Table of Contents

Gavhuna vanobatira sechinhu chinokosha chehurumende yeAmerica yokutonga, vanoshandisa chiremera chikuru chinoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwamamirioni avagari muUnited States. MuUnited States, gavhuna anobatira somutungamiriri mukuru nomutungamiriri mukuru muimwe neimwe yenyika dzine makumi mashanu uye mundima shanu dzinogarwa zechigarire, ichishanda somusoro wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende. Kunzwisisa basa rakasiana - siana ravagari vehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti nyika nezvamatongerwe enyika zvomunzvimbomo zvinoshanda sei.

Chinzvimbo chagavhuna chinomirira rimwe ramahofisi ane simba zvikurusa muhurumende yeAmerica, wechipiri bedzi kuukuru hwechiremera chavakuru vakuru. Nepo vagari vazhinjisa veAmerica vanonangidzira ngwariro paupurezidhendi apo vanofunga pamusoro pechiremera chavakuru vakuru, magavhuna ndiwo anoita zvisarudzo kazhinji kazhinji izvo zvinowirirana nomusha. Kuvambira pamiitiro yedzidzo kusvikira kukukura kwemipimo, kubva kumiitiro youtano yavanhu kusvikira kukugadziridzwa kweruramisiro, vatongi vanoshandisa udzori wakananga pamitemo nepurogiramu zvinotapura vagari vemo zuva nezuva.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yesimba Rokuparira Kutambura

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rinochengeta masimba mazhinjisa kunyika, uye magavhuna anoitirwa kuti vabate mabasa makuru okutonga kwezuva nezuva akadai sedzidzo, gadziriro, mapurisa, uye utano hwavanhu.

Muhurumende yose, bazu guru rinotungamirirwa nagavhuna anosarudzwa zvakananga nevanhu.uku kurayira kwakananga kunopa magavhuna chiremera chakatanhamara chezvamatongerwe enyika uye chiremera chokuronda mirau yavo.

Kunyange zvazvo Gavhuna vane mabasa akawanda nemitoro zvakafanana, ukuru hwesimba rehurumende hunosiyana - siyana zvichienderana nehurumende maererano nebumbiro remitemo, mutemo, uye tsika. Uku kuchinja kunoreva kuti kunzwisisa kuva gavhuna kunoda kuongorora zvose mativi avose anofambidzana munyika dzose uye mavara akasiyana anosiyanisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Mabasa Ane Simba

Mukuru Mukuru Mukuru uye Mutarisiri weHurumende

Basa iri rinokosha rinosanganisira mabasa akasiyana - siyana, kubvira pakuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano ehurumende anoshanda zvakanaka kusvika pakugadzirisa matambudziko uye njodzi.

Vatongi vanoita mitoro yavo yokutarisira noutungamiriri nezvinangwa netsigiro nebetsero yedhipatimendi nevakuru vemasangano, vazhinji vavo vakapiwa simba rokugadza.Simba rokugadza rinopa pesvedzero huru pamusoro penhungamiro nezvinokosha zvehurumende, richivabvumira kuisa vasonganiri vanovimbwa navo uye nyanzvi dzakakwaniriswa munzvimbo huru mubazu rose ravakuru vakuru.

Vatongi vanoita basa rinokosha mukuita izvi, vachivimbisa kuti mitemo yakaitwa nemasangano ehurumende inoenderana nezvavanotanga kuita uye zvavanoona nehurumende.

Utungamiriri Hwomutemo

Rimwe remativi anokosha zvikurusa ehurumende yazvino uno ibasa romuiti wemitemo mukuru. rimwe basa guru ragavhuna munguva yazvino uno nderomuiti wemitemo mukuru.Vacherekedzi vazhinjisa vanotaura kuti magavhuna ane pesvedzero huru munhandare yemitemo. Iyi pesvedzero inobva muzvose zviri zviviri masimba emitemo nounyanzvi husina kurongwa hwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Sevatungamiriri vehurumende, Gavhuna vanofambira mberi uye vanotevera mitemo mitsva uye yakagadziridzwa vachishandisa zvishandiso zvakasiyana - siyana, zvimwe zvacho zvinenge zvichishandiswa nevakuru vakuru, mabhajeti ehurumende, zvikarakadzo zvehurumende uye zvirongwa zvemitemo.

Masimba akarongwa akadai sechinonzi vhudzi nebhajeti rehurumende, mukuwedzera kukuratidzirwa kwehurukuro yehurumende inodikanwa kuvatongi vose, anovimbisa kuti gavhuna mutambi wapamutemo munhandare yemitemo. Chinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo chokuti vatongi vasvitse hurumende yehurukuro yenyika chinovagovera chikuva chakatanhamara chokutaura zvinhu zvavo zvemiitiro yokutanga uye kutsigira vanhu nokuda kwezvirongwa zvavo.

Mukuru Mukuru weMauto eHurumende

Hurumende yose ine mauto anonyanya kukosha panenge paine njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, uye paine kuvhiringidzika kwevagari vemo.

Basa romutungamiriri wemauto rinopa magavhuna masimba anokosha ekurumidziro anogona kushandiswa nokukurumidza munguva dzenjodzi. Iri chiremera chinosimbisa nzvimbo yagavhuna sechiremera chikurusa chehurumende, chine mutoro wokudzivirira nokugara zvakanaka kwevagari vose.

Simba Remitemo Nemidziyo

Chiremera Chezvinonyadzisira

Gavhuna vanogona kuisa zvikwereti, uye mumativi ose asi manomwe ane simba rezvikwereti zvemutsetse wewirofesi (simba Purezidhendi asina). Simba reveto rinomirira chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvemitemo yagavhuna, richibvumira mukuru mukuru kuvhara mutemo unorwisana nedzomuitiro wavo kana kuti chiono nokuda kwehurumende.

