Kuchinja kwerusununguko rwevanhu muUnited States inyaya yakaoma uye ine simba yakapararira mazana emakore. Kubvira pakutanga kweRepublic kusvika panguva ino, kunzwisisa uye kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwakachinja zvikuru zvichikonzerwa nemasangano enzanga, zvisarudzo zvedare, mitemo, uye kuchinja pfungwa dzevanhu. Nyaya ino inotevedza rwendo irworwo, kuongorora mapfundo makuru okuchinja, magwaro, zviitiko zvemavanze, uye zvinetso zvazvino uno zvinoramba zvichitsanangura ukuru hwerusununguko rwevanhu muAmerica nhasi.

Mavambo Enyika Neemhindumupindu

Manyuko erusununguko rwevagari vemo veAmerica ari mumagamuchidzanwa emitemo neUzivi hweChirungu. Magna Carta (1215) akatanga nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu, kubatanidza mambo, ari pamusoro pomutemo, uye anotanga kodzero yetsika dzakakodzera. British Bill of Rights [ [1689]) inoganhurirazve simba roumambo ndokusimbisa maruramiro eParamende navanhu vamwe navamwe, kubatanidza kutaura kwakasununguka, muParamende, uye dziviriro muchirango cheutsinye. Madhingi akadai seChikamu cheConstangesarth ye166 neMassachusetts of Liberes (166), kazhinji kachokai, anosimbisa kodzero dzechitendero uye kodzero dzechitendero.

Vafungi vakajekeswa vakafanana na John Locke akapesvedzera zvikuru chizvarwa chokuvamba. Tsika dzaLocke dzekodzero dzomusikirwo(v] upenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu) uye pfungwa yokuti hurumende inowana chiremera chayo mumvumo yavadzorwi yakarukwa muChiratidzo cheIndement. Chinoitika chavanhu vanodzorwa navagari vemo, zvikurukuru chirambidzo kumabasa eBritain akadai seStamp Act newt of anobetsera, yakaitawo batano yakasimba kumaruramiro azvo, gungano, uye dziviriro pakutsvaka kusina mufungo.

Bumbiro Remitemo Nebvumo Rekodzero

Pashure pokuwana kuzvimirira, vagadziri vemafomu vakanyoresa Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. muna 1787 chinyorwa chapakuvamba chaiva nedziviriro shomanene dzakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe, panzvimbo pezvo kuisa ngwariro pagadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende((a kunetseka kukuru pashure pokukundikana kweSteats of Confederation). Uku kusiiwa kwakamutsa gakava rinotyisa mukati megadziriro yerativity. Anti-Fedalist, dzakadai saPatric Henry naGeorge Mason, akataura kuti hurumende ine simba rakasimba rakatyisidzira uye raida maruramiro ekodzero. Vamiristrists vakafanana naAlexander Hamin vakapikisa kuti mutongo wakadaro wakanga usiri madikanwa nemhaka yokuti hurumende yenyika yaizongopa masimba bedzi.

Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakanga kuri chipikirwa chokuwedzera gadziridzo. James Madison, pakutanga anopanikira, akaunganidza zvikarakadzo zvakavakirwa pazvinodikanwa zvekokorodzano yehurumende nezviziviso zvehurumende zvapakuvamba zvekodzero. Muuyo wakanga uri [ Bhill of Rights [, yakatenderwa muna 1791] sezvisarudzo zvokutanga gumi. Mafunguro anobatanidza:

  • Mutemo wokutanga:[[FLT: 1] Hausati uchizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwapachena; kana kuti kuderedza rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende gadziriso dzezvigumbu.
  • mendurusoment: Kodzero yavanhu yokuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Findmentth Amendment: Kudzivirirwa pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari.
  • Fith Amendment: Muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro pakuzvitsiura, uye muripo wakarurama nokuda kwokutora.
  • SSHmendment: Amaruramiro okutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwavose, vatongi vasingasaruri, uye betsero yezano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Hurumende yeMitemo: Kudzivirirwa pabhegi rakanyanyisa, faindi, uye zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose.

