Kudzikama Pakati Pezvisingawiri Panzvimbo Nezvinhu Zvisiri Zvepanyika

Gadziriro yeChina yeMitemo yeMitemo yeUnited States inovimbisa kodzero yevanhu yokudzivisa kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Munguva ino inoitika nhadzi, kudzivirira uku kwakavakirwa pamisha inoonekwa, mapeji, uye migumisiro. Nhasi, mashoko edu anotapurika anorarama pamafoni, muvashandisi vemakore, uye mumativi ose emitemo akanyorwa mashoko epamutemo. Sezvo kumanikidza kwomutemo kwakawedzera neruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, matare nemiraudzo zvakamanikidzwa kudzokororazve mibvunzo inokosha: Hurumende inoda maruramiro okuwana uchapupu hwemichina yemagetsi here? Uye kodzero dzedu dzokuvandika dzinoramba dzichifambirana nokuchinja? Nyaya ino inoongorora sei kupesana kwezvinodiwa nezvinodiwa uye kodzero zvekodzero zvemitemo muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zvazvino uno uno, kuongorora nhau dzemasangano, masangano emitemo, uye kurwisa kuchengeteka kuchengeteka kudzivirirwa kunoitwa nevanhu kuti inyaradzwe nevanhu.

Zvinodikanwa Zvinopfuurira: Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo

Chinodikanwa chinodikanwa ndechimwe chedziviriro huru dzeFrene Amendment. Kuti uwane pamutemo wokunzvera, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kugutsa zvinhu zvitatu zvikuru: chisakiso chingabvira, kuzivikanwa, uye tendero yedare. Chisakiso chinowirirana chinoda bviro yokuti ufakazi hwoutsotsi huchawanwa munzvimbo ichanzverwa. Chirango chinoraira kuti rugwaro rurondedzerwe nenzvimbo chaiyo kuti zvinzverwe. Pakupedzisira, majasi anofanira kuhwiruza basa racho asati aitwa.

Munhau dzakapfuura, idzi dziviriro dzakadzivisa maruramiro avose nemhedziso dzebetsero, izvo zvakabvumira zviremera zveBritain kuita nzvero yakazarukira. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richidavira kuti kunzvera kusina pamutemo hakuna mufungo, kunodzorwa bedzi nezvishoma zvakagadzwa zvakasiana zvakadai sokubvuma, migariro yakachinjika, tsvaka chinoitika chokusungwa, uye dzidziso yakajeka.

Tariro Ine Mufungo Yokuedza Kuva Woga

Mu Katz v. United States (1967), Dare Rapamusoro rakawedzera dziviriro yeChina yeFizemistry kudarika mhosva yokunze. Dare rakaramba kuti kuvhura kwemagetsi kwehurumende kwakaumba kunzvera chaikoiko kwemafoni, kutanga “kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika”. Musi ma ] Katz [, kunzvera kunoitika kana (1) munhu akaratidzira kariro chaiyoiyo yakavanzika, uye (2) nzanga yakagadzirira kuziva kuti kariro yacho seyakafanira. Iyi yakava nheyo yokunzvera kuvandika.

Kodzero Dzokuva Woga Munguva Yemadhigirii

Kukwira kweInternet, makombiyuta, uye makombiyuta anoshandiswa pakombiyuta zvakachinja zvikuru mashoko anowanika kuhurumende.

Dzidziso Yechitatu Neganhuriro Dzayo

Kwamakumi amakore, “dzidziso yechitatu” yakabvumira hurumende kupinda mumarekodhi akaitwa namabhizimisi pasina pamutemo, parondedzero yokuti vanhu vanozivisa nokuzvidira mashoko kumativi matatu uye nokudaro vachirasikirwa nekariro ine mufungo yokuva voga. Mu Smith v. Maryland[ [779]), Dare rakati hurumende ingagona kushandisa chinyorwa (chinonyorwa nhamba) pasina pamutemo nemhaka yokuti vanoshandisa runhare vanorangarira ngozi yokuti kambani yerunhare ichabata nhamba idzodzo. Nenzira yakafanana, mu [[FLT:] United States. [[FLT:]] , [FLT] [FFF:3] , [FFL]] , [FFFF:] mabhini] mabhini emabhiridhi akadzivirirwa nemhaka yemashoko ebhankiro.

