Table of Contents

Mavambo Enhau Ekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Apo Bill of Rights yakatenderwa muna 1791, yakaumbwa neenderero mberi gumi dzokutanga kuBumbiro remitemo reU.S. Chinangwa chayo chikuru chakanga chiri chokuganhurira simba rehurumende itsva yehurumende kupfurikidza nokuronga rusununguko rwakananga: rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, kutsikirira, gungano, uye chikumbiro; kodzero yokutakura zvombo; dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa netsvina; dziviriro kurudyi kuchirango chakarurama; uye kudzivirira pachirango, pakati pedzimwe nyika. Panguva iyoyo, izvi zvakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kwete nyika, uye havana kutaura zvakajeka kodzero dzavakadzi, vanhu vedzinza duku, kana kuti mamwe mapoka akarongwa. Bva mutauro uyu unodzivirira kupfurikidza neadatendimendiro (16) uye unonziwo gare gare gare.

Bill of Rights yapakuvamba yakapesvedzerwa navafungi veSangano reSangano reNhevedzo vakadai saJohn Locke neChinyorwa cheEngland chekodzero dzavanhu muna 1689. Vagadziri vakafanana naJames Madison vakaona izvi kuvambirwa sedziviriro mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. Zvisinei, nzanga yaidzorwa yakanga isina kuenzana zvikuru: uranda hwakanga hwapamutemo, vakadzi vaisagona kuvhota, uye zvikwaniriso zvezvinhu zvakaganhurira kutora rutivi rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Bill of Rights haina kuputsa izvi zvivako, asi yakagadzira mashoko omutemo ayo zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zvaizoshandisa kuraira kuva nohurevo, vamiriri vemitemo, uye vatongi vaizodudzirazve kutambanurira izvozvi kodzero dzehurumende kuvagari veAfrica, vakadzi, vatami vezvorudzidziso, vanhu vashomanene, LBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe vanhu.

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu Neukuru Hwaro Hwokutanga

Kunzwisisa kuti Bill of Rights yakakudza sei kodzero dzevanhu, munhu anofanira kutanga anzwisisa ganhuriro dzayo dzapakuvamba.First Amendment yakavimbisa kutaura kwakasununguka asi haina kudzivisa hurumende dzehurumende kunzvera kutaura(zvinoda dzidziso yapashure. Kudzorwa kweChipiri kwakadzivirira kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, asi muzana ramakore rechi19, kuti kodzero yairamba kunzi nevomuBlack America nemitemo yokutonga. Remendement yeDyende yeChina yakarambidza kunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nepfambiso, asi dziviriro dzayo dzaiwanzofuratirwa mumashoko avanhu vakapindwa muuranda kana kuti veIndia vokuAmerica. Findmetermeters oflinement yairst Rest Restmendition yaits yaimbwa nemitemo yokutonga kwechitanhatu yakanga ichingowanikwa bedzi kuvanhu vainozivikanwa sevanhu vapamutemo vaibatanidzwa muuranda kana kuti vanhu vashandurwe, munyika dzakawanda, muzvinhu zvemari, mumabasa nezvibvumirano.

Kunyange zvakadaro, bhuku rekodzero dzemunhu rose rakataura kuti “kuverengwa muBumbiro remitemo, dzimwe kodzero, hakuzonzwisiswi kurambira kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vakachengetwa nevanhu.” Iri revo rakajeka rakabvumira vatsigiri kuti vapikire kuti kodzero dzisina kubvumirwa kubvumirwa kutsigira kodzero dzomunhu oga (hwukadai sekodzero dzokuva oga, udyire, uye uremu hweroorano) zvakadzivirirwa. Hurumende yeTendith Amendment yaichengetedzerwa masimba enyika nevanhu, ayo anorwira kodzero dzevanhu aishandiswa kutsigira zviito zvomunzvimbomo uye gare gare gare nokuda kwokupindira kwehurumende apo hurumende dzinoputsa kodzero dzinokosha.

Kugadziridza Kuitwazve Kwemitemo: Kuwedzera Basa Racho

Kudzorwa kweReconstruct Amendment pashure peHondo yevagari vemo kwakachinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati peBill of Rights nekodzero dzevanhu. [Iwethmende (1865)) yakabvisa uranda. Iwenath Amendment yakatanga kuva mugari wekodzero yedangwe, yaivimbisa kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana mumitemo, uye yairambidza hurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro. Idzi dzvuru reFinumhosmendi (1870) dzakarambidza kusarura dzinza. Iyi Hurumende haina kutsiva Bill of Rightsocration asi yakatowedzera kusvika kwaro.