Mutsetse wechinhu wevhato unokosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti unogonesa magavhuna kurova gadziriro chaidzo dzokushandisa kubva mumari yokuronga pasina kuramba purogiramu yose yokuronga. Uyu mutoo wokuvhiya wokudzora bhajeti unopa pesvedzero huru pamusoro pokushandisa zvinhu zvenyika negadziriro yemari.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko vagavhuna vanogona kukurira kuvhota kwegubernonatorial kupfurikidza nevhota yezvikamu zviviri nezvitatu, mune zvimwe nezvikamu zvitatu. MuAlabama, Indiana, Kentucky, uye Tennessee, chipfuro chagavhuna chinogona kuiswa panzvimbo nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo. MuArkansas, gibernarial ingave isina kuiswa munzeve nevoruzhinji. Izvi zvinosiyana-siyana zvitsauko zvinoratidzira pamutemo wehurumende kusvikano dzakasiana kudzikamisa zviremera nemitemo.

Chiremera Chebhangi Chinokarakadzwa

Simba rokugadzirira nokukarakadza bhajeti yehurumende rinomirira chimwe chezvishandiso zvinokosha zvikurusa zvagavhuna nokuda kwemiitiro yenyika. Gavhuna anogadza misoro yedhipatimendi nemitezo yemapuranga nemibato, anopa mirairo yavakuru vakuru ine simba netapuro yomutemo, uye madhirakitirobhuroti uye anorumbidza bhajeti kuIdaho Legastislature. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro webhajeti, vatongi vanogona kuisa purogiramu dzakati, kuronga nhano itsva, uye kurumbidza kukuvakwa kwamabasa aripo.

Simba remari rinopa gavhuna simba rakananga pakuita mitemo. Masimba aya anovimbisa kuti mutemi wemitemo anofanira kushanda nagavhuna mukuronga mutemo wenyika. Simba remari yemari rinopesvedzera zvikuru nemhaka yokuti rinomanikidza vaiti vemitemo kuita zvinhu zvinokosha zvagavhuna uye kubvumirana pane zvinopesana pakushandisa mari nokubhadhara mitero.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri

Gavhuna vanoshandisa mirayiridzo yevakuru vakuru kuti vatarisire masangano kana kuti vaite chimwe chinhu pamamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Mirayiro inotungamirira inobvumira magavhuna kutungamirira masangano ehurumende, kutanga mitemo mitsva, uye kuita chiito nokukurumidza kukubuda kwezvinetso pasina kumirira chiito chomutemo. Iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo uye inogona kuva nemiuyo yapakarepo pamabasa ehurumende nemitemo.

Zvisinei, kukura uye kuganhurirwa kwechiremera chokutungamirira kunosiyana zvikuru munzvimbo nehurumende, vamwe magavhuna vachifara nokungwarira apo vamwe vanotarisana nezvinodzvinyirira zvikuru.

Zvirongwa Zvomutemo Chaizvo

Vamwe magavhuna vanewo simba rokugadza rusando charwo rwemitemo kuti vape zvikwereti pachiziviso chipfupi. Chiremera chinogonesa magavhuna kudzosa vaiti vemitemo kudzimbahwe kuti vapedze nhau dzokukurumidzira dzisingagoni kumirira kutozosvikira rusando rwenguva dzose rwemitemo runotevera. Simba rokudana marusando chaiwo rinopa vakuru vakuru chiremera chinokosha chokugadza zvirongwa, sezvo ivo kazhinji kazhinji vanogona kuganhurira ukuru hwenhau idzo vaiti vemitemo vangarangarira mukati meiyi misangano yechienzi.

Simba Rokugadza

Kugadzwa Kwebazu Kune Vane Vavambi

Simba rokugadza vakuru vakuru mubazu rose rinopa pesvedzero huru pamusoro pokuitwa kwegadziriro yehurumende. Gavhuna vanoita mitoro yavo noutungamiriri nevavariro netsigiro nebetsero zvavanamakambani nevakuru vamabasa, vazhinji vavo vakapiwa simba rokugadza. Uku kugadza kunobvumira magavhuna kuisa vanhu vanogoverana chiono chavo nenzvimbo dzechiremera muhurumende yose.

Kazhinji kazhinji, kugadza uku kunofanira kusimbiswa nedzimba imwe kana kuti dzose dziri mbiri dzechibvumirano chehurumende. Nepo kazhinji kazhinji zvichiitwa muchisiko, muitiro wokusimbisa pamusoro pokugadzwa kwebazu guru unogona kushandiswa nevanogadza mitemo kukudza pesvedzero yavo paGavhuna nemiraudzo yavo. Nenzira inowirirana, Gavhuna vazhinji vanobvunza vaiti vemitemo vakuru vasati vaita murairo. Iyi bvumirano inoparira gadziriro yecheki nechiyero izvo zvinodzivisa magavhuna kushandisa chiremera chakagadzwa chisingadzorwi.

Kusarudza Kutonga

Voruzhinji vaGavhuna vane chiremera chokugadzawo vatongi vedare rehurumende, mumhaka zhinjisa kubva munhevedzano yamazita anopiwa nedare rinoisa mashoko. Simba rokuumba vatongi kupfurikidza nokugadzwa rinomirira rimwe ramasangano agarisa anogara, sezvo vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanobatira mirau mirefu ndokuita zvisarudzo zvinotapura mutemo wenyika nomuitiro kwamakore kana kuti kunyange makumi amakore.

Mune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seNew Hampshire neRhode Island, magavhuna angasarirawo vatongi kuDare reHurumende Gurusa kuti vatenderwe nedare rehurumende, mutongo wokutonga, kana kuti Dare reHurumende. Uku kugadza kumatare ehurumende akakwirira zvikurusa kunogona kuva nerevo hurusa nokuda kwedudziro yomutemo wehurumende nechisarudzo chekakavadzano dzapamutemo huru.