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwayo, Bill of Rights yakatanga kushanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, kwete nyika. Iyi ganhuriro yaizoumba kurwisana kwezana ramakore rakatevera pamusoro porusununguko rwevagari vemo, zvikurukuru pamusoro pouranda nekodzero dzevagari vemo vehurumende. Nokuda kwokunzvera zvikuru nhau yokunyora, ona Revoral Archives peji paBhill of Rights .

Kutyisidzira Kwapakuvamba Nezviito Zvechienzi Nezvokuparadza

Chinenge nokukurumidza pashure pokuvadziko, hurumende yehurumende yakaedza ganhuriro dzeFirst Amendment. Alien naMabasa eChibvumirano a1798, akaitwa pasi poudzori hwaAdhama mukati menhamo neFrance, kutaura kwoutsotsi kutsoropodza hurumende uye yakaita kuti kuve nyore kudzingwa kwevatami. Iyi mitemo yakanyandura chishoro chinotyisa, ichitungamirira kuVirginia neKentucky Revolution (zvakanyorwa naMadison neJefferson) izvo zvakasimbisa rondedzero hurunguro yeUnio yeSangano yeSangano reSangano rehurumende uye yakasimbisa kodzero dzokubvisa zviito zvisina kutongwa nomutemo mukati medzo. Mabasa acho akapera kana kuti akadzorwa pamberi pa1802, asi akagadza muenzaniso unopfuurira: kuedza kudzvinyirira kupesana nezvamatongerwe enyika. Shedrio Actritivery yekunyevera nokuda kwenhau yenhau dzehurumende panguva dzinodzo dzavagari vomunyika.

Mhedziso Yegumi Negumi Negumi Nedzidziso Yokusatsinhirana

Kutanga kwokuchinja kukurusa mukudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo kwakaitika pashure peHondo yevagari vemo. Fiteenth Amendment (168) yakaitirwa kuchengetedza kodzero dzevaAmerica vakanga vachangosunungurwa muAfrica kupfurikidza nokugovera:

  • [[FT:0] Chizembe Claus: Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa vari muUnited States vagari vemo vorudzi rwacho uye vomunyika mavanogara.
  • Priviges kana kuti maImmonites Claus: Hakuna hurumende ichaita kana kuti kumanikidza mutemo upi noupi uchabatanidza maropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari veUnited States.
  • Duzero Face Programme Claus: Hakuna nyika ichatorera munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.
  • Kudzivirira Claus: Hakuna nyika icharamba kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati mesimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.

Zvisinei, Dare rapakuvamba rakadudzira zvishoma aya mashoko. Mu Cases-Indlu (1873), Dare rakaramba kuti maropafadzo kana kuti maImmunitunite Claus akadzivirira bedzi kodzero duku dzorudzi, kwete rusununguko rwapakuvamba rwevagari vemo. Ikoku kwakabvisa zvikurukuru bviro yokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu pahurumende anopesana namakumi amakore. Njodziro, mu United States v. Cruikshank[FLT:] [18]] [18], Dare rakatonga kuti Bill wekodzero dzavanhu haana kushandisa mashoko.

[FFN[10] dzidziso yazvino uno ye [FFF:] [F1] [FF1] [10] isati yasarudzwa [[FF:] [10] yakabuda zvishoma nezvishoma muzana ramakumi maviri. Nguva yokuchinja yakanga iri [[FLT:] Gitrow v. New York (1925), apo Dare Rapamusoro rakafunga kuti rusununguko rwokutanga rwechinjo yamashoko rwave rwakadzivirirwa pamugariro weChinjoromedzo muPromende [FF:N] [F1], [10] [10], (mumumubatanidzwa na) [10] , [murongedzero weya] [FFF].[10].NXEN]

Hondo Yevagari Vemo Nekugadziridzwa Kwemigadziridzo

Sezvacherekedzwa, [[FLT: 0] Thurterment (165) yakabvisa uranda, [[FLT:] Firenteenceth [[FLT:] [1] (168] yakavimbisa kuva mugari wemo wemo nedziviriro yakaenzana, uye [[FLT:] Fitrententh [[FLT:] [55] [1870] [mitengoro yedzinza]. Bva chipikirwa cheidzodzo dzorudzi chakabviswa zvikurukuru nomugumo weRevolution mu 1877. Kubva kwechinjo. [FFFFF] [56]

