Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei uye kumanikidzwa ichinhu chinovakwa nenyanzvi. Pasina zivo iyi, zvakaoma kuti vakuru vakuru vasarudzwe, vatsigire kuchinja, kana kuti kunyange kunzwisisa kodzero nemabasa zvinoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Iyi nhungamiro yakakura inogovera zvimiro zvakakwana, nhanzvero yemitemo yose iri mumutemo. Kana uri mudzidzi mutsva, muvhoti, kana kuti munhu anotarira kuti awedzere zivo yako, zvichakushongedzera kuongorora kugadzirwa kwemitemo kwakaoma pakati pemitemo, mukuru wehurumende, uye mapazi okutonga, kuongorora zvimiro zvemitemo zvakawanda zvinotora, uye kukurukura nzira dzinoshanda dzaunogona kutora nadzo mugadziriro iyi inopfuurira. Kana uri mudzidzi muvhoti mutsva, kana kuti akatarira kukudza zivo yako, zvichaita kuti ugadzirire zivo inokoshairira kutenderera uye kutenderera mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Nzira Iyo Bhiri Rinova Nayo Mutemo

Rwendo rwomutemo haruwanzova mutsetse wakarurama. Runovamba mudare remitemo . Nenzira yakajeka ramabhijaral Congress pamwero wehurumende (Imba yavamiriri neDare), kana kuti chibvumirano chemitemo chehurumende. iyi nhevedzo yamaune yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inokarakadzwa inonzverwa zvakakwana, kurukurirano, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira isati yagona kushanda.

Kugadzira Nokutanga

Mutezo upi noupi wedare remitemo ungakarakadza wiri mutero. Nepo pfungwa yacho inogona kubva kuaudition, boka rinosvikira vanhu, sangano rehurumende, kana kuti kunyange bazi guru, muiti wemitemo bedzi anogona kuisuma nenzira yapamutemo. Gwaro racho rinonyorwa mumutauro wapamutemo wakananga, rinopiwa nhamba (g., H.R. 1 nokuda kweImba, S. 1 nokuda kweDare redare), uye anonongedzera kudare rakakodzera rine chiremera pamusoro penhau yacho (pane muenzaniso, gwaro pamusoro pezvibvumirano zveutano ringaenda kuHwero yezve, Sarusarudzo, uye Dare reTrejis.

Chiito cheDare (“Basa” reCongress)

Matare ndiwo umo basa chairoiro rokunyora rinoitwa. Dare rimwe nerimwe rinoronga nzvimbo yakatarwa. Mutengo unogoverwa ku komiti yepaburi revhu nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru. Pano, dare duku ringapa:

  • [[FOL:0] kuisa matare apo nyanzvi, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vatsigiri vanopupurira.
  • [ Simbisa [ mutongo wacho (kureva kuti) vanokurukura uye vanovhota pazvinogadziriswa, shoko neshoko.
  • [[FOT:0] . . . kutumira bhiri racho kudare rakazara, risingachinji kana kuti risina.

Kana dare rakazara rikatendera mutezo wacho, uno “shumwa” mukamuri rakazara (Imba kana kuti Dare) pamwe chete nomushumo wakanyorwa uchitsanangura donzo raro nemiuyo. Kana dare rikaramba mutongo wacho kana kuti richikundikana kuita chiito, unofa nenzira inobudirira (ijambwa rinowira ruzhinjisa rwomutemo unokarakadzwa.

Nharo Dzakaoma Nedzokuchinja

Kana bhiri redare rangosvika pauriri, muimba, kurukurirano inowanzova yakaganhurirwa zvikuru (“mutemo” kubva kuMitemo Committee inogadza miganhu yenguva nenhamba yedzosi inobvumirwa). MuDare, gakava rinowanzova rakajeka zvikuru, uye mutengi upi noupi anogona kupa kugadziriswa kwenguva refu apo iri bhinya (rivhiti) kupepa. Imomomo Filisters[[FLT: 1]] mikana inogona kuitika, uye unyanzvi apo sentaretal inotaura kunonotsa kana kuti bhota. Kudzivisa chivhoteko. [FFLT:]]