Mabhodhi Nebasa

Mabasa anoitwa namabhodhi nezvinorowa zvinosiana zvikuru nehurumende uye nepurogiramu. Mudzimwe nyika mapuranga akagadzwa ane mutoro mukuru nokuda kwamapurogiramu mamwe namamwe namasangano uye ane mutoro wokusarudzwa kwamadhipatimendi namasangano. Ikoku ndokwechokwadi zvikurukuru murutivi rwedzidzo, asi mabhodhi achiri ane mutoro nokuda kwemhatsa yakafara yezvimwe zvirongwa muminda yakadai sebasa, zvokufambisa noutano uye mabasa avanhu.

Munzvimbo dzakawanda mitezo yemabhodhi aya inotumidzwa zita kana kuti kugamuchidzwa naGavhuna muzviitiko zvakawanda zveizvi, nhengo dzeboka dzinosimbiswa nedzimba imwe kana kuti dzose dziri mbiri dzedare. Kupfurikidza neidzi kugadza, vatongi vanogona kupesvedzera muitiro munzvimbo dzinovambira panzvimbo dzinovambira pamirairo yezvounyanzvi kusvikira kumirairo yemhoteredzo kusvikira kukukura kwezvemari.

Kutonga uye Simba Ravanhu Vane Unyoro

Gavhuna anogona kubudisa kukanganwira, kupfuudza jeri, uye kupfuudza vanhu vakasungwa mumatorongo ehurumende. Iri simba rinomirira rimwe ramabasa makurusa agavhuna, kubatanidza zvisarudzo pamusoro peruramisiro, ngoni, uye chengeteko yavose. Vatongi vangapa maruramiro okururamisa kupfumiswa kweruramisiro, kuziva kudzorerwa, kana kuti kuratidza ngoni mumamiriro ezvinhu akatanhamara.

Simba rengoni rinokosha zvikuru munyika dzine chirango chorufu, umo magavhuna ane chiremera chokuderedza mitongo yorufu kana kuti kupa kuuraya.Izvi zvisarudzo kazhinji kazhinji zvinokwezva kunzverwa kukuru kwenzanga uye zvinogona kuva netapuro huru dzetsika nedzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Masimba Ekurumidziro Nokutarisirwa Kwenjodzi

Savakuru vakuru, Gavhuna vane mutoro wokuita kuti mamiriro avo ezvinhu ave akanyatsogadzirira njodzi dzemarudzi ose neoukuru hwese.

Pazvinoda kukurumidzira, magavhuna anowanzoshandisa masimba akasiyana - siyana, kusanganisira kukwanisa kuzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro, kukurudzira vaNational Guard, kumisa mimwe mitemo, uye kudzoserazve pfuma yenyika kuti igadzirise zvinhu zvinodiwa nokukurumidza.

Masimba ekurumidziro ave ari nhau yekurukurirano huru negakava, zvikurukuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Gavhuna nguva dzose vachava namasimba anopfuura enguva dzose, zvikurukuru munguva dzengwavaira, asi pasina masangano akasimba okunzvera simba iroro, anenge anyengedzwa anova asingadzivisiki. Kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwechiito chokukurumidza chokutungamirira mukati memigariro inokurumidzira nenheyo dzokuzvidavirira kwehurumende nedzoutarisiri hwemitemo kunoramba kuri denho inopfuurira mukudzora kwenyika.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kudzora

Ukama Hwehurumende

Gavhuna vanoshandisa pesvedzero huru pahurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nemhatsa yemiitiro. Nepo meya bedzi ane chiremera pamusoro peguta ravo chairo, masimba amagavhuna anotapura maguta ose, mataundi, uye zvinyorwa zviri mukati menyika yavo yakasiana. Ikoku kunoita chiremera chagavhuna semukuru mukuru wehurumende uye chikuru zvikuru kupfuura icho chameya.

Nepo hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzichigoverana simba munzira dzisingaverengeki, hurumende yomunzvimbomo inofanira kupiwa simba nehurumende. Iyi nheyo inokosha youkama hwehurumende nenzvimbo inoreva kuti vatongi nevanogadza mitemo vehurumende vane chiremera chinokosha chokuumba masimba nemitoro yamaguta, zviverengero, uye dzimwe hurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, gavhuna (akabatana nedare rehurumende) angatonga mitemo yehurumende inopfuudzwa nameya mukati mehurumende yavo.

Kushandisa Mari Nepfuma

Gavhuna vanochinja zvikuru zvematongerwo enyika zvemunzvimbo iyoyo nokudzora kwavo mari uye kupiwa kwemari.Dzvinyiriro dzehurumende dzinosanganisira mari yakawanda yehurumende dzomunharaunda, zvikoro, zvirongwa zvezvifambiso, uye mamwe mapurogiramu anokanganisa nzanga zvakananga.

Vatongi vangarayira kuti pave nemari yokuwedzera kunzvimbo dzine zvinetso zvemari, nzanga dzinopa mubayiro dzinotsigira zvavanoronga kuita, kana kuti dzinoisa mari munzvimbo dzine basa rinokosha kuti nyika dzibudirire.

Kupindirana Kwehurumende

Kudzora kunobudirira kunowanzoda kushandira pamwe kwehurumende nevakuru vakuru vemo. Gavhuna vanoshanda nguva dzose nameya, vakuru vakuru veruwa, nevamwe vatungamiriri vemo kuti vagadzirire zvinetso zvakadai sokubudirira kwezvemari, kuronga zvokufambisa, kuchengeteka kwevanhu, uye kudzivirirwa kwemhoteredzo. Uhu ukama hwokushandira pamwe hunogona kuva hunokosha kuti pave nezvirongwa zvikuru zvinodiwa kuti pave nebatira pamwe muhurumende dzakawanda.

