Sumo kuUnited States Constitution inopfuura zvikuru mavambo etsika. Mashoko akapfupikiswa, etsika dzakavakirwa papasi dzenyika neuzivi hunotungamirira zvinoumba nyika inotonga. Mumashoko makumi mashanu namaviri bedzi, vagadziri vakataura zvinangwa zvikuru izvo vakatanga Bumbiro reMitemo: kuumba mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru, kugadza ruramisiro, kugovera dziviriro yemhuri, kutsigira garikano yose, uye kuchengetedza zvikomborero zvorusununguko. Pakati peidzi vavariro, mashoko “anozivisa nharidzano dzechisaririra cheWelfare” nepfungwa huru yokukura kwomunhu zvinonzwika zvikuru nevavariro yokuronda mufarwa — iyo, nepo isina kududzwa zvakajeka muPregation, yakabatana zvikuru nouzivi hwenhau inoziviswa.

Mashoko Okutanga: Mutongo Wokutonga

Sumo yacho inorava, kuti:

[FLT]]] “Isu vanhu veUnited States, muRwisano kuumba Ungano yakakwana zvikuru, kutanga Ruramisiro, kuvimbisa dziviriro dzomumusha, kugovera dziviriro dzavose, kusimudzira Werfare, uye kudzivirira Zvikomborero zveRusununguko kwatiri timene nePresi redu, kugadza ndokutanga iyi Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States yeAmerica.[1][FLT]

Uyu mutongo mumwe unoita mabasa anoverengeka akakomba. Inosimbisa manyuko echiremera chehurumende — “ Isu Vanhu” — tichitsiva British Hurumende sechirevo. Inoronga zvinangwa zvitanhatu zvakatenderwa kushandiswa kwesimba rehurumende. uye inozivisa gwaro rinogadza “Chostation" — chibvumirano chinobatanidza chinoronga marongedzero neganhuriro zvehurumende. Kusafanana neNdenda yeConfederation, iyo yakavamba nendaza yezvibvumirano, Pregega inosimbisa chiratidzo chakabatana chenyika kubva pakutanga. Mutauro wakaitwa nokunanwa nedare renhau renhau renhau. Dare ramato rakaitwa nokungwarira neGouverneur Morris, uyo anoumba mapywo ose ari maviri kuti afukure uye zvapamutemo. [FLT][FFFFFF]

Zvinoreva “Isu Vanhu”: Uchangamire Hwakakurumbira Sebwe

Chitsama chemashoko chokuzarura, “ Isu vanhu,” sezvinobvira mashoko matatu okuchinja zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica yebumbiro remitemo. Inozivisa kuti kuva pamutemo kwehurumende hakubvi pamaruramiro oumwari, kwete kubva kuumambo hwehurumende, kwete kupfurikidza nemvumo, asi nokubvumira kwavagari vemowo zvavo. Iyi nheyo youchangamire hwakakurumbira yakanga iri kutsauka kukuru kubva kumiitiro yehurumende yeEurope yezana ramakore rechi 18. Vatongi vakanga vapupurira kushatisa simba roumambo risina kudzorwa uye vakanga vakatsunga kuvaka gadziriro umo chiremera chakawanwa kubva kuhurumende inotongwa.

Chitsama chamashoko chakaratidzirawo kuputsika kubva paNhevedzano dzeConfederation, idzo dzakanga dzaita mubatanidzwa wakasununguka wehurumende dzinotonga. Pakuvamba ne “Isu vanhu,” Bumbiro reMitemo rakatanga ukama hwakananga pakati pehurumende yehurumende nevagari vemo vamwe navamwe. Kupfuura kwamaruwa semibatanidzwa. Iyi chinja kwakanga kuchikosha nokuda kwokuita hurumende yechokwadi yenyika yaigona kuita zvinobudirira. Mumazana amakore, “Isu vanhu tave tichikumbirwa munharo dzisingaverengeki pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu, kuvhotera, kuvhotera, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Kuyeuchidza chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinomutsidzirwa nebvumirano navanhu inopfuurira. Chirevoti chedare chikuru chave pamusoro pezvisarudzo pamusoro pounzi, kubva ku [FLD [FK].[5] [185]

Kutsvakwa Kwomufarwa Senharidzano yeBumbiro Romutemo

Kunyange zvazvo chitsama chamashoko “chisingabudi muMufarwa” hachioneki muBumbiro remitemo rimene — chakakurumbira muDeclaration of Independence — mudzimu wacho unopinda musengwa yePregary kusimudzira garikano yavose nerusununguko. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakanyura muruzivo rweNjereso, zvikurukuru mabasa aJohn Locke, uyo akarangarira kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo oupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Thomas Jefferson, anokweva pa “kurongeswa kwomufarwa” nokuda kwe“ kushatanharo” muChirevo, chinosimudzira zadziko yomunhu oga kuzvokwadi yokuzviratidza.

