Ziviso: Kushatirwa Kwemakambani Kunoshamisa

Mumibato yakakwirira yenhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mashoko imari, uye pesvedzero ndiwo mubayiro mukurusa. Pakati pamaturusi anomutsa nharo zvikurusa mumudziyo wenyanzvi yazvino uno pane kuvhota(mazano okunyengera anonyengedza anonyepedzera senzvero yapamutemo yavose apo inenge ichinangidzira kudzora vavhoti. Kusafanana namavhoti echokwadi akarongedzerwa kuyera mirangariro, anosunda kunzvera kunogadzirwa kuti ishandurwe, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokuparadzira mashoko akaipa kana kuti anotsausa pamusoro pomukwikwikwidzani. Kushandisa kwavo mugadziriro dzokushambadzira kunomutsa mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro petsika, pamutemo, uye peperero yehurukuro yedemocracy. Iyi nyaya ino inonzvera kuti itsigire kunzvera sei kunzvera, kuti ishande mumazano akashata, kurukurirano yavo pamusoro pomutevedzero, uye kurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro pomutevedzero pamusoro pomutevedzero.

Kushatisa Kwokumanikidza Chii?

Pachikamu chayo chekunzvera, nzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika ikurukurirano yakavanzika senzvero. Inowanzobatanidza nhevedzano pfupi yemibvunzo iyo iri yakaremerwa, ichitungamirira, kana kuti kutsausa namaune. Nepo nzvero dzomurangariro wapamutemo dzinotsvaka kuunganidza mashoko asina kusino pamutemo pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvomuvhoti nenhau, kumanikidza kuvhotera kune donzo rakasiana chose chose: ku “kupetwa. kupindura kumhedziso yakafanorongwa, kazhinji kazhinji kacho kusagamuchirika kumunhu kana kuti muitiro.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha

  • Mibvunzo Yakaoma: Mibvunzo inowanzobatanidza kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kwakanyanyisa, zvakadai sokuti “Ungada kuvhota nokuda kwaX here kana uchiziva kuti vakanga vapomerwa mufambiro usina kunaka wemari?”
  • Nguva: Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji kupfupi zvikuru (dzimwe nguva mubvunzo mumwe chete kana kuti miviri) nemhaka yokuti nharidzano haisati iri kuunganidza mashoko asi kuendesa shoko.
  • Rack of Transparency:[[FLT: 1] Maractite Regitimaster anozivisa unyanzvi hwavo nemutsigiri; kumanikidza kuvhota kazhinji kazhinji kunovanza kwakwakabva kana kuti kushatisa chinangwa chavo.
  • Hapana Mubatanidzwa WeDSHONDO: Mhinduro dzinowanzosanyorwa kana kuti kuongororwa nenzira ine revo; kuridza runhare kana kuti kushandisa Indaneti ndiko kunoguma.

American Association for Public Opinion Research (APTOR) inorondedzera zvakajeka kunzvera senzira iyo “isina chinangwa chokuunganidza mashoko asi kuparadzira mashoko asina kunaka pamusoro pomutengi.” Ikoku kunosianisa nokunzverwa kwechishoro chapamutemo, kungabvunzawo mibvunzo yakaipa asi kuchiita kudaro kuyera kuita panzvimbo pokuchinja murangariro.

Nhau uye Mienzaniso Inocherechedzeka

Nzvero dzamabhuroka dzave dziri rutivi rwezvamatongerwe enyika eAmerica kwamakumi amakore, kunyange zvazvo kupararira kwazvo kwakawedzera nokukwira kwemajeri anotengeswa pafoni namavara adzo. Imwe yenhau dzakabvumikiswa dzekaresa dzakaitika mukati mechipritariringi chamadhipati eRepublican, uko vatsigiri vePat Buchanan vaishumwa kuti vaishandisa kunzvera kumanikidza kumuridzi dare renhau reFir Bob Dole nokupomera kuti munhu aipfava noutsotsi. Zvikurukurukuru, kumanikidza kunzvera kwakaoneka mu 2000 South Carolina, umo nhizha yaGeorge W. Bush yakapomerwa kuti John McCain akanga abereka mwana mutema asina pamutemo. McCain anoparadza rusaruraganda. Gare gare gare gare nyanzvi yenhi akataura kuti izvi zvakanga zviri chinhu chinokosha mukurasikirwa nePin muruwa.