Kune mienzaniso miviri yazvino uno yebasa rine simba ravatongi vanogona kuita mukuunza maguta, mumusha, uye maruwa pamwe chete nokuda kwenzanga. Yokutanga iri Tennessee: Muna 2017, Republican Gov. Bill Haslam akakarakadza kusimudzira mutero wegasi wehurumende kwenguva yokutanga mumakore 30 kuti abhadhare mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni US $10 mumabasa akaregeredzwa kuvakazve migwagwa, mabhiriji, uye zvimwe zvokufambisa zvikuru zvinoda kuyambuka nyika. Chikarakadzo chake chinobatanidza kupa mvumo kuvagari vomunharaunda yomunzvimbomo kuti vaende kuvote nokushandisa zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvokufambisa zvomunharaunda.

Ukama Hwehurumende

Federal State Relations

Savakuru vehurumende, Gavhuna vanobatira sebatano yehurumende nehurumende yehurumende nokuda kwehurumende.iyi basa rinobatanidza kutsigira fariro dzehurumende muWashington, kukurukura namasangano ehurumende, uye kuronga kuitwa kwepurogiramu dzehurumende pamwero wenyika.

Magavhuna mazhinjisa anochengeta onano yenguva dzose nehurumende yehurumende, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nenhume dzavo dzehurumende kuDare. Gavhuna vanogonawo kuva nesangano kupfurikidza neNational Gavanagers Association, boka roudzori rinomirira magavhuna anogoverana nharidzano. National Gavanators Association inopa chikuva kuti vatongi vagoverane panhau dzemitemo, vagoverane miitiro yakanakisisa, uye vape inzwi rakabatana panhau dzinotapura fariro dzehurumende.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwenyika Dzakasiyana

Gavhuna vanoshandawo pamwe chete panyaya dzinodarika miganhu yenyika. Masangano eruwa, kuronga zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana, uye kushandira pamwe kusina kurongwa pakati pemagavhuna kunobatsira nyika kugadzirisa zvinetso zvakadai sokudzivirira mhoteredzo, kubudirira mune zvoupfumi, zvinhu zvokufambisa, uye kutarisirwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu okukurumidzira.

Vatongi vanoshanda pamwe chete panhau dzinobvira pakodzero dzemvura kusvika pakodzero dzenyanzvi dzokuita zvinhu kusvika pakupindirana kwezvinenge zvadairwa zvoutano hwevanhu.

Mativi Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Nookufananidzira

Mukuru weHurumende

Munzvimbo iyi, iye anobatira sechiratidzo chehurumende, achibatanidza hurumende kune avo vari kunze kwemiganhu yayo. Gavhuna vanomirira hurumende dzavo pazvinoitika zvorudzi, vanogamuchira vakuru vakuru vokumwe, vanosimudzira fariro dzehurumende mune dzimwe zviremera, uye vanobatira sechiso chapachena chehurumende.

Iri basa retsika, nepo richiwanzofuratirwa, rinoshanda mabasa anokosha mukuvaka kuzivikanwa kwehurumende, kusimudzira fambiro mberi yezvemari, uye kusimudzira rudado rwehurumende. Gavhuna vanopinda mitambo inocheka bhatani, vanokudza vagari vakatanhamara, vanozivisa kuchengeta chaiko, uye vanotora rutivi muzvinoitika zvavose zvisingaverengeki zvinosimbisa batano yavo navanhu vavanobatira.

Kutungamirira Boka

Gavhuna vanoshanda zvikurukuru savatungamiriri vakatanhamara mukati memasangano avo ezvamatongerwe enyika, mose muri muviri pamwero wenyika norudzi. Vanowanzoita mabasa makuru mukupinza nokutsigira vatsvaki vemamwe mahofisi, kusimudzira mari yamasangano ebato, uye nzvimbo dzebato dzemasangano panhau huru. Kuoneka nezviwanikwa zvinouya negavhuna zvinoita vatongi vatongi kuva vane pesvedzero mumatongerwe enyika ebato.

Ukama hwemitemo nehuro hunoumbwa kazhinji kazhinji nezvinhu zvinodzora mubato. Muhurumende yakakamukana, gavhuna angatarisana nedenho huru mukusimudzira purogiramu kupfuura munguva dzokudzora kwakabatana kwebato. Kuumbwa kwechibvumirano chehurumende kunotapura zvikuru mano agavhuna kufambisira purogiramu yavo ndokushandisa chiono chavo nokuda kwehurumende.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwesimba Rokugadzira Zvinhu

Simba Rokuronga

Munzvimbo yesimba rougavhuna muruwa dzose 50. Mitemo yemitemo inopfuudzirwa yomunhu oga yeNorth Carolina Tad Beyle inoita musiano pakati pe "masimba omunhu oga" avatongi, izvo zviri zvinhu zvinosiana mumunhu mumwe nomumwe, mwaka nomwaka kusvikira kunhambo; uye "masimba anotonga" anoiswa munzvimbo nomutemo. Mienzaniso yemitengo yomunhu oga yomunhu oga yakura sei mumuganhu worukundo pazuva resarudzo, uye kumira mumifungo yavose. Kana gavhuna ane ganhuriro yakasimba yetsika dzemari, kugadza chiremera, uye masimba esangano.

Joseph Schlesinger (65) akazivisa mapoka mana esimba: bviro (urefu hweshoko nekamwe kamukana nokuda kwokusarudzwazve), vhato, simba rokuronga mari, uye simba rokugadza. Iye ipapo akatsaura imwe neimwe yehurumende pamusoro pesimba raiva nagavhuna muboka rimwe nerimwe. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akapfuurira kushandisa indekisi yeSchlesinger kunzvera nokuenzanisa simba retsika ramagavhuna. Masangano iwaya anodavirwa kusimbisa vatongi munzira yakati.

Miganhu Yenguva Nezvinonetsa

Ganhurira ganhuriro dzenhambo yegore reguberna mukuwirirana nenharaunda neU.S. nyika makumi maviri nenhatu, kubatanidza Alaska, Colorado, uye New Jersey, uye nharaunda nhatu — Guam, American Samoa, uye U.S. Virgin Islands(a gavhuna anogona kubatira nokuda kwemiraudzo miviri yamakore mana. Gavhuna munyika idzodzo nendima vanogona kusarudzwazve kanoverengeka, asi havagoni kuva nehofisi nokuda kweinopfuura magumi maviri munhevedzano.