Mutambo Nedzimwe Dare

Pashure pekurukurirano, mavhoti enzvimbo dzokuvhota. Voruzhinji vakapfava (inopfuura hafu yaavo varipo navanovhota) vanodikanirwa kupfuura muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa. Pakangopfuudzwa, mutengo unotumirwa kune imwe imba (kana pamutemo wakatanga muImba, unoenda kuDare, uye zvinopesana). Kamuri rechipiri rinodzokorora muitiro wose. Nenzira isingadzivisiki, makamuri maviri anopfuura shanduro dzepepa. Kuyananisa misiyano, dare rokuzviisa pasi pe [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [3] (zvikamu zvemitezo yose iri miviri) zvinosangana nokubvumirana kwebasa, iyo ipapo inofanira kutenderwa neshanduro yose iri yose.

Kunyoresa uye Kuita Zvinhu Zvine Simba

Kana dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzangobvumirana pabhiri rakafanana, rino “petwa” uye rinopiwa kuMutungamiriri wehurumende (kana kuti gavhuna wehurumende). Mutungamiriri wacho ipapo ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka:

  • [[[FRAT:0] Chiratidzo [ mumutemo.
  • `Irevo' mutongo, uchidzosera kuCongress nezvikonzero. Congress inogona kudzora vhato nemativi maviri namatatu makuru mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Pocket vento (apo Congress inosundwa): Kana Purezidhendi asingaiti chiito mukati mamazuva 10, mutengo unofa pasina chivharo chetsika.
  • Mumutsetse-inhuru (mudzimwe nyika): Mutungamiriri anoramba mativi akati echibvumirano achisaina asara (asati ari pamwero womubatanidzwa).

Kana chikasainwa kana kuti chikabvumirwa kuva mutemo pasina siginicha (pashure pamazuva 10 apo Congress inenge iri murusando), mutemo unogamuchira nhamba yavose uye unoiswa muBumbiro remitemo reUnited States kana kuti bumbiro remitemo rinowirirana.

Bazi Rine Chinzvimbo Chacho Chokuita Zvemaminitsi: Hakusi Kungosaina Mabhiri

Bazu guru harisati richingovawo zvaro mutemo werabha. Basa raro mukuumbwa kwomutemo nokuchengetwa kwadzo zvose zviri zviviri kukuru uye kune mativi akawanda.

Kutenderwa Nesimba Revha

Sezvarondedzerwa pamusoro apa, mukuru mukuru wemukuru mukuru (Presidenti, gavhuna, kana kuti meya) anogona kutendera kana kuti kuisa mutemo. Iri simba rinopa pesvedzero huru pamusoro pechikamu chokupedzisira chemitemo. Kutyisidzira kwakavimbika kunogona kumanikidza mutezo wemitemo kugadziridza mutemo usati watopfuura. imene inomanikidza chigaro chemitemo kuti chibvume kana kuti zvimwe kutora dzimbahwe rezvamatongerwe enyika kuti chiedze kukunda(a) chiitiko chisingawanzowaniki nemhaka yokuti chinoda mutungamiriri wehurumende.

Mirayiridzo Yevatungamiriri uye Kuronga Kutonga

Kunyange pasina mutemo mutsva, bazu guru rinogona kuita mitemo kupfurikidza ne mirairo inodzora iyo inotungamirira kuti masangano ehurumende anoshandisa sei mitemo iripo. Nepo isiri mitemo imene, iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo nokuda kwavashandi vehurumende uye inogona kutapura zvikuru mirau yavose.

Kupfuurirazve, Congress inowanzopfuudza mirau yakafara iyo inosiya udzame huzhinji hukazadzwa namasangano anodzora ebazu makuru. Somuenzaniso, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) nhau dzine udzame [[FLT: 0]] miraudzo [ (inodanwawo kuti mitemo) inoratidzira kuti Secreat ichashandiswa sei. Iyi mirau iyi inopinda nomuitiro wavose weziviso uye inobudisa muFederal Register. Munzira dzakawanda, iyi miraudzo ine tapuro paupenyu hwezuva nezuva semiraudzo imene. Chiratiso chinoratidzira kuti mitemo yakati ishandurwe nevo huru yevo. [FLT]

Kumanikidzwa Negadziriro Dzehurumende Nehurumende

Kana mitemo yangovapo, bazi rinotungamirira rinopomerwa mhosva yokuirambidza.