Munhimbe huru ya2008 yeDemocratic, Hillary Clinton akapomerwa kuti anoshandisa zvivhozhowe zvokuda kubvunza kutenda kwaBarack Obama uye kuva kwake mugari wemo.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kunzvera kwokumanikidzira kwakatamira kumitemo yemichina. Nzvero dzapaIndaneti nemibvunzo ine revo yakaipa, zvinobudisa nhau zvesociation zvinobvunza kuti “mukuchinja” vashandisi pashure pokupindura, uye kunyange kufambidzana kwekurukurirano kunogona kubatira basa rimwe chetero. Kuchinja kwazvino uno kunoita kuti kuziva uye mitemo zvive zvakaoma zvikuru.

Shandisa Muhondo Yakashata

Nhimbe yakashata inhimbe yakasanogadzwa, kana ichimutsa nharo, rutivi rwematongerwe enyika anosarudzwa. Kushambadzira kwokudenha, nzvero dzechishoro, uye maposivhesi akaipa zvakarovedzeka. Kuvhota kwokupeta kunogara munzvimbo yakasiyana nemhaka yokuti kunobvumira nhimbe kuparadzira mashoko asina kunaka muradar. Kusafanana nokushambadza kweterevhizheni, kunogona kutsvakisirwa nokuchekererwa, kusunda kunzvera muchadenga chakavanzika chefoni kana kuti kombiyuta. Nhimberi yacho inogona kuramba kubatanidzwa, uye kazhinji kazhinji inoita seepmermer foni kana kuti kunzvera kwakavharwa.

Kutumirwa

Nhimbe dzinowanzoshandisa nzvero dzinosunda kusimbisa rutyo rwazvino uno kana kuti mirangariro pakati pamapoka makuru avagari vemo.

Kutya Nemamwe Mazano

Nzvero dzokumanikidza hadziwanzoshandiswa mukuparadzana. Dzinowanzobatanidza nzira yakakomba yokushambadzira. Somuenzaniso, nhimbe ingatanga kurwisa muvengi paChipiri, ipapo kutevera nokunzverwa kwechitatu kuti usimbise shoko racho uye kuyera simba raro remirangariro (kunyange kana mashoko asina kunyorwa). Mubatanidzwa wekushambadzira kunobhadharwa, tsamba dzakananga, uye kumanikidza kuvhota kungaparira kudenha kwakawanda kunogona kukurira mhoteredzo yemashoko yomuvhoti.

Imwe nzira inozivikanwa navose i “kudzvinyirira kuvhota kwapamubatanidzwa” kunosunda nzvero, iyo inovavarira kuodza mwoyo vatsigiri vemutevedzeri. Mibvunzo ingakarakadza kuti mutevedzeri angarasikirwa, kuti sarudzo inodzorwa, kana kuti kuvhota hakuna kukodzera. Nharidzano ndeyokuderedza kupondwa kwevashori vangabvira. Ikoku kunotambudza zvikuru nemhaka yokuti kunosekesa nomutoo wedemocracy.