Kutora nguva refu kunoreva kuti vatongi vari munzvimbo kwenguva refu zvakakwana kukudziridza unyanzvi nounyanzvi uye kuvaka ukama vanogona kuwana munguva yemberi.Urefu hwenguva iyo gavhuna anogona kubatira hunotapura mano avo okushandisa nhano dzenhambo refu, kuvaka masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kutanga unyanzvi hunodikanwa nokuda kwoutungamiriri hunobudirira.

Gadziriro Dzokutungamirira Kukuru

Mumaruwa akawanda, vamwe vatungamiriri vebazi guru vanosarudzwawo zvakananga, kusanganisira gavhuna mukuru, mutongi mukuru, munyori wehurumende, uye vaongorori nevakuru vakuru.

Mwero uyo vatongi vanofanira kugoverana chiremera chavakuru vakuru navamwe vakuru vanosarudzwa unosiyana zvikuru munyika dzose. Dzimwe nyika dzine gadziriro dzakasimba dzavakuru vakuru vakawanda vakasarudzwa vakazvimirira, nepo dzimwe dzichipa simba guru mumaoko agavhuna kupfurikidza nokugadza chiremera pamusoro penzvimbo huru dzavakuru vakuru.

Nharaunda Dzemitemo Dzine Simba Rokushandiswa Kwezvinhu

Muitiro Wedzidzo

Gavhuna vanowanzova vatsigiri vakuru vedzidzo yakakwirira yeK-12 neyakakwirira, sezvakaitwawo nevatarisiri vehurumende yemurayiridzo wavose. Dzidzo inowanzomirira chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvemari yehurumende, uye magavhuna anoita basa rinokosha mukuumba muitiro wedzidzo kupfurikidza nezvikarakadzo zvemari, zvirongwa zvemitemo, uye kugadza mabhodhi edzidzo.

Gavhuna vanopesvedzera muitiro wedzidzo munzira dzakawanda, kubvira pakuronga mwero yemari yezvikoro namayunivhesiti kusvikira kukuronga chinjo mumipimo yedzidzo, kunzvera mudzidzisi, uye kuzvidavirira kwechikoro.

Kukura Kwemari

Gavhuna anobatira savakuru vakuru vebudiriro yezvemari nokuda kwenyika dzavo, anoshanda kukwezva mabhizimisi, kuita mabasa, uye kusimudzira kukura kwezvemari.

Kupfurikidza nemitemo yemitero, kugadziridza, kufambira mberi kwevashandi, uye kuisa mari yezvirongwa zvepfuma, magavhuna anoumba mamiriro ezvemari enyika dzavo. Kubudirira kana kuti kukundikana kweidzi nhamburiko dzebudiriro yezvemari kazhinji kazhinji kunotapura zvikuru chimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika chagavhuna nenhaka.

Kutarisira Utano Noutano Hwavose

Vatongi vane chiremera chakasimba pamusoro pomuitiro wokutarisira utano negadziriro dzeutano. Vanoita zvisarudzo pamusoro pewedzero yeMedicaid, madhipatimendi ezvoutano enyika, kuita chimwe chinhu kumigariro yezveutano yavose, uye miitiro yechimiro zvinotapura kusvika kwoutano norudzi. Dambudziko reCOVID ra19 rakasimbisa vatongi vane basa rakakomba mukutarisirwa kwenjodzi youtano hwevoruzhinji uye tapuro huru yezvisarudzo zvavo pamigumisiro youtano hwavanhu vose.

Zvekufambisa Nezvirongwa

Gavhuna vanokarakadza bhajeti rezvokufambisa zvehurumende, kubatanidza migwagwa mikuru, mabhiriji, kufambiswa kwavose, uye nhandare dzendege. Vatongi vanokarakadza mari yokufambisa, zvirongwa zvegadziriro dzezvirongwa zvegadziriro, uye kutanga gadziriro dzenguva refu dzokuchengeta nokuvandudza mibatanidzwa yezvifambiso. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinotapura kukura kwemari, kunaka kwoupenyu, uye kuchengeteka kwemhoteredzo.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi

Gavhuna vanodzora vanoshandisa mitemo yematsotsi nokuronga kuti mitemo ishandiswe uye kugadziriswa, kugadzwa kwevatongi nenhengo dzedare rinorambidza kutongwa kwemhosva, kupiwa mitongo, uye kupiwa mitongo yemitemo yokutonga pakutonga, kuongororwa kwemapurisa, uye kuchinja majeri.

Muitiro Wemhoteredzo

Mitemo yemhoteredzo yehurumende, kubatanidza mipimo yemhepo nemvura, kutarisirwa kwezvipo zvomusikirwo, uye chinjo dzemamiriro okunze, inoumbwa zvikuru noutungamiriri hwezvigaro. Gavhuna vanogadza misoro yesangano remhoteredzo, vanokarakadza bhajeti yemhoteredzo, uye vanoisa zvokutanga nokuda kwedziviriro yemhoteredzo uye kukura kwezviwanikwa zvomusikirwo.

Matambudziko Nekudzvinyirirwa Kwesimba Rokugomera

Ukama Hwomutemo

Kutaura idi, gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yokuparadzana kwamasimba inoreva kuti vagavhuna vanofanira kutsamira pana gavhuna kuti vashande seshamwari yavo mukuumbwa kwegadziriro yomuitiro wavose.

Pasinei zvapo navashandi vazhinji nesangano rehofisi ravakuru vakuru, magavhuna anotsamira zvikuru pamavara omunhu oga kuumba muitiro nemiuyo. Chaizvoizvo, simba rokunyengetedza vavhoti navaiti vemitemo nezvoukoshi nezvinodikanwa zvemimwe miitiro hazvigoni kudukupiswa. Murangariro wavose ipesvedzero yakasimba mukuumba mano agavhuna kusimudzira nenzira inobudirira purogiramu.