  • Kuchengetwa kwomutemo: Department of Justice (DOJ), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), uye mapurisa ehurumende anonzvera kuputswa.
  • [ Kutarisira kwoudzori: Zvirongwa zvakafanana neSangano rePresciatence and Exchange Commission (SEC) zvinodzika mitemo yezvemari, uye Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inodzika mitemo yekotsekano yebasa.
  • Kutsaurirwa: Bazu rapamusoro rinosarudza kana richichapa vanhu kana kuti makambani kuputsa mitemo youtsotsi kana kuti yevagari vemo.

Pasina kuda kwavakuru vakuru kwokuvamanikidza, kunyange mitemo yakanyorwa zvakanakisisa inoramba iri tsamba dzakafa.

Dare Rokududzira Nokushandisa Mitemo

Bazu redare rinoita somutauriri wegadziriro yemitemo. Mabasa aro makuru ndeokududzira mitemo, kupedza gakava pasi pemitemo iyoyo, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvose(kubatanidza izvo zvechibvumirano chehurumende nemukuru wehurumende) (kubatanidza neBumbiro remitemo.

Dare Nemhosva

United States inoita gadziriro mbiri dzedare: matare ehurumende nematare ehurumende. Matare eFederal anotonga nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, Bumbiro remitemo, uye gakava pakati pehurumende kana kuti vagari vemo vehurumende dzakasiyana - siyana. matare ehurumende anobata nhau dzakawanda, kubatanidza nhau dzoutsotsi, zvibvumirano, mutemo wemhuri, uye nharo dzezvinhu. Vakuru vakuru vedare vanowanzova vanoenda kumatare epamusorosoro ehurumende (vanowanzonzi Dare Repamusorosoro rehurumende iyoyo). Pamusoro pedare guru reU.S.S., iro rine chirevo chekupedzisira pamibvunzo yepamutemo yehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Zvichida chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chejudiary hwirudzuro yemitemo [].

Kududzira Mitemo: Kudzika Mirayiro uye Mutemo Wavose

Kana nyaya yacho yasvika kudare, vatongi vanofanira kusarudza zvinorehwa nomutemo wacho uye vanoshandisa zvishandiso zvinoverengeka:

  • [[[FRANT:0] Mutauro unorasisa [ womutemo.
  • [[[ITSORO] Nhoroondo yenhau yapamutemo (mishumo yedare, nharo dzapauriri).
  • Predect (zvisarudzo zvedare rekare panhau dzakafanana) pasi penheyo ye stare decisis[.

Vatongiwo vanotanga [ mutemo wavose munzvimbo dzisingafukidzwi nemirau] yakadai samativi mazhinji ezvigunwe nezvibvumirano. Iyi mitemo yakaitwa nomutongi ine simba romutemo kutozosvikira dare rasarudza kuibatanidza kana kuti kuishandura.

Kumanikidzwa Kwekutonga Kwedare

Somuenzaniso, kana dare rikarayira kambani kubhadhara zvisaririra nokuda kwokuputswa kwechibvumirano, mupurisa angada kukumbira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti abate zvinhu kana kambani ikaramba. Kusunungurwa mudare ndichimwe chishandiso: mutongi anogona kururamisa kana kuti kuisa mutorongo mumwe munhu anoputsa murayiro wedare, achishandisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vedare (U.S.S.) kuti aite chirango chacho.

Mitemo Yakasiyana - siyana: Yakanakira Kunzwisisa

Kunzwisisa mapoka aya kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva kuti mutemo wakati unokodzera kupi uye kuti unovatapura sei.

Mutemo Weutsotsi Unopesana.

Musiyano mukurusa uri pakati pezviito zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinotadzira hurumende (mutoro) nekakavadzano pakati pebato ravanhu vamwe navamwe (vazvipiri).