Chikamu 1 che 14th Amendment chine revo zvikuru nemhaka yokuti chinoisa miganhu yakananga pahurumende dzehurumende: “Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kuti kumanikidza mutemo upi noupi uchavhara ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo veUnited States; uyewo Hurumende ipi neipi haifaniri kutorera munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; kana kuramba kumunhu upi noupi mukati mayo mitemo yakaenzana." Mutauro uyu uchagovera chirevo chokubatanidza Bill of Rights nehurumende uye kuziva kodzero itsva dzinokosha kuuenzana. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT: 0] Claus Claus] Atrity

Nguva yokuzvigadzirazve yakavawo nokupfuudzwa kwezviito zvekodzero dzavagari vemo, zvakadai seCivil Rights Act of 1866 neCivil Rights Act ya1875, iyo yakatsvaka kumanikidza kugadziriswa kweTsvene. Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa rakakunda gadziriro huru mu Casess [1873] [[FLT]] na Chivil Rights Cases [ [1883]), ichiganhurira muganhu wedziviriro yomubatanidzwa wenyika. Yaizotora anodokusvika zana ramakore pamberi pematare adzosera mise iyi misero.

Dzidziso Yokuchinja

Rimwe ramasangano anokosha zvikurusa apamutemo nokuda kwokukudza maruramiro avagari vemo kupfurikidza neBill of Rights idzidziso inowirirana. Iyi rondedzero yapamutemo inoreva kuti Gwendo reKirasi re 144th Amendment rinoita gadziriro dzakawanda dzeBill of Rights dzinoshanda kuhurumende. Pamberi pokubatanidza, vanhu vaigona kudenha zviito zvehurumende pasi peBill of Rights; masangano akanga akasununguka kuganhurira kutaura, kutanga rudzidziso, kana kuti kuita kunzvera kusina mufungo kutoti mitemo yavo vamene yakairambidza.

Kutanga pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 20, Dare Rapamusoro rakaita maruramiro chaiwo zvishoma nezvishoma. Mu Gitlow v. New York (1925), Dare rairangarira kuti rusununguko rwokutaura rwakanga rwuri rusununguko rukuru rwakadzivirirwa pahurumende neIndaneti. [[FLT:] [FL]] Benter] nebber. [55] [196]] [1931], rusununguko rwezvidhindiro rwakabatanidzwa. Muitiro wakapfuurira kusvikira kuma 1960 pasi peMutongi mukuru weSahlulero Warry Warrenren: [[FL:] [FLD] [4].[FLT] [FLD] [5] [5] [6] [inenge] (196]) muteveidzo yemitemo isati iriporongedzero yomutemo; [Foctive.[5]

Dzidziso yokubatanidza yakanga iri chishandiso chakakomba nokuda kwamapoka akaderedzwa nemhaka yokuti yakavabvumira kudenha mitemo yehurumende inodzorwa norusaruro, yakadai saJim Crow revotion nehurumende zvirambidzo paroorano yemadzinza. Pasina kuisa nhevedzano, mitemo yechiratidzo yakadai se Brown v. Dare reDzidzo [1954] [Dzinenge]) raizova netapuro duku nemhaka yokuti raivimba neFom Classionence yeFinetic Amend Amend Amendment, iyo inoshanda zvakananga kutaura. Asi kubatanidzawo kuti kuputsa kwapamhi yomugariro wapasi wokutaura norusununguko, gungano, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso rwaigona kugadziriswa nokuda kwamasangano avagari vemo.