Kupesvedzera Kunoita Maruva Netsinga Dzepasi Pose

Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei nzvero dzokumanikidza dzichigona kuva dzinobudirira, tinofanira kunzvera miitiro yendangariro inoshandiswa pakutamba. Vanhu havasati vari vaiti vane mufungo zvizere vagadziri vechisarudzo; vanotsamira panzira dzinodzorwa nendangariro, mirangariro, uye zvitendero zvakafanofungwa. Nzvero dzokumanikidza dzinoshandisa izvi zvinhu kupfurikidza nezvinoitika zvakasanonyorwa:

Kupinza Nokubaya

Kupfurikidza nokubvunza mubvunzo wakaremedzwa, nzvero inomanikidzirwa “pamubvunzo” mudaviri kufunga pamusoro pevara rakati rakaipa. Somuenzaniso, kubvunza kuti“ Unganetseka here kana Andidate X akava nenhau yokunzvenga mutero?” inosima pfungwa yokuva muvhoti wemutero mundangariro yomuvhoti, kunyange kana rondedzero iri yenhema. Iyoyi inozivikanwa setapuro yekufukidzwa kwepfungwa inowedzera kuva kwayo inova isingawirirani.

Nhema Yemashoko

Vatambi vanowanzokanganisa zviri munzvero yokunzverwa nokuda kwamashoko echokwadi. Nemhaka yokuti kunotora chimiro chenzvero, vapinduri vangafunga kuti kutaura kuri mukati mayo kwave kuchinatswa kana kuti kunogamuchirwa navose. Ikoku kune ngozi zvikurukuru apo chipfuro chinenge chiri chitsoropodzi chinozivikanwa zvishoma; vavhoti havana zivo yakawanda vasati vagona kupokanidza kutaura kwenhema.

Kushandisa Pfungwa

Nzvero dzakawanda dzinoitirwa kunyandura mhinduro yemirangariro (hasha, rutyo, kana kuti kusemburwa. Idzi mirangariro dzinokunda kunzvera kwokufunga uye dzinogona kutungamirira kumirangariro yakaipa inogara. Nzvero inoratidza kuti mashoko asina kunaka anokombamira kuva “anonamatira” kupfuura akanaka; kana songaniro yakaipa yangoumbwa bedzi, kunogona kuva kwakaoma kukurira kunyange nokuwanira mhaka yechokwadi.

Kushamwaridzana uye Kuwirirana

Dzimwe nzvero dzinosunda kushandisa gadziriro dzakadai sedzinoti “Ungava sezvingabvira zvikuru here a kana uchiziva kuti ruzhinji rwavavhoti munharaunda yako haruvavimbi?

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama zvikuru murusaruro rwepfungwa runoita kuti unyanzvi hwakadaro hubudirire, ona [[FLT: 0] Decision Lab’s laibhurari yerusaruro [[[FLT: 1]].

Kunetseka Nenhau Dzepamutemo

Mhaka yetsika inorwisana nokunzverwa yakasimba. Vanonyengera noune pamusoro pedonzo redavidzo, kazhinji kazhinji vanoputsa kuva voga, uye vanoparadzira mashoko asina kururama. Masangano ezvokuvhota, kufanana naAPOR neWorld Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR), vakashurikidza kwenguva refu muitiro wacho. . AAPOR’s Code of Ethics anotaura zvakajeka kuti “kuvhotera kwama maererano nechibvumirano hachisi chifukidzo chepwi."

Kushambidzika Kwepamutemo

Mitemo inodzora nzvero inomanikidzira inosiana zvikuru. muUnited States, mirau yehurumende pasi peTelefoni Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) ingashanda kana kumanikidzira kuvhota kuipiwa kupfurikidza nerunhare rweauto (madate) pasina kubvumirana. Zvisinei, kunzvera kwakawanda kunomanikidzirwa kunoitiswa namaoko, kubvisa TCHOA ganhuriro. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadza mitemo inodzora. Somuenzaniso, California inoda kuti runhare rupirwo rupirwo rwunobatanidza mubvunzo wenzvero pamusoro pomutsigiridzi kana kuti mwero webhoroti runofanira kuzivisa zita romutsigiridzi wacho. Nenzira yakafanana, Virginia neMinneso ine mitemo inorambidza “kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kunyengera ." munzvero.