Miitiro Yehurumende

Hurumende dzeGuaucracracy ihuru uye dzakaoma zvikuru kutarisira. Hurumende dzinoumbwa navanhu vanosvika kumabasa avo nenzira dzakasiana - siana dzinoda nzira dzakawanda — vamwe vanongorondwa, vamwe vanogadzwa namabhodhi kana kuti masangano, vamwe vanosarudzwa, uye vamwe vanogadzwa nagavhuna. Vatongi vanokarirwa kutarisira ava vabureaucraccacs kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoitwa nomutoo unobudirira uye unoshanda.

Sezvo vatongi vakawana masimba makuru zvikuru, zviremera zvehurumende zvakakura zvikuru uye zvave neunyanzvi hukuru. Nepo vadzori vazhinji vehurumende vaisarudzwa negadziriro yezvipambi dzezvamatongerwe enyika, nzvimbo zhinjisa mubazu guru nhasi dzinozadzwa negadziriro inofanirwa. Vanamabhinya zvino vane zivo huru nounyanzvi pamusoro penharaunda dzavo dzebasa, uye vanodziviswa zvishoma nekariro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzavatongi.

Mamirire Akaita Zvemakwenzi

Kusafanana nehurumende yehurumende, hurumende dzinofanira kudzikamisa mari yadzo, kuganhurira ganhuriro dzemari dzamagavhuna. Kuderera kwemari, mari, ganhuriro, uye kukwikwidzana nokuda kwezviwanikwa zvakaganhurirwa zvinodzorwa namano okutsigira zvirongwa zvitsva kana kuti kukudza mapurogiramu aripo. Vatongi vanofanira kuita zvisarudzo zvakaoma pamusoro pezvinhu zvokutanga uye zvokushambadzira mukati meganhuriro dzakaganhurirwa.

Kuedza Nokukunda

Mitemo yehurumende nemirau inogona kuganhurira zvisarudzo zvemitemo yehurumende ndokuisa zvinodikanwa pahurumende dzehurumende. Mirayiro yeFederal, zvikurukuru mirairo isina kurongwa inoda hurumende kuti ishandise zvirongwa pasina kugovera mari yakakwana, kumanikidza kungwarira uye kushandisa zviwanikwa zvehurumende. Vatongi vanofanira kuronga nhevedzano yakaoma pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende vachitsigira fariro dzehurumende.

Mafungiro Oruzhinji Nokuongorora Zvinobudiswa Nenhau

Gavhuna vanoshanda munzvimbo inoongororwa zvikuru uye inofungwa nezvinobudisa nhau. Murangariro wavose unogona kumanikidza zvisarudzo zvehurumende, sezvo magavhuna anofanira kuchengeta tsigiro yakakwana yezvamatongerwe enyika kufambisira mberi zvinangwa zvavo ndokuwanazve jambwa. Masangano enhau azvino uno, kubatanidza zvinobudisa nhau, akawedzera kuongorora uku uye kukurumidzisa kutenderera kwenhau, kuchida kuti magavhuna apindukire nokukurumidza nhau uye gakava.

Kushanduka Kwoudzori

Kukura Kwenhau

Simba rehurumende muAmerica rachinja zvinoshamisa mumakore. Hurumende yenyika kazhinji kazhinji yakawana simba munguva. Zvisinei, chifo chama 1980, maruwa akasvikawo pakutora nzvimbo inokosha zvikuru mukuita mitemo yeAmerica. Mitoro yakamboitwa nehurumende yenyika yakapiwa, kana kuti kubviswa, kumaruwa.

Mativi ehurumende akachinja zvakawanda mumakore apfuura, uye inenge chinjo dzose idzodzi dzakabatira kuita kuti basa razvino uno rive rinokosha zvikuru.

Kuitwa Kwounyanzvi uye Kuitwa Kwemazuva Ano

Sezvo nzanga yeAmerica yazova yakaoma zvikuru uye kariro dzavagari vemo nokuda kwehurumende dzavo dzakura, hurumende dzakanyandurwa kuunza vatambi vadzo vehurumende mutsinhirano nekariro dzavagari vemo.

Magavhuna emazuva ano anokwanisa kuongorora mitemo yakaoma, vashandi vanodzidzira basa, unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu, uye zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobatsira kuti pave nokudzora kunobudirira kupfuura zvaibvira munguva dzapakuvamba.

Miitiro Yepashure

Gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzenguva ino dzinoverengeka dziri kudzosa jaji rehurumende neukama hwehurumende. Chitsva pamusoro peichi simba iganhuriro dzorumano zvikuru nedzinopfuura zvikuru pazviremera zvomunzvimbomo, izvo zvakawirirana nechinjo inoshamisa kukutonga kumwe muhurumende. Sezvinoratidza Table 1, muna 2000, nhamba yedzidzinodzori dzehurumende dzaitungamirirwa neRepublican neDemocrates dzakawedzera kunyange zvikuru zvikamu zviviri zvehurumende mumatura maviri namambo pakati pe 2022, Republican reRepublicrations.

Kushandiswa kunowedzera kwehurumende kuganhurira chiremera chomunzvimbomo, kupesana kwevatongi, uye nharo pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira pakati pehurumende nesimba romunzvimbomo zviri kuderedzazve kudzora kwenyika.Idzi miitiro ine revo huru pamusoro penzira iyo magavhuna anoshandisa nayo chiremera chavo uye kurukurirano nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Nzira Dzokutungamirira

Ruzivo Rwezvematongerwe Enyika Nezvikwaniriso

Vanoda kuhwina vanowanzova noruzivo mune dzimwe hofisi dzezvamatongerwe enyika vane mabasa akadai sagavhuna mukuru mukuru wehurumende, mumiriri weUS, US Senator, kana kuti somutezo wedare rehurumende. Gavhuna anotsvaka simba angamhanyira hofisi dzakaderera, dzakadai sedare rechikoro kana kuti dare reguta, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kukwirira. Nzira yokuenda kuhurumende inobatanidza zvikurukuru kuvaka kutangazve kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nebasa rakasarudzwa, kutanga kuzivikanwa, uye kutanga chinyorwa chamazita routungamiriri.