Kutanga kweBumbiro reMitemo kunoita kuti chinangwa ichi chive chinokosha nokuronga mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa kuti vanhu vatsvake mufaro: mubatanidzwa wakasimba zvakakwana kuti udzivirire tyisidziro dzokumwe nokusawirirana kwomukati, gadziriro yokururamisira inodzivirira kodzero dzehurumende inobvumira upenyu hune rugare hwezuva nezuva, uye kuzvidzivirira kwerudzi kunochengetedza kuvapo kworudzi. “Garangwe rehurumende” rave richikosha zvikuru, rakadudzirwa zvikuru kuti ribvumire hurumende yehurumende kuita mitemo inoparira mukana wezvemari, matanho outano hwavose, kukwanisa kuwana dzidzo, uye mambure okuchengetedza magariro evagari vemo — zvose zvinobetsera mano okuronda upenyu hune chinangwa chomufarwa hazvisi chinangwa pamusoro pokuzvifadza asi kubvisa mhinganidzo dzoga uye kugovera mavanogona kutsanangura nokuzvigutsa.

Manyuko Echiedza: Locke, Jefferson, uye Kodzero Dzomuzvarirwo

John Locke’s Treasumo 2 dzeHurumende[FLT:] [1689] dzakataura kuti hurumende iripo kudzivirira maruramiro omusikirwo, uye kuti apo inotadza kuita kudaro, vanhu vane maruramiro okuichinja kana kuti kuibvisa. Vavambi veAmerica vakagamuchira iyi rondedzero yetsika yenzanga yakapararira. Jefferson, mukunyora Gwara rakawedzera “kuronda kwoMufarwa,” ku “kuratidzira chiono chikuru chokubudirira kwomunhu icho chinobatanidza ungwaru, tsika, uye kuzadzika kwomudzimu. Iri shanduro rakanga riri roune: vatendi voga kuti kodzero dzezvinhu zvanga zvichireva mugumo, kwete mugumo umene. Mugumo wechokwadi wehurumende unogonesa vagari vomunyika kurarama vakasununguka, vanobudirira. [FLYPromean]

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kugadzirisa Kutanga Kwenjodzi

Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo ya 1787 yakaungana muPhiladelphia pasi pegore reZvikamu zveConfederation zvakakundikana. Shays’s Regivergion muMassachusetts (1786-1787) yakanga yafumura kusakwanisa kwehurumende yorudzi kuchengeta nhevedzano kana kuti kuita chimwe chinhu kunyongano yezvemari. Mitemo yakanga ichimisa mhinganidzo dzezvokutengeserana, kutsikirira mari isina maturo, uye kufuratira zvibvumirano. Vagadziri vacho vaiziva kuti kuhwirudzurwawo zvakwo kweMitengo yacho kwaisazokwana. Ivo vaida gadziriro itsva yaizoparira hurumende yepakati apo vaichengeta rusununguko.

James Madison, anowanzonzi Baba weBumbiro reMitemo, akasvika pakokorodzano neVirginia Plan, iyo yakaraira hurumende yenyika ine mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mapazu okutonga. Gakava raipfuurira kwemwedzi yakawanda pamusoro pomufananidzo, ukuru hwesimba rehurumende, uye dzikamo pakati penyika huru neduku. Gadziriro yakabuda muiyi donzo rinobatanidza sechibvumirano chingagona kuraira bvumirano yakafara. Governeur Morris, munyori mukuru womutauro wokupedzisira, aizivikanwa nokuda kworurimi rwake uye chitendero chake mumubatanidzwa wakasimba worudzi. Basa rake muKushoorwa kwemitemo yakaitwa risati richizoziviswa segwaro remitemo asi sechibvumirano chomuporofita pakati pavanhu.