Zana ramakore ramakumi maviri rakatanga kuumbwa kwamasangano akatsaurirwa kuchengetedza maruramiro avagari vemo, zvikurukuru Sangano reNational reKufambira mberi kwavanhu (NAACP) rakavambwa muna 1909. Sangano rapamutemo raNaACP, raitungamirirwa nenhamba dzakafanana naCharles Hamilton Houston naThur Goodshall, rakadenha kubuda mumatare, richipedzisa muchisarudzo chetsika [Brown v. Board of Education [1954]), iyo yairangarira kuti nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzinoparadzana dzinova dzisingawirirani.

Nguva Inofambira Mberi uye Zana Remakore Rechi20 Richangotanga

Kupfuura ruramisiro yedzinza, Nhambo inofambira mberi (inenge 1890-1920) yakava nokukura kukuru kweitiro hanya dzerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Kufamba kwavakadzi kwakavawo maruramiro ekodzero dzechikadzi , pashure pamakumi amakore echiito, yakabudirira ne [[[FLT:] Nhengetententententent Amendment [[[[FL:]] [1920], iyo yakavimbisa maruramiro ourudzi rwokuvhota. Kodzerowo yakavawo maruramiro ekodzero dzavagari vemo, navashandi vanoronga migariro iri nani, kukwikwidzanisa, uye rusununguko pakubatwa zvisina kufanira. Dare gurusa pakutanga rakarova mitemo mizhinji yebasa (g.,[FLT][5] V.[FFFF]]

Mukati napashure peHondo yeNyika I, kutaura kwakasununguka kwakatarisana nemiedzo yakakomba. [[FLT: 0] Estigage Act ya 1917 uye Chiito cheTracment ya 1918[] . Kudzongonyedzwa kwapamuganhu ne “kusavimbika”. [[FLT:] Skeck v. United States[FLT:] [19] [19], Mutongi Olive Holmes akakurumbira kujekeseidzwa“ uye zvinoparira ngozi.] . [Imiteko inobvumira mipimo nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvinorwisana nemabasa.[5]

“ Kudzongonyedzwa Kuduku Kwapachivande” Nekusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika

Red Scare yekutanga (191919-1920) yakawana kusungwa kukuru nokudzingwa kwavatami vainyumwirwa kuvachinji. Palmer Raids [, yakarongwa naAttorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, yakaputsa dziviriro dzeChina negadziriro yakafanira. Iyi yakasunda kuumbwa kwe American Civil Liberites Union (ACLU) muna 1920, iyo yakaita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo kupfurikidza nokupinzwa kwavagari vemo, kugadzirwa kwechibvumirano, uye dzidzo yavose.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Chivil Rights Covil Rights Musangano reChibvumirano cheChizvarwa cheAmerica rainyanya kurwira rusununguko rwevagari vemo munhau.

  • Brown v. Board of Educa yeTopeka (1954) uye “kumhanya kwose kwokuzviitira kwapamhene” kunoitwa mu Brown II[ [19555].
  • Civil Rights Act ya 1964, iyo yakarambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose, basa, uye zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nehurumende.
  • Chirevo cheRevoting Rights Act of 1965, icho chakabvisa kunzverwa kwokunyora uye dzimwe mhinganidzo dzouori(imhinduro yakananga kuFambaro dzeMontgomey.
  • Lovang v. Virginia (1967), iyo yakaderedza zvirambidzo zvehurumende paroorano dzamadzinza.

Nhaka yeCivil Rights Movement inoramba ichizivisa hondo dzepanguva iyoyo kuti dzakaenzana, kusanganisira kubvuma, kubvisa chikoro munzanga, uye kuvhota.

Zvinetso Zvevagari Vomunyika Dzazvino Uno

Mazuva ano, rusununguko rwevagari vomunyika imwe chete rune zvinhu zvitsva uye zvakaoma kusangana nazvo munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana, zvinoratidza kuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kunetseka nezvechengeteko, uye kuchinja kwetsika dzevanhu.