Zvisinei, kuputika kwemichina kwaparadza dzidziso yechitatu. Mu Carbate v. United States (2017), Dare Gurusa rakaramba kutambanudzira dzidziso yacho kumashoko enzvimbo yesero-sitiki (CSI),. Mutongi mukuru Roberts akanyora kuti “machinjirwo ezvidzidzo zvemazuva ano" akaita kuti chikamu chechitatu chemagetsi chive“ chakakodzera kusvika pazera remitauro.” Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende inofanira kuwana maruramiro okupinda mumazuva manomwe kana kuti eCSLI, ichiziva kuti iyi igove “mafafite windi anopinda muupenyu hwomunhu.”

Matambudziko Anoratidza Kupindana Kwevafambi Neruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Carpbate v. United States (208)

Karpeent sezvinobvira chisarudzo chakatanhamara chakavanzika chamakombiyuta enhambo yazvino uno. FBI yakashandisa mazuva 127 eCSLI yakabva kuna Timothy Carpenter zvinyorwa zveserura kuti zvimuise pedyo nenzvimbo dzekuba. Hurumende yakapikisa kuti zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi zvepatatu (mufambi wemichina) uye nokudaro kwete pasi pezvinodikanwa. Dare rapamusoro harina kubvumirana muchisarudzo cha5-104, richitonga kuti “munhu anochengeta kariro yapamutemo yezvakavanzika muchinyorwa chezviito zvake zvinoshanda sezvakawanwa kupfurikidza neCSLI. Dare rakasimbisa [[FLT] .]

haina kupedza kutonga [[FT:2] .SMT kana Miller[ asi yakamanikidzira kushanda kwavo kukubudisa ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa. Chisarudzo chacho chakava netapuro dziri kure nokuda kwemasvikire emitemo nzvimbo, nematare mazhinji epasipo anoshandisa pfungwa dzaro kumamwe marudzi emashoko enhau ePPS kubva mumotokari kana kuti mamita akaisvonaka.

Riley v. California (2014)

Mu Riley v. California, Dare rapamusoro rakabatana rakataura kuti mapurisa anogona kunzvera zviri mumipimo zveserura yabatwa chiitiko kuti vasungwe pasina pamutemo. Dare rakaziva kuti mafoni azvino uno “maminiputeni” akabata mashoko akawanda omunhu oga, uye kuti kunzvera kwokusawirirana nokudzivisa, uko kunobvumira kuchengetedzwa kwemapurisa, hakusati kuchiruramisa kunzvera kwapa foni. Chirevo chaMasarumbidzo Roberts chakacherekedza kuti“ mashoko akachengetwa pafoni inogona kushandiswa sechombo chokukuvadza musungwa kana kuti kukanganisa kusungwa."

United States v. Jones (202)

Mu United States v. Jones, Dare rakarangarira kana kunamatira dhirakiti reGPS kumotokari ndokuongorora mafambiro aro kwamazuva 28 kuumba kunzvera kweGeneti Amendment. Dare rakasarudza kuti rinodaro, asi panzvimbo duku zvikuru yokukanganisa. Mutongi Sotomator’s Convention, zvisinei, akamutsa mibvunzo yakadzama pamusoro pedzidziso yechitatu nenzvero yemitauro, zvichifananidzira [[FLT:] Carplatent [[FL:]]. Zviimo zvose izvi zvinoumba dziviriro [[FLT:]

Mabasa Okugadzira Zvisarudzo Kupfuura Bumbiro Romutemo

Kunyange zvazvo Fine Amendment ichipa mipimo inobvumira, Congress yakaita mitemo inodzora kuwanika kwemashoko ekombiyuta nekombiyuta. The electronic Communicationss Ancy Act ya1986 nechinhu chayo, Treend Communications Act (SCA), inogadza mipimo yehurumende yokuwana kurukurirano dzemagetsi nezvinyorwa zvedare. Pasi peSCA, hurumende ingada mvumo yezvirimo (semaemail) zvakachengetwa kwemazuva ari pasi pe180, asi zvirimo kana kuti zvisati zviri mubatanidzwa zvingawanikwa kupfurikidza nezvinonzi “paena ” kana kuti dare rine mipimo yakanyorwa zvisinganyanyi kuoma.