Pasinei zvapo nenhamburiko idzi, kuchengetwa kwemitemo hakuwanzoitiki. Mibato yeKirasi inogona kusunda nyore nyore kunzvera kuvatengesi vezvikamu zvechitatu vanoshanda mumativi enyika, vachiita kuti kukwidziridzwa kuome. Uyezve, First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange kana kuri kutsausa uku hakusviki kukuzvidza chaiko. Zvisinei, kubvumikisa kuti kushambadzirwa kunodenha nemhaka yokuti kutaura kwacho kunowanzorongwa semibvunzo panzvimbo pokutaura chokwadi.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose

Dzimwe nyika dzakaita chimiro chakasimba. muCanada, Ecomments Act inorambidza munhu upi noupi kutaura zvenhema pamusoro petsika kana kuti mibato yomubhadhari achiziva. MuUnited Kingdom, Parities dzezvamatongerwe enyika, Ecomments neReferendendums Act inoganhurira marudzi akati okuedza, kunyange zvazvo kumanikidza kunzvera kwave kuchishandiswa musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo nemigumisiro yakaganhurirwa. Mitemo yesarudzo yeAustralia inewo inodzivisa kurukurirano dzinotsausa.

Tapuro Patsika Dzezvisingashandisi Mazai

Miuyo yenzvero dzokumanikidzira hadzisati dzichingovawo zvadzo dzouzivi. Nzvero zhinji dzakasimbisa tapuro chaiyoiyo yenyika pazvimiro zvevavhoti nokudzoka. 2017 nzvero muElectoral Studies[ yakawana kuti kuva netapuro kumashoko akashata anosundwa namashoko anodzikisirwa zvikuru kurangarira kwavadaviridzi, kunyange apo mashoko akaruramiswa gare gare gare. Kukuvadziko yakaziviswa zvikurukuru pakati pechivhoti chakaderera cherevori naavo vane wirirano yebato isina simba.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kusingadzivisiki

Zvichida muuyo unonyengera zvikurusa wenzvero dzokumanikidzira ibviro yavo yokuodza mwoyo muvhoti. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira runyerekupe rwokuti muvhota akaipa, haana basa, kana kuti haana kufanira, kumanikidza nzvero dzinogona kushatisa kuti vatsigiri vomukwikwidziri. Voter vangagumisa kuti “mativi ose ari maviri akaipa” ndokugara kumba. Pakuvhota kwapedyo, kunyange kuderera kudukunenesa kunogona kuita kuti muuyo uve. Dzimwe nzvero dzinosunda zvakajeka kuvavarira kudzivisa kunzvera nhamba dzakati dzechitsakanhamba chadzo._ka somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokukarakadza kuva vhotera vashomanene kuti kuvhotera hakuna maturo kana kuti kukuvadza.

Kujekeswa uye Kutsoropodzwa

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kunoparirawo kuderera kukuru kwechivimbo mumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo vavhoti vanoziva kuti vakashandiswa kuva vanoshandiswa, kutsoropodza kwavo kunokura. Vangava sezvingabvira zvishoma kudavira kurukurirano ipi neipi yezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza mashoko echokwadi. Iyi mhoteredzo yokusavimba kunoita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzishande, sezvo vavhoti vasingakwanisi kubvumirana pamaidi makuru.

Nzira Yokuziva Nayo uye Kuita Nayo Kukuchidzira Kushatisa

Sezvo kuongorora kunoitwa nevanhu vakawanda kwakagadzirirwa kuti kunyengerire, vanhuwo zvavo vangazvidzivirira sei?