  • [ mutemo woutsotsi: Unorondedzera mufambiro unorambidzwa nemhaka yokuti unotyisidzira chengeteko yavanhu kana kuti nhevedzano. Kutyora mutemo kunoguma nechirango chakadai sefaindi, kudzorwa, kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo. Hurumende inotonga mhaka nokuda kwavanhu. Mienzaniso: kuba, kudenha, kuponda, kutyaira wakadhakwa.
  • Mutemo weCIIL: Unodzora kukakavadzana pamusoro pekodzero, mabasa, uye zvibvumirano pakati pavanhu, mabhizimisi, kana kuti mamwe masangano. Mutengi anokwidza mhaka nokuda kweyamuro, kazhinji kazhinji mari yakuvadzwa kana kuti murairo (murairo wedare wokuita kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu). Mienzaniso: kuputsa chibvumirano, kukuvaradziko yomunhu oga, zviitiko zvechatanu.

Mutemo unovhara.

Mutemo weProfication unorondedzera kodzero nemisengwa izvo vanhu vanazvo (muremo, maruramiro okusununguka, musengwa wokubhadhara mitero). Mutemo weProcratical unogadza mitemo yenzira iyo matare namasangano anomanikidzira nayo maruramiro apasi (umt., mitemo youfakazi, miraudzo yeganhuriro, mitoo yokukwirira). Zvose zviri zviviri zvinokosha: pasina miitiro inoyera, maruramiro maduku anogona kuva asina revo.

Mutemo Webumbiro remitemo, uye Unodzora

  • Mutemo weChoustituanical: Wakavakirwa paBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Inosimbisa chimiro chehurumende, masimba anokamura, uye inodzivirira maruramiro makuru enyika.
  • [[FOL:0] Mutemo wemirayiridzi: wakaitwa namatare echibvumirano (Koregi, matare ehurumende, madare amaguta). Iyi ndiyo mitemo yakanyorwa inowanwa mumitemo yakafanana nemitemo yeUnited States.
  • [ Mutemo woutarisiri: Mitemo nemirau inoumbwa namasangano ehurumende pasi pemirau inogoverwa nemirau. Iyoyi inowanzova nezvinodikanwa zvounyanzvi.

Chikamu chechina, mutemo wavose , mutemo wakaitwa nomutongi unozadza mazanhu mumirau. Somuenzaniso, nheyo zhinji dzomutemo wetort (mutengo wetort, wezvibereko) dzakatangwa nematare kwamazana amakore.

Kutapura Kunoita Mitemo Upenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Kuziva kuti izvi zvinosimbisa kukoshesa kuvimbisana kwevanhu kunoita kuti uwedzere kukoshesa kukurarirana kwevagari vemo.

  • [[NHAU] Yakachengeteka yePublic nemotokari: Miganhu yekumhanya, zvinodikanwa zvebhandi, mitemo yeDUI, uye zviratidzo zvemotokari zvose zvinotsigirwa nemirau uye zvinomanikidzirwa namapurisa. Kushatisa kunogona kuguma nefaindi, raisensi, kana kuti nguva yejeri.
  • Kudzivirira kweCUMI: Mitemo inoda kunyorwa zvakarurama pazvokudya, ganhuriro dzemhindu pazvikwereti, uye kubvumira kudzorera zvigadzirwa zvakashata (“vimbiso inoshandiswa yezvokutengeserana” muRekodhi reCHEM). Faceral Trader Commission[ inomanikidzira mitemo inodzivisa kushambadza kwounyengeri.
  • Mitemo yomubhadharo yakaderedzwa, mitemo yetaundi yemibhadharo, mipimo yekotsekano yebasa (OSHA), mitemo inorwisana neshanje (Misoro VII yeChibvumirano cheChivilinity Rights), uye mhuri inosiya miitiro yose inodzivirira.
  • [ purofiti nezvibvumirano: Mitemo yokudzora, mitemo yemba, mirau yokuvaka, uye bvumirano yomutemo zvinodzora chinenge kutengeserana chiri chose chinobatanidza mari kana kuti zvinhu.
  • [[[FOL:0] .Kubhadharwa mitero, mitero yokutengesa, mitero yemitero, mitero yemari, uye mitero yemari yemari yemari yemari yehurumende. Mitemo yeMitero (seKoroniti yeRevolution) iri pakati pezvirongwa zvemitemo zvakaoma zvikuru.
  • Mitemo inodzivirira kunzverwa kusina mufungo (FOT Amendment), inovimbisa kutaura kwakasununguka (First Amendment), uye inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira hurumende isati yatora zvinhu zvako kana kuti kukutorera rusununguko.