ECPA yakatsoropodzwa seyachinyakare, yakagadzirwa Internet isati yava chinhu chikuru kuupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Mapoka mazhinji ezvekunyora, kubatanidza Erectronic Foundation , akada kuti itendere. Muna 2018, Congress yakapfuudza Canfications Overseas Userverseat of Data (CLOUD), Act, iyo yakanyorwa nomuchinjikwa wemikova asi haina kudarika dare repamutemo repamutemo. Zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvakagadza mitemo yazvo yogadziro yemageomerwo, yakadai seMitemo yeFregionyo yeCalifornia (CECPAC), ichida pamutemo yemashoko anoitwa nenhengo dzemagetsi.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Zvazvino Nenhau Dzinoitika

Kunyora Mashoko Akanyorwa uye Kurayira Kusingakundi

Kupedzisa kusvika kumugumo kumashoko okunyora pamitemo seChiratidzo, Whatspi, uye i-Mail zvakaparira kusawirirana pakati pekuwana kwomutemo uri woga. Hurumende yakatowedzera kutaura kuti makambani anofanira kugadzira gadziriro dzokupinda kwapamutemo, kunyange nefaundi. Kunyange zvakadaro, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti musuo wakadaro unganetesa chengeteko yavashandisi vose. Kurwa kwa(2016 neAppleasts) pakuzarura San Bernarno’s flaser iPhone kwakaunza uku kuoma kunotangira pamberi penhau. Apo mhaka yacho yakapedzwa pasina chisarudzo chemuenzaniso, [[FLT:]] kudzosa “kufamba pamusoro perima. kunoramba kusingagadzirirwi.

Mashoko Akasiyana - siyana Nezvinofambisa Makemikari

Sezvo makombiyuta akawanda anoshandisa zvikamu zveminwe, kuziva chiso, uye mashoko anozivikanwa, matare ari kurwisana kana hurumende ichigona kumanikidza munhu kuti avhure chishandiso. Kudzivirira kweFindrever Amendment kungashanda kumashoko okusataura asi kusati kuri kumichina, inorangarirwa kuva mavara omuviri panzvimbo pokupupurira kurukurirano. Mamwe matare anodavira kuti mapurisa anogona kumanikidza munhu kuti apedze runhare neminwe, nepo shoko rokurega richida kuti munhu azvidzivirire.

Kuwedzera kweDzimba Dzemitemo Nekuunganidzwa Kwemashoko Ebulk

Masangano ehurumende anoshandisa nenzira inowedzera maarufabheti emitemo yapamutemo uye kuunganidzwa kwemiunganidzwa yemishumo mizhinji nokuda kwokunzvera. Programu dzeNSA's shoo yeMitar (yakagoverwa naEdward Snowden) yakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti muunganidzwa usina kukodzera unopesana neFreadterment. Freedom Act ye 2015 yakagumisa purogiramu yemitemo yemitemo yemarime mizhinji asi yakabvumira kuunganidzwa kwezvipikirwa pasi peSigino yeSangano yeManevhereji. Dzinza pakati pekuchengetekano yenyika nechiva chakavanzika zvinopfuurira kuedzwa munhau dzakafanana ne [[FLT: 0] United States v. Moal.[FL:] 2020], apo purote yehurumende yaiti yemitengo yaiti kuti kuunganidzwa kwamanyoro anodiwa pasi pe [FTB]

Kunetsa kweSosaiti, Kudzora, uye Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Kusimbisa Mipimo Yemitemo Yokunzvera Nemichina

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakataura nezve “Chikamu chechina cheMwendedzero” yaizoshandisa mupimo mumwe chete wemashoko ose anonzwika, pasinei nokuti anochengetwa munharaunda yacho kana kuti ane patatu. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seUtah neWashington, dzakatogadza mitemo inoda kuti hurumende ikwanise kuwana mashoko emagetsi.

Kuita Kuti Kujeka Kuve Muzvikumbiro Zveruzivo rweHurumende

Makambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvino anobudisa mishumo yenguva dzose yokuratidza pachena nhamba yezvikumbiro zvehurumende yaanogamuchira. Zvisinei, mirayiro isingapiwi inodzivisa makambani kuzivisa vashandisi apo mashoko awo anosvika. Mutemo wakadai seEmail Privacy Act, uyo ungada rugwaro rwekurukurirano dzose dzamakombiyuta dzakachengetwa, dzakatangwa asi dzisina kupfuudzwa. ACLU inopfuurira kutsigira [ nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvikuru nedziviriro dzemakombiyuta.