Mafurafu Matsvuku

  • Tsvene uye mhatsa imwe: Kana “kuvhura” kuchingova nemibvunzo imwe bedzi kana kuti miviri, zvikurukuru kana yose yakashata, sezvingabvira ibvunziro yokusunda.
  • Mutauro wakapfeka: Mashoko akafanana ne “conrut,”“ dhinari,” kana kuti “ngozi mumubvunzo unoratidzira kuedza kusunda.
  • Hapana mashoko anopindura: Mavhotaro eLegitimate achabvunza vagari vemo pano pakupedzisira; kumanikidza kunzvera hakuwanzoita.
  • Rukumbiro rusingazivikanwi: Kana mushanyi akaramba kuziva sangano ravo kana kuti donzo, akarembera.
  • mitoo yokudzvinyirira yakakwirira: Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kungaedza kukuchengeta uri pamutsetse kana kuti kuraira mhinduro yapakarepo.

Zvokuita

  • Usapinda:[ hausati uri musengwa wokutora rutivi. Nomutoo wakashata ndokukumbira kubviswa pandaza yefoni.
  • shoororo: Facel Commission (FCC) nokuda kwemarobha asingadikanwi, kana kuti neboka rasarudzo rehurumende yako kana ukanyumwira kupunzika.
  • Cherechedza Fact: Kana ukanzwa kutaura kunoshamisa mukati meshanyo, kuibvumikisa namanyuko anoremekedzwa usati wakudavira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kugoverana zivo pamusoro penzvero dzinogombedzerwa neshamwari nemhuri, zvikurukuru mukati memwaka wesarudzo.

Kupesana Kunoita Kuti Pave Nekuchinja: Kudzikamisa Kutaura Nokuva Nerusaruraganda

Vadziviriri vanotaura kuti kunyange kurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinotsausa dzinodzivirirwa muFirst Amendment, uye kuti murairo wokuwedzera ungagona kutonhora kutaura kwapamutemo.Vashori vanosunda kunzvera havasi kutaura asi chimiro chokunyengera chakafanana netsoropodzo, uye kuti kuvadziko yavanoparira inokurira ukoshi hupi nohupi hworusununguko rwokutaura.

Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvokuchinja zvinobatanidza kuzivisa mutsigiri chaiye pamavambo porunhare rupi norupi runobvunza pamusoro pomubhadhari kana kuti mwero werobhati, seizvo hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakatoraira. Dzimwe dzinokarakadza kurambidzwa kushandiswa kwerunhare runodzorwa nemotokari murunhare rwakadaro, kana kuti kuda kuti foni dzibatanidze kutaura kwakajeka kwokuti nzvero ndeyekuita kuti vanhu vabvume. Makambani oruzivo rwamabasa anewo basa; zvikuva zvakadai seFacebook neTwitter zvinogona kurambidza kushandiswa kwematurusi okuvhotera, kungofanana nokurambidza kwaanoita kusarura.

Zvisinei, kudzora kunoramba kuripo uye kazhinji kazhinji kusingapiwi mazino. Kutozosvikira mipimo yakajeka zvikuru yenyika yagamuchirwa — yakabatanidzwa nokuchengetwa kwesimba kwakadai senzvero dzechipush dzichapfuurira kuva chombo muzvombo zvehondo zvakashata.

mhedziso

Nzvero dzokumanikidza dzinomirira mhesano ine rima yezvokutengeserana nokunyengera kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Ivo havasati vari nzvero yemifungo; vanonyepedzera munzvero. Kushandiswa kwavo mugadziriro dzisina kunaka dzenhimbe dzinoshatisa kuderedza kuvhota kwokuziva, kuisa kutsoropodza, uye kunogona kunyange kuodza mwoyo. Nepo mipimo yapamutemo netsika iripo, haiwirirani uye haishandisi zvakanaka. Vadzidzisi, uye vagadziri vemiitiro vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira. Nokunzwisisa zvinopesvedzera zviri, kuziva unyanzvi hwavo, uye kutsigira dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru, tinogona kuderedza muuyo wavo pamiitiro yedemocrati yehondo yemashoko. Muzera rehondo inoziviswa navanopanikira mashoko idziviriro yakanakisisa.