Kubatanidzwa Mugadziriro Yomutemo: Simba Chairoiro reCovic

Kunyange zvazvo kugadzira mitemo kuchiita sekure, kune nzira dzakawanda dzinoshanda dzokuti vanhuwo zvavo vade kufurira kusikwa nokuchengetwa kwemitemo.

Ronga Zvinosarudzwa Zvose

Kufarira vaiti vemitemo vanogoverana gadziriro yako yezvokutanga mutoo wakananga zvikurusa wokutapura nawo mutemo. Zvisinei, inongova mavambo. Ngwarira kusarudza kukuru, uko kuvhota kwakaderera uye nhau imwe neimwe yevhoti. Votawo pamifungo yevhoti nenongedzero (panowanika) inobvumira vagari vomunyika kuita mitemo zvakananga. Cherechedza miganhu yokuvhota nokuvhota nzvimbo pa .gov

Ona Vamiriri Vako

Vadzori vanopa ngwariro kutsamba dzinobatanidzwa. Email pfupi, inorevesa kana kuti runhare inoremekedza pamusoro pegweta rakati inogona kupesvedzera vhoti yomutezo. Mawebsite akafanana ne Conreg.gov inokubvumira kuronda zvikwereti ndokuwana mashoko ekurukurirano nokuda kwavamiriri vako.

Kutora Rutivi Mucherechedzo- uye-Comment

Apo masangano ehurumende anokarakadza mirau mitsva, anofanira kubudisa chikarakadzo muFederal Register ndokugamuchira tsinhiro dzavose (kazhinji kazhinji kwamazuva 30-60). Tsinhiro idzi dzinodikanirwa pamutemo kurangarirwa. Masangano kazhinji kazhinji anounganidza tsinhiro dzavose kuchisarudzo chesangano. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kupa tsinhiro dzokufunga, dzine udzame idzo dzinosimbisa zvinetso zvebasa kana kuti miuyo isingakanwi.

Wedzera Kana Kuti Tsigiro Mapoka Anodzora

Masangano akazvitsaurira kuzvisakiso chaizvo (sezvinetso, American Civil Liberties Union, Sierra Club, National Rifle Association) anotarisira mutemo, vaiti vemitemo vanotenderedza, uye kupomera mhaka kuti vatsigire kana kuti vapikise mitemo. Kukumbanira mapoka akadaro kunodzoresa inzwi rako ndokugovera kunzvera kwounyanzvi.

Mumhanye Kuhofisi Kana Kuti Kushanda Mumabhodhi Enzvimbo Yacho

Panzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, nzvimbo dzakadai sedare reguta, dare rechikoro, kana kuti dare rokuronga dzine pesvedzero yakananga pamitemo inotapura nharaunda yako.

Ramba Uchiziva uye Uchidzidzisa Vamwe

Zivo ine simba. Tevedzera manyuko enhau akakurumbira, rava mashoko emabhiri (anowanika paCongress.gov), uye nzwisisa rutongeso rwedare. Goveranai zvamunodzidza neshamwari nemhuri.

mhedziso

Kuumbwa nokuchengetwa kwemitemo muitiro unokosha, wakawanda unobatanidza mapazi ose matatu ehurumende. Nepo rwendo rwegweta kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwedare, kurukurirano dzouriri, chiito chokutungamirira, uye kuhwirudzura kwokutonga rungaratidzika kuva rwakaoma, donzo rarwo nderokubudisa mitemo yapamutemo, inosanofungwa iyo inoratidzira kuda kwavanhu apo vaidzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe. Somugari wemo, hausati uchingova bedzi nhau yemitemo iyoyi inotonga, uye kuvandudza kwavo. Kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kukurukura navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru, kuumba mitemo, uye kugara wakaziviswa, unobetsera kuvimbisa kuti tsika yapamutemo ishandire ruramisiro nezvakanaka. Gadziro rinoshanda zvakanakisisa apo vagari vanoshanda nenzira inoitwa, ita nhano yokutanga nhasi uye kukura kwako muupenyu hwavo.