Kuchengeteka Kwenyika Yose Kunopesana Nezvako

Pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, 2001, [[FLT: 0] PARITIOTT Act yehurumende yakafutunurwa masimba okunzvera, kubatanidza shangusi, kusvika kuzvinyorwa zvebhizimisi (kubatanidza raibhurari nezvinyorwa zvezvokurapa), uye chiremera chokuita pachivande kunzvera ($3] Sinou yeGrandment yakakomba nenhau dzinoda kuitwa. Kupesana kwakapoteredzawo [[FLT:][FLD] [200] (NSA) kunoda chitsama chikuru chemite yemitezo yerunhare [[FLT], chinozivikanwa naEdwarious Snowden muna 2013. Dare guru rakataura nhau idzi mu [FL: 4, NW] , , , .[5] , .[FFUP]

Kutaura Wakasununguka Munguva Ino Yemazuva Ano

Internet nenzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau dzakaita nzvimbo huru dzezvikamu zvenzanga nokuda kwokutaura uyewo zvinetso zvitsva: ruvengo, shatiso, uye basa ramakambani akavanzika mumwero. First Amendment inowanzodzivirira kunyange kutaura kwokuvenga kutoti kwakaenzana kunyandura, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kana kuti kunetsa. Chikamu 230 cheNhengo dzeNyamadzo dzeMitambo yeChirango (1996) padzinodzivirira dziviriro pamitengo yomunhu, inovaita kuti dzive nemwe pasina kuva vaparidzi (ndava dziviriro mumativi ose ari maviri ezvamatongerwe enyika). Dare guru raita mitemo inoputsa mitambo yamasimba masimba ([[[FLT]]] v. VaR. Vatengesi vaMaridzi vemitevericromendi vadzo [FLD], 2011], uye kudzivirira rudyi kukutaura zvisina zita rapamutemo [VFT] mumativi ose].[2][3] Coulttion: [3] Commeticst , 1995], anotooct; vanotongedzerwa dare kuti vave.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero neBodily Autonomy

Makumi maviri amakore okupedzisira akapupurira wedzero inoshamisa yerusununguko rwavagari vemo nokuda kweLGBT+ vanhu vamwe navamwe. Mu [[FLT: 0] Lawrence v. Texas [2003], Dare rakatendeuka mitemo yesodoma, richisimbisa maruramiro etsika dzapachivande. [[FLT:]] "OGOP] v. Hodgens[FLT] [FF] [5] [20] (20:5] yasimbisa maruramiro kuroorano imwe cheteyo munyika yose, chisarudzo chakaiswa muzvose zviri zviviri muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro kwakaenzana.[FFFFFFG:4], , , , , uye , , , .[10] , `NCON]

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nekuwana

Shelby County v. Hoker chisarudzo chakaputsa muitiro wekutanga weChibvumirano cheRevoting Rights ya1965, zvichitungamirira kuboka remitemo mitsva inozivisa hurumende, kuvhotera nzvimbo inovharwa, uye mimwe ganhuriro. Iyi mirau inotapura zvikuru nzanga duku, inotonga kurukurirano pamusoro pechinoumba gadziriro inoyera neinosvikika yeSangano reSangano reSangano. Nokuda kweMata uye [FLT:] na[FL:] John anotora Gadziro Gadziro reNation Activect [[FLD]]

mhedziso

Mhindumupindu yerusununguko rwevagari vemo muUnited States haisati yatongova nhau yapera. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chaifanira kutsanangurazve nokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga mukutarisana nenhau itsva dzenzanga, chinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye simba rinochinja. Bumbiro remitemo nemhedziso dzaro zvinogovera gadziriro, asi dziviriro yechokwadi inoda kutora rutivi runoshingaira kupfurikidza nebvumirano yehurumende, pamutemo kubatira pamutemo, uye kuzvipira kwakasimba kunheyo yokuti vadzidzisi nevadzidzi, kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu inokosha nokuda kwokusimudzira tsika dzoruremekedzo nekodzero dzavagari vemo munguva yemberi.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, Constitution Center yeNational Constitution’s Interflict Constitution inopa kunzvera kune udzame kwegadziridzo imwe neimwe nenhau iri shure kwayo.