazvimirira pamufambiro usiri wapamutemo, ungabvumwa.
  • Actnuation: Kana batano iri pakati pechiito chisiri chapamutemo noufakazi iri kure zvakakwana, ufakazi hungava husingabviri.

Idzi mhatsa dzinovimbisa kuti mutemo wokuzviparadzanisa hauvi mutemo unodzorwa nokuda kwavakwirirwi apo mapurisa akaita mukutenda kwakanaka kana kuti apo batano iri pakati pomufambiro usina kunaka noufakazi inenge isina kusimba.

Ruzivo Nevhunduko Rechina: Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno

Kufambira mberi mune zvekugadzira zvinhu kwakamanikidza matare kuti aongororezve mitemo yetsika yeGPS, mashoko eserura, mifananidzo inopisa, madrones, uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuongorora zvinhu zvinogona kuratidza zvinhu zvepedyo zvoupenyu hwomunhu pasina kuvhiringidzwa.

Tsamba Dzemasero uye Mashoko Akanyorwa Nemadhigirii

Mu California (2014, Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti vakuru vakuru vaingoda murairo wokunzvera chinoitika cheserura kuti vasungwe, nemhaka yokuti serura dzine zvitsama zvikuru zvemifungo yomunhu oga. Nenzira yakafanana, Carcenter v. United States [2017]) inoda rugwaro rwokuwana mashoko enzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yekombiyuta (CSSLI), sokupfuudzira kufamba kwemibato yomunhu kuumba kunzvera pasi peGeneti. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira nzwisiso yokuti mashoko ezvikamu anofanikiso anofanirwa nedziviriro zvakasimba.

Kutsvaka GPS

Mu United States v. Jones (202), Dare rakatonga kuti kunamatira mukwara weGPS kumotokari ndokuongorora mafambiro ayo kuumba kutsvaka. Nepo hurumende ingaitira nharo nokuda kwokukarirwa kwakaderedzwa kwezvakavanzika mumigwagwa yavose, kuongorora kwenguva refu kwakarangarirwa kuva kupindira kusina mufungo. Mutemo unofanira zvino kuwana rugwaro rwokufambisa GPS muzviitiko zvizhinjisa.

Hope Nezvikamu Zvemuviri

Kushandiswa kwezvikwata zvinoshandiswa nomutemo kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pechivande mudzimba nenzvimbo yapachivande. Pari zvino, kunzvera kwendege kusina pamutemo kweminda yakazaruka kunowanzobvumirwa pasi pe Florida v. Riley [1998], asi kushandiswa kwemadrans nokuda kwokunzverwa kwakarongwa kungada maruramiro. Masangano akawanda akagadza mitemo inoda maruramiro okushandisa utsotsi.

Kushandisa Zvinobudisa Nhau uye Kushandisa Indaneti

Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunowanzoshandisa nzvimbo dzemasangano enhau dzenzanga, nhau dzavose, uye metameter mukunzvera. Gadziriro yeChina haisati ichidzivirira mashoko anogovera nokuzvidira kumativi echitatu (dzidziso yechitatu). Zvisinei, mitemo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi inokarakadza kuti mashoko emichina yekombiyuta angawana dziviriro huru. Vakuru vakuru vanofanira kungwarira pakuwana nhau dzakavanzika kana kuti kushandisa vamiriri vapari vechivande kuunganidza mashoko.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Zvinopfuurira uye Mipimo Inochinja

Dare Repamusorosoro rinopfuurira kuvandudza miganhu yokuva woga, zvikurukuru sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runochinja. Nemhaka dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakataura kuti:

  • Makamera omuviri: Akarekodhwa adzimba dzavanhu voga anoshandiswa kuvhura nguvai?
  • DNA: Pakusungwa, dzimwe nyika dzinounganidza magiramu eDNA. Dare mu Maryland v. King (2013) yakabvumira muunganidzwa wakaganhurirwa nokuda kwamadonzo okuzivisa, asi kunzvera kunopfuurira kunzvera ukuru.
  • Nzvero dzeko dzinoitirwa nyika: Kudzikama pakati pamasimba anonzvera muUSA PATRIOT Act neFremendment yeChina kunoramba kune nharo.
  • Kubatanidza nokumira kwapamberi perugwaro: Matare akarangarira kuti kumira kwemotokari pahwaro hunobvira ibumbiro remitemo kunyange kana vavariro yomukuru mukuru isina ukama, asi vatsoropodzi vanopikisa ikoku kunosekesa chinangwa chegadziriso.

Masangano anochengetedza mutemo anofanira kuramba akagadziridzwa pamitemo iyi uye vakuru vakuru vezvitima maererano nezvakataurwa.

Kubvunzurudza Kunoshanda Kwevamiririri Vemitemo

Kushandisa Mumunda Nokudzidzisa

Zuva riri rose, vakuru vakuru vanoita zvisarudzo zvechipiri zvakavakirwa panheyo dzeGadziro yeChina. Rovedzo yakafanira inovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vanonzwisisa apo vanoda maruramiro, nzira yokutaura nayo chisakiso chinobvira, uye kuti chii chinoshanda. Kukanganisa kunogona kutungamirira kudzvinyirira ufakazi, zvikanganiso zvinodzima, uye kupomera mhaka dzavagari vemo. Mapurisa akawanda zvino anobatanidza rovedzo yakavakirwa pachinoitika icho mano omukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anoshandisa nhevedzano mumigariro chaiyoiyo yenyika.

Kunyorera Varwi uye Kuwana Vari Kunoshandira

Chiratidzo chakanyorwa zvakanaka chinokosha pakuwana chinyorwa chokutsvaka kana kuti maruramiro okusunga. Vakuru vakuru vanofanira kubatanidza maidi chaiwo, kudzivisa kutaura kwokubvumirana, uye kutanga ne nexus pakati poutsotsi, ufakazi, uye nzvimbo. Vanofanirawo kurangarira uregeredzi. (kana kuti nguva yakawandisa yapfuura pakati pamaidi nechikumbiro, sezvinobvira chisakiso chingagona kuva chapera.

Migumisiro Yokutyora Mutemo

Apo mukuru mukuru anoputsa Foursed Amendment, miuyo inotambanukira kupfuura mutemo wokubvisa. Hurumende ingatarisana nemhosva yavagari vemo muChikamu 1983, uye mupurisa angapiwa mudare.Mahofisi angatarisana nemitemo inobvumira kana kuti utarisiri hwehurumende.

Mugumisiro: Kudzikamisa Kuchengeteka Norusununguko

Chinjo yeChina yeFirst isiri mhinganidzo kuchengetedzwa kwomutemo kunobudirira; igadziriro inovimbisa simba rokutsvaka nokutora inoshandiswa nokudzorwa nokuzvidavirira. Kunzwisisa mifungo yayo (kubva paingabvira pachisakiso nekodzero kumutemo wokusasarura) zvinobvumira vakuru vakuru kutungamirira mabasa avo nenzira yapamutemo netsika. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nenzanga zvichichinja, Kudzikamisa kweChina kuchapfuurira kuumba nzira iyo mutemo unodzivirira nayo vanhu nepo uchiremekedza kodzero dzemitemo dzinorondedzera rusununguko rweAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza Cornell Legal Information Institute yeChine Amendment[[FT:1], uye nhau huru dzeDare rapamusoro dzakadai se United States v. Leon[ (kusiya kutenda kwakanaka) uye [[FLT:]] Carenter v. United States