Gakava reRetation rakasimbisazve ukoshi hwekuvamba. Anti à Federalists yakanetseka kuti “Isu Vanhu” taizoparadza uchangamire hwehurumende; Federal lists dzakataura kuti kutaura kwacho kwakavamba hurumende yamasimba akaganhurirwa, akaverengwa. Tsitsidzo gumi dzokutanga — Bill of Rights — dzakawedzerwa murutivi kukuderedza izvi kutya, kudzivirira zvakajeka rusununguko rwomunhu pahurumende itsva yehurumende. Pregeagery nokudaro yakava chirevo chokududzira revo neganhuriro zveBumbiro remitemo.

Kududzira Kwemazuva Ano: Kutsvaka Mufaro Mumutemo uye Mumutemo

Nhasi, kurondwa kwomufarwa sechinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo kunozivisa nharaunda dzinoverengeka dzedare reAmerica remitemo neravose. Nepo matare kazhinji kazhinji haarangariri Sunday samanyuko akazvimirira ekodzero (Dare Gurusa rakatonga mu [[FLT: 0]] Jacobson v. Massachusetts[ [1905] kuti Pregegegerive haisati iri mubvumiro wesimba), inoshanda senhungamiro yokududzira gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, kuzvipira ku “kunyora Ganyuko rehurumende rese rehurumende" kwakashandiswa kutsigira zvirongwa zvokushandisa mari yakawanda seSocial Security, Medicarea, uye Afford Carence, pasi peMas Act, pasi peMasimba okubhadhara mutero uye kupeto I Chikamu 8.

Kusunungurwa Kwavagari Vemo Namaruramiro Okuzvipinza Muropa

Kurondwa kwomufarwa kwakabatanidzwawo namaruramiro okuzvitonga kwomunhu oga munhau dzakadai seroorano, kurera, uye kuguma kwechisarudzo choupenyu. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusasa mu Obergefell v. Hodges[ (2011], inoziva kodzero yemitemo yekodzero yeroorano imwe cheteyo yeroorano, inokweverwa zvikuru papfungwa yokuti vanhu vanofanira kuva vakasununguka kuita zvisarudzo zvakavanzika zvinorondedzera kuzivikanwa kwavo nomufaro. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy, anonyora nokuda kwevoruzhinji, akadudza kurondwa kwomufarwa senheyo yenheyo, achidudza kuti “maruramiro echisarudzo chomunhu oga pamusoro peroorano anogamuchirwa. Nomufungo wakasiyana. Nenzira yakafanana, kuzvisarudzira kuzvisarudzira kudzora kwavo vamene ([FLT][2]][3]]], uye kudzorwa upenyu [5]])

Mukana Wezvemari Nekubudirira Kwenyika Yose

Murayiro wePregagery ku “kushandura Nhaka yeMarudzi ose” wave uri hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo yehurumende yezvemari nenzanga. Gadziriro dzeNew Deact dzema1930, dzakaruramiswa sezvinodikanwa kugovera dzikamo yemari nebanza pasina kurondwa kwomufaro kusingabviri voruzhinji vagari vemo. Dare Gurusa reChongedzero reChomakente Claus neTex neCheacleastem muNguvaration yakabvumira Communics kugadza chengetekosheswo yenzanga, inishuwarenzi yezvero, uye maruramiro okupfumisa. Mu Haright v.[FLD1] [197], Dare rakabatanidza zvakajeka chengeteko yeSocial Securety Act kugarikanwo, kutaura kuti gadziriro yehurumende yekare yorudzi yakabetsera kubetsera kubetsera kupedza mamiriro ezvinhu enyika ose.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, gakava pamusoro pezvoutano hwepasi pose, kanganwiro dzavadzidzi, uye mari huru yavose zvose zvinobvumirana nechipikirwa chePregedgey. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti iyi miitiro iri madikanwa kubvisa mhinganidzo — dzakadai sokuparadza chikwereti chezvokurapa kana kuti kushayikwa kwedzidzo — zvinodzivisa vanhu kuwana mufarwa. Vatsoropodzi vanopesana kuti Pregeget haibvumidzi kupindira kwehurumende kusina muganhu, uye kuti kurondwa kwomufarwa kunobatira zvakanakisisa nehurumende yakaganhurirwa uye misika yakasununguka.