Milanu yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Yakakudza Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Iyi chisarudzo chakabatana chakazivisa kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende pasina uzivi hwehurumende, kuputsa dzidziso ye “kuparadzana uye kuenzana” inobva . Ferguson [18696]. Dare rakati vana Black of dzidzo yakaenzana, vachiputsa dziviriro ye145 Clauskausle. Chisarudzo chacho hachina kutsamira zvakananga paBill yekodzero asi chakanga chakadzika midzi muImplete, iyo yakanga yave yakakudza dziviriro yeBumbiro remitemo. [FLD] BBN][FFFFFF]

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)[FLT] Clarence Earl Gideon, murume murombo akapomerwa kuputsa chikwata, akarambwa gweta nemhaka yokuti mutemo weFlorida wakagovera bedzi zano nokuda kwenhau dzenhau huru. Akakumbira, achitaurira kuti Dare reSikisi reSatemende rekodzero dzakashandiswa kumatare ehurumende kupfurikidza neGazati rePremendemendement. Dare rapamusoro rakabvumirana, kusimbisa kuti hurumende dzinofanira kugovera magweta kuvakwiri mumikwidzi mumiitiro yenhau dzakakomba. Iyi chisarudzo chakakudziridza zvikuru kusvika kururamisiro nokuda kwenzanga dzinozvidzorwa norudzi rwakaderera zvikuru.[1] Kubva mumapoka edzinza avanhu avo vakananga kumhosva dzeutsotsi zvisina pamutemo. Kururamazano kunogara mumiriro yebasa uye kumamwe mapfundo akarevezera akarerumana.

[[FLT: 0] Kubva pa. Virginia (1967)[FL:1] Mu , Dare rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano. Mhaka yakabatanidza Richard Longling, murume Muchena, naMildred Jeter, akaroora muWashington, D.C, uye ipapo utsotsi hwakapomerwa muVirginia muChitemo cheRodence. Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti roorano ikodzero huru uye kuti nzanga yedzinza muroorano yakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Econdation nedziviriro inowirirana yemitengo. Chisarudzo chakava chakatemwa. [5]

[[NT.][FLT: 0] v. [[FLT]] Dare rakaramba kuti maruramiro okuba woga, anorehwa neBill of Rights (Zvikurukuru, Yechina, Yechipiri, Nhindi, uye 145 Demendes], anodzivirira chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri pamberi pechikwara chapamberi pomwana. Nepo chikanganiso cha202 mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization yeVakadzi yakadzosawo mutemo wemitemo yehurumende kubvisa mimba, [[[FLT]]][FFFLT]]]] [FFFLT]]] [5]], chinoramba muenzaniso wakatanhamara wenzira yaMaruraniso navakadzi. [5]

Dare rakasimbisa kuti roorano ikokuroroma munzanga (

) Munhau iyi yakatanhamara, Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti varoorani voutevedzani vane maruramiro makuru okuroora pasi pe 144th Amendment and Experiment Cevotions. Dare rakasimbisa kuti roorano inheyo yenzanga uye kuti kuinyima kuvaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano inoderedza chiremera chavo nekodzero. [[FLT:] OFLT] OFF:3] maruramiro avagari vemo eLT - FLT - + vanhu kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kusvika kwakaenzana kumitemo yapamutemo, nzanga, uye betsero dzemari dzeroorano. Chisarudzo chapakuvamba runovakwa pamitemo youtsotsi. [FLT][5][F]

Dzimwe nhau dzinokosha dzinobatanidza Bostock v. Clayton County [2020], iyo yakadudzira Thit VII yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChivilini cheRevolty kurambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwedariro nechiratidzo chevatano (a state yekuwedzerwa kwenheyo dzakaenzana dzinowanikwa muBumbiro remitemo. Shelby County v. Raker[]) (2013)) yakanetesa Chirevo cheKodzero cheKodzero dzekodzero dzevatano nedzero dzevatano) dzinoyeuchidza kuti kudzivirirwa kwaBringirirwa kwaMarudziro nedzino anotevera kunoda kuchengetwa nguva dzose.