Nyika dzakawanda dzinorayira zviri pamutemo kuti gavhuna wadzo ave mugari wenyika panguva yokusarudzwa kwadzo uye dzinopa zvinodiwa zvishoma zvezera.

Zvinhu Zvikuru

Sarudzo yemubatanidzwa wezvirongwa zvehurumende iri yose inoitisa sarudzo yezvirongwa zvehurumende kamwe chete makore mana ari ose. Sarudzo yegubernator inokweva ngwariro huru nezviwanikwa, sezvo vanoda kukwikwidzana kuti vatungamirire hurumende negadziriro yehurumende. Sarudzo idzi dzinowanzochinja nhau dzakadai semari, dzidzo, tarisiro youtano, uye mitero, pamwe chete namavara omunhu oga namano outungamiriri avadai.

Mugumisiro wesarudzo idzi unogona kukanganisa zvikuru mashandiro anoita hurumende uye kudzikamisa simba revakuru vakuru nemapazi emitemo.

Gavhuna Anonyengera Neakabudirira

Zvose kunze kwenyika shanu nendima imwe (arizona, Maine, New Hampshire, Oregon, Puerto Rico, uye Wyoming) zvine gavhuna mukuru mukuru. Geneja anobudirira kuhofisi yegubernar (masimba namabasa asi kwete hofisi, muMassachusetts neWest Virginia), kana akashata nekusateererwa, rufu, kana kuti kurega kwagavhuna wekare. Vatongi vehurumende vanoshandawo savatongi vehurumende kana vasingakwanisi kuita mabasa avo, uye kazhinji kazhinji vanoshanda savakuru vakuru vakuru vedzimba dzehurumende dzepamusoro.

Ukama hwemagavhuna nemagavhuna makuru hunosiyana - siyana. Mune dzimwe nyika, vanomhanya setikiti uye vanoshanda pamwe chete; mune dzimwe, vangava vachibva kupati dzakasiyana - siyana uye vane ukama husina kunaka.

Kuzvidavirira Nokutarisira

Utariri Hunotonga

Dare rehurumende rinotenderawo bhajeti rehurumende ndokutanga mutemo wemitero nenyaya dzokusarongeka. Rwapashure rutivi rwegadziriro yecheki nedzinodzikama pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende ayo anoratidzira gadziriro yehurumende ndokudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kushandisa zvisina kufanira simba raro. Kutarisira kwapamutemo kwebazu guru rinobatira sechekero inokosha pasimba rehurumende, kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira uye kudzivisa kudzorwa kwavakuru vakuru.

Masangano ehurumende anotarisira kupfurikidza nokuronga purogiramu dzokuteerera, kusimbiswa kwemiganhu, kunzvera, uye simba rokukurira majekiseni. aya mabasa anogovera dziviriro dzinokosha pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechiremera chapamusoro uku achichengeta dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare rehurumende rinopa imwe nzvero pamusoro pesimba rehurumende kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yezviito zvokutonga. Matare anogona kukurira zvirango zvevakuru vakuru, mirau isina basa, uye kupedza gakava pakati pamapazu evakuru vakuru nevemitemo. Uku kutungamirira kwedare kunovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo nemitemo.

Kuzvidavirira

Nzvero yokupedzisira pasimba ramagavhuna kuzvidavirira kwokuzvidavirira. Gavhuna vanofanira kutarisana navavhoti panhambo dzenguva dzose, uye kariro yokusarudzazve kana kuti chishuvo chokuchengeta kubata kwebato ravo pahofisi inopa sundo ine simba yokuti magavhuna arambe achigamuchira zvinofungwa navanhu uye zvinoda. Nzvero dzevoruzhinji, kufukidzwa kwezvinobudisa nhau, uye chishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika zvose zvinopa mupiro wokuita kuti vatongi vazvipikire nokuda kwebasa ravo.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Muutungamiriri Hwezvidhori

Kuvaka Mari

Vatongi vanobudirira vanoziva kuti kubudirira kunoda kuti pave nemapoka makuru anoyambuka mativi emapoka, nzvimbo, uye mapoka ezvipfuro.

Tinodavira kuti vatongi, vaiti vemitemo, uye vatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo vanogona kuisa pakutanga itiro hanya dzemari nedzakanaka dzinogoveranwa navagari vomumaruwa nemaguta, zvakadai sokuvimbisa vagari vose kuti vagone kuwana chokurarama nacho chakanaka, kurera mhuri dzavo munharaunda dzakakotsekana nedzisingabviri, uye kuwana mvura yakachena, simba rakavimbika, uye kushambidzika kwakafara. Kuita kudaro kungaparira budiriro dzinobudirira dzemari nokuwedzera mikana nokuda kwechitsama chapamberi, tsigiro yezvikamu zvakawanda zvedzimba dzehurumende nedzimba dzavatongi.

Kukurukurirana Zvakanaka

Magavhuna emazuva ano anofanira kuva vanhu vanobudirira pakukurukura, vanokwanisa kutsanangura zvavanoona, kutsanangura mitemo yakaoma kunzwisisa, uye kukurudzira vanhu kuti vatsigire zvavanoita.

Kutarisira Vanamazvikokota

Basa guru rinoita basa ragavhuna rinonetsa, asi harisi nhau yengwariro huru yavanhu, uye kune tuso shomanene dzezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokuita basa iri zvakanaka. Kunyanguvezvo, gavhuna anofuratira iri basa panjodzi yake. Chinokosha kukutarisira kunobudirira kwagavhuna chinoratidzika kuva chinonangidzira ngwariro pakuvaka zvimwe zviteshi zvokusunungura zviwanikwa nokuda kwebasa riri madikanwa (asi pane dzimwe nguva risingaongi) rokutarisira.