Kushandiswa Kwomufaro Pakudzora

Kupfuura dare redare, kurondwa kwomufarwa kwakapesvedzera nzira iyo hurumende dzinoyera nayo fambiro mberi yenzanga. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, vagadziri vemitemo nevezvemari vakatama kupfuura chibereko chikuru chemumba (GDP) sechiratidzo bedzi chebudiriro yenyika. World Happiness Report, Konberg for Economic Copération and Development’s Better Life Index. [[FLct:] World Mushumo weNyika Yose] Mufarwa weguta reSanta Monica’s Wellbia Index wose unoedza kutevera nzira yokusano zvakanaka neyo upfumi hwegamuchidzanwa. Nepo zvisati zviri pamutemo mazviri, izvi zvinoratidzira kuitira itiro hanya yePregitry nereation yeupenyu hwavagari vemo. [[FLT:]

Kuramba Kuchikudzwa Kwemavambo Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Sumo inoramba iri rutivi rwetsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzeAmerica, yakakumbirwa navatungamiriri mumativi ose epfungwa. Mapurezidhendi anowanzonongedzera kuti “Isu vanhu” muhurukuro dzokutanga uye hurumende dzekurukurirano dzesangano kuti tibatanidza nyika muvavariro dzakagoveranwa. Vaiti vanoishandisa kudenha mitemo yavanodavira kuti inoputsa mudzimu weBumbiro remitemo, zvakadai seganhuriro pakodzero dzokuvhotera kana kuti zvirongwa zvokuongorora zvinoshora rusununguko. Muna 2020, Pregatoridge yakava musimboti wenharo pamusoro penzvimbo yemasimba ekurumidziro ehurumende mukati mekubudirira reCOVID. Yakaramba iripo panzvimbo yeGOramya reMirayiro, zvirevo, uye zvinodikanwa zvemishonga zvinotsigira “masangano ehurumende, kana kuti vakapfuura chiremera chehurumende ku“ kuvimbika mumitengo yemhuri ”?

Dzidzo yechikoro yose yenyika inoda kuti vadzidzi vabate nomusoro ndokunzvera Sumo, vachivimbisa kuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinorwisana nerevo yacho. Chitsama chinoti “Union yeAmerica yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakakwana zvikuru” chinobvuma kuti chirongwa choutongi hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji hachisati chichitongopedzwa; muitiro unopfuurira wevandudziko, unoda nhamburiko inopfuurira kurarama mukuwirirana nenheyo dzokuvamba. Ichochi zvikurukuru chinochinja sezvo nyika inonangana nenhau dzekusaenzana kwetsika, ruramisiro yedzinza, uye kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kurondwa kwomufarwa, muchiedza ichi, hakusati kuri chinhu chakarurama asi nharidzano inoraira ngwariro yenguva dzose kusava navagari vose — pasinei nekare — zvirokwazvo ine mukana wokutsvaka kuva nomukwane utano.

Mupedzi: Mufarwa sechipikirwa Chisina Kubviswa cheBumbiro reMitemo

Zvikamu zvitanhatu zvePregegedge zvinodudzwa hazvisi zvinhu zvenhau zvinozivikanwa. Zvinomirira sungano pakati pavanhu nehurumende yavo, chipikirwa chokuti nyika iripo kuti ibatire kubudirira kwavanhu vayo. Nepo mashoko okuti “kuwana Mufarwa” ndeeDeclaration of Independence, mirangariro yayo inoumbwa mutsika dzapamutemo kupfurikidza nemisengwa yeruramisiro, nyaradzo, garikano, garikano, uye rusununguko. Vavambi vainzwisisa kuti mufarwa haugoni kurairwa nomutemo, asi vakadavira kuti hurumende inovaka zvakanaka yaigona kuparira migariro iyo vanhu vamwe navamwe vaigona kuronda nzira dzavo vamene kuti vazadzike.

Mazana maviri amakore gare gare, chipikirwa ichocho chinoramba chiri zvose zviri zviviri kurudziro nedenho. Matare anopfuurira kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo mukupfupikisa kwaro madonzo aro akanyanyisa, dziviriro dzinowedzera nokuda kwokuzvitonga kwomunhu oga nechengeteko yemari. Makambani emitemo anokakavadzana kuti imitemoi inosimudzira zvikurusa garikano yavose. Vagari vemo vanozvidavirira nokuda kwokuti kana ichavagonesa zvirokwazvo kurarama nechiremera, mukana, uye rusununguko. Kutsvaka mufarwa senharidzano inogarwa mumugwagwa hakusati kuchigadziriswa: rudzi rwakavambwa paropa kana kuti nzvimbo, asi pakuzvipira kumwe kukuvakwa kugarisana vanhu varwo. Rudziwo runoitawo revo rerevo yamashoko arwo. Kuronda mufarwa womufaro sechinogaro hachisi donzo rinogara rinopfuurira. Rufudziri rwendo rwuri rutsva rwose runofanira kupfuurira.