Ruzivo Rwokuchengetedza Runokurudzira Rwokuva Woga

Kugadzira ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu necherokuzviziva. (jena mashoko) kazhinji kazhinji inonzi “kuzvidzora kupfurikidza negadziriro” kungaderedza uwandu hwemashoko anokurumidza kuwanikwa nezviremera pasina rugwaro. Exter-todenderry-exter, pakugadzirwa kwejekiseni, uye kuderera kwemashoko mienzaniso yematanho ounyanzvi anowirirana nedziviriro dzapamutemo. Makambani akaita seApple abatanidza zvinhu zvakadai sezvakavanzika zvechienzi uye kugadzirwa kwedenderce Siri kuganhurira kuganhurira kuunganidzwa kwemashoko.

Kudzidzisa Vanhu Nezvekodzero Dzevanhu

Vanhu vakawanda havazivi kuti mabasa avo ekombiyuta anogona kuongororwa sei pasina mvumo. Nhimbe dzedzidzo yavose nemapoka akadai se “Ziva Kodzero Dzenyu” [[FLT: 1] dzinobatsira vagari vomunyika kunzwisisa apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungawana mashoko avo uye nzira yokuzvidzivirira nayo. Munguva yokuongorora kwakaoma, kubvumira kworuzivo inyengedzo inowedzera pasina kuziva.

Zvinokurudzirwa Nemitemo Yenguva Yemberi Yakadzikama

Kudzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvakafanira zvokuchengetwa kwomutemo nedziviriro dzakasimba dzechivande kunoda kungwarira kuronga mitemo.

  • Kushandisa ECPA:[[FLT: 1] Congress inofanira kuvandudza Electronic Communings Act kuraira mvumo nokuda kwechinhu chose chirimo, pasinei zvapo nezera, uye ganhurira kusvika kumita pasina tarisiro yedare.
  • Adpt “akakodzera nokuda kwemaidi” mupimo: Vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kubatanidza [ nzvimbo yenzvimbo [ kuitira kuti chikumbiro chehurumende chipi nechipi nokuda kwemashoko emichina anotapukira (profications), utano, biometrics, kana kuti kurukurirano /maches chisakiso chinobvira.
  • Mitauro yemichina inodzivirira: masangano eFederal anofanira kuisa mari mukunzvera nokuvandudza unyanzvi hwokuchengeta ungwaru hwengwariro hunobvumira kunzvera kwapachine nguva mberi pasina muunganidzwa mukuru.
  • Anoita utarisiri hwokuzvimirira: Kugadza mabhodhi ehwirudzuro ehurumende kuti aone kushandiswa kwemichina yokuongorora uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinorayirwa zvinenge zvaitwa.
  • dzivirira kunyorwa kwemashoko enhema: Vagadziri veMitemo vanofanira kudzivisa danidzo dzokunetesa kunyorwa kwamashoko okunyorwa kwamashoko uye panzvimbo pezvo kunzvera miitiro yapamutemo, yakadai semirairo yakachengeteka yedare inojeka, kuti iwanike nenzira yapamutemo.

mhedziso

Kupesana kwezvinodikanwa nekodzero dzekuzvivanza muruzivo rwazvino uno hakusi kutendeuka kwapamutemo kwapamutemo kunowirirana nechinhu chimwe nechimwe, shoko rimwe nerimwe reDare Gurusa, uye kuchinja kuri kwose mumurangariro wavose. Chiteshi cheGaramende cheChina chinosara: hurumende inofanira kururamisa kupinda kwayo muupenyu hwedu hwemunhu oga. Sezvo Dare rapamusoro reU.S. rave richizivikanwa mu Riley, Carpartenter, uye dzimwe nhau, mashoko ezvokushandisa mitauro haafaniri kudzivirirwa zvishoma nemhaka yokuti rakachengetwa mugore kana kuti rakatakurwa muhomwe muho.

Kufambira mberi, mutoro wacho hausi bedzi navatongi navaiti vemitemo asiwo nenyanzvi dzezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu navagari vemowo zvavo.