Magavhuna anobudirira anoisa mari mukuvaka mapoka anotarisira akasimba, kuronga zvinhu zvinokosha, uye kugadzira gadziriro dzokuongorora nokuyera migumisiro.

Kuvandudza uye Kudzidza

Gavhuna vanogona kudzidza muzvinoitika zvedzimwe nyika, kuchinjira miitiro inobudirira nokudzivisa mitoo yakakundikana. Masangano akafanana neNational Gavhunas Association anopfavisa muitiro nokugoverana miitiro yakanakisisa mudzimwe nyika. Gavhuna vanogamuchira kuvandudzwa uye kugadzirwa kwemiitiro yakavakirwa paufakazi vanogona kuvandudza miuyo nokuda kwezviwirirano zvavo apo vanoisa nyika dzavo savatungamiriri mukupedza zvinetso zviri kumuka.

Nguva Yemberi Youtungamiriri Hwezvidhori

Kubatanidza zvinetso zvakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kuvhiringidzika kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kuchinja kwenhamba dzevagari vemo, uye ukama hwehurumende nehurumende kuchada kuti pave noutungamiriri hwehurumende kuti zvienderane uye zvichinjike.

Nzvimbo yazvino yehurumende mugadziriro yeAmerica yehurumende inosimbisa nzvimbo yamagavhuna nemhaka yokuti ivo vanhu vakatanhamara vakadaro munyika idzodzo. Ukuru hwamagavhuna hwakakura nemhaka yemamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika chifo chama l990, umo hurumende dzehurumende dzinorangarirwa kuva dzinosimbiswa. Sezvo hurumende dzinopfuurira kuita rutivi rukuru mukudzora kweAmerica, vatongi vacharamba vari vanhu vanokosha mumuitiro wokuumba uye vachipedza denho dzinotarisana nehurumende dzavo.

Kudzikama pakati pechiremera choutongi nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende, pakati pesimba rehurumende nechiremera chomunzvimbomo, uye pakati pokushanda zvakanaka kwehurumende nokurongwa kwemitemo kuchapfuurira kukurukurwa ndokubviswa.

Kutora Nzvimbo Huru Nokuda Kwavagari Nevagari

Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa ndokubatanidzwa nehurumende yehurumende, vachiziva basa guru ramagavhuna rinokosha. Gavhuna muitiro wechimiro munzvimbo dzinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubvira kudzidzo netarisiro youtano kusvikira kukotsekano yavose. Kunzwisisa masimba ehurumende, zvokutanga, uye kuganhurira kunogonesa vagari vemo kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru muubati ushe hwehurumende yehurumende.

Kuvakuru vakuru vemo, kunzwisisa basa ragavhuna uye kuvakira ukama hunobatsira nehofisi yagavhuna kunogona kuva chinhu chinokosha pakuwana zvinhu, kushandisa zvirongwa zvemo, uye kutaura nezvinodiwa nenzanga. Kubatana kwehurumende zvinobudirira kunoda kuremekedzana, kukurukurirana zvakajeka, uye kuzivikanwa kwezvatinofarira.

Nokuda kwamabhizimisi namasangano, magavhuna anoshanda savaiti vechisarudzo chikuru pamusoro pekubudirira kwezvemari, muitiro wokudzora, uye dzimwe nhau dzakawanda dzinotapura mabasa avo nezvido. Kubatana nenzira inovaka namagavhuna navatarisiri vavo kunogona kubetsera kufambisira mberi nharidzano dzesangano nepo vachipa mupiro kutsika yavose.

Kunzwisisa mitoro, zvinetso, uye mikana youtungamiriri hwehurumende kunogona kubatsira kugadzirira vatungamiriri veramangwana nokuda kwezvinodiwa nehurumende iyi inokosha.

mhedziso

Gavhuna vane nzvimbo yechienzi neine simba muhurumende yeAmerica, vachibatira savakuru vakuru venyika dzavo vane chiremera chikuru pamusoro pomutemo, kutungamirira, uye kudzora.

Kubudirira kweutungamiriri hwehurumende kunotsamira pamubatanidzwa wamasimba enguva dzose, unyanzvi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, mano okutarisira, uye mano okuvaka mibatanidzwa ndokukurukura nenzira inobudirira nehurumende dzakasiyana - siyana. Nepo magavhuna achitarisana neganhuriro dzinokosha dzinobva kudzimba dzomutemo, matare, ganhuriro dzemitemo, uye murangariro wavose, ivo vanoramba vari vanhu vakuru vehurumende vanodzora nesimba guru rokuumba nokuparira chinjo.

Sezvo gadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica inopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka uye nyika dzinotora mitoro inowedzera yokupedza denho huru dzemiitiro, basa ramagavhuna sezvingabvira richatova rinokosha zvikuru.

Ukama huri pakati pavatongi nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzikamo pakati pechiremera chavakuru vakuru nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende, uye simba rehurumende rokugadzirisa zvinetso zvakaoma zvichapfuurira kuumba kudzora kweAmerica kwamakore ari kuuya.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pehurumende yehurumende nebasa ramagavhuna, shanyira Gavhuna veNational Association, iyo inogovera zviwanikwa namashoko pamusoro poutungamiriri hwehurumende negadziriro yehurumende. Conference of State Legislatures [[FLT:] inopa nzwisiso yokuwedzera mumabasa ehurumende uye ukama pakati pavatongi nedzimba. [[FLT: 4.] Cocillil yeHurumende yeHurumende [[FLT] inogovera kunzvera nokunzvera nhau dzehurumende, nehurumende [[FLT] BB] zvinowirirana pahurumende.[FOLT]