Kunetsa Kwamazuva Ano uye Kuramba Tichisangana Nezvinetso

Nhasi, Bill of Rights inopfuurira kushanda sezvose zviri zviviri nhoo nebakatwa nokuda kwamapoka akaderedzwa. Vatsigiri vanodudza First Amendment kudzivirira maruramiro avo okuramba, kufamba, uye kutaura kupesana norusaruro. Gamende yeChina inokumbirwa kudenha kuongororwa kwavazhinji uye kuratidzwa kwedzinza. Kurambidza kweSeeth Amendment pamusoro poutsinye nechirango chechienzi kunoshandiswa kurwisana nokupa mhosva mhosva yokunyanyisa, mamiriro ezvinhu etorongo, uye chirango chorufu sezvinoshandiswa kumapoka mashoma. Kudzorwa kwechipiri kunokumbirwa nemamwe mapoka anoshora kupesana, seBlackworklf, kupikisa kukwanisa kurwisa kurwisa kuuraya munhu oga, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichibatanidza magariro edzinza akaoma.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi fambiro mberi, mhinganidzo dzakawanda dzinosara. [[FLT: 0] maruramiro ari mudenho yenguva dzose kupfurikidza nemitemo yeivoti, kubvisa mapepa anovhota anotapura nenzira isingadzoreki nzanga nzanga dzeruvara. [[FLT:] Freedom yerudzidziso [[FLT:] yakashandiswa mose] kudzivirira kutenda kwakaderera uye kururamisa LT kazhinji kazhinji kacho mukusaita, namasangano avose anodzivirira ruvara. [FLT] [FFF:]

Vatsigiri vemitemo vanopfuurira kuvimba nenheyo dzakaiswa muBill of Rights kumanikidza nokuda kwokuenzana neruramisiro. Somuenzaniso, First Amendment inodzivirira maruramiro okuungana, ayo akanga akakomba nokuda kweBlack Live Mask Confects yakabvisa rudzi muna 2020. [[FLT:]] Fairmeterter yakashandiswa kudenha mipimo nemiitiro yamapurisa yaidenha mishana yapamberidzi. [[FLT:]]

Kunyange zvazvo Bhizi rekodzero dzevanhu reUnited States rakare kupfuura magwaro akawanda ekodzero dzevanhu emazuva ano, zvibvumirano zvakadai seInternational Count on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) uye Convention on the Exposition of All typescrimitualism of Transparect (CERD) zvinopa chimwe chiremera chinonyengetedza chokuwedzera kudzivirira. Zvisinei, U.S. haina kutendera zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzevanhu, uye matare edzimba haawanzodudza mutemo wenyika yose sechinosungiro.

Nhau Dzinopesana

Mapoka akaganhurirwa kazhinji kazhinji anotarisana namasangano anopfuudzwa erusaruro ($3: Rhav, vatano, kuoma kwevatano, mugariro wokupinda munyika. Bill of Rights haisati ichipanurira zvakananga kuti roorano yapamberi, asi matare avamba kurangarira kuti mavara mazhinji akadzivirirwa anowirirana sei. Somuenzaniso, mu]Hernez v. Robles [2006] [, Dare reNew York reApps of Applices rakaramba kutaura kumwe chete, asi nzira yomubatanidzwa mu [[FLT:]] Oberge wa WEFLD [[FL:3]]] anorangarira chiremera chavanhu vamarudzi ose. VaAmerica neyamagate (AD) uye Chiito cha1973) chisingagoni kuzadza maruramiro ekodzero dza Bill, asi haagoni kuzivikanwa nemitemo yavanhu.[5]

mhedziso

Bill of Rights, pakuvamba chirambidzo pasimba rehurumende, chakashanduka kuva gwaro benyu iro ose ari maviri anodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu uye anogonesa fambiro mberi yenzanga. Kupfurikidza neKineth Amendment, dzidziso, uye kurondedzerwa kwedare kwakatanhamara, zvibvumirano gumi zvokutanga zvakashandiswa kufutunura maruramiro avagari vemo nokuda kwevaAmerica veAfrica, vakadzi, LGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe, vanhu vashoma verudzidziso, vanhu vane urema, uye mamwe mapoka anoganhurirwa. Bva rwisano yacho iri kure nakure. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kutsanangurazve idzi maruramiro muchiedza chezvinetso zvitsva uye kuvimbisa kuti zvipikirwa zvorusununguko, kuenzana, uye chiremera chinopfuurira kuvanhu vose. Sezvinopfuurira Dare Gurusa remitemo, Bill Readerstions chinoramba chiri chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwevatsigiridzi, idigigio, uye vagari vagari venzangawowo vanotsigira nzanga vatsva.

[[[FRATI:0] nokuda kwokuravazve:[

  • [[[FRANT:0] Tchereals: Chinyorwa chamaruramiro [
  • [[[FOL:0]Ez: Brown v. Board of Education
  • [[Nto:0] Cornell Legal Information Institute: Incorporation Doctrine
  • [[[NHAU] ACLU: Roe v. Wade uye Kuberekazve zvakavanzika
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (Chitendero cheDare reNhengo)