Kudzivirirwa kwehurumende idzidziso yapamutemo yakasimbiswa zvikuru mumitemo yeAmerica, yakavakirwa munheyo yokuti hurumende inotonga haigoni kupiwa mhaka pasina kubvumira kwayo. Iyi dzidziso ine revo huru nokuda kwavanhu vanotsvaka kuva nevatambi vehurumende (vakadai samapurisa, varindi vetorongo, kana kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vaigona kunyora kuti vaputse kodzero dzavo dzevagari vemo. Nepo dzidziso yacho ichipa dziviriro dzinotambudza nokuda kwezvinokosha zvehurumende nechisarudzo chehurumende, inoparirawo zvipingamu zvinokosha zvevatongi vanoronda vanoronda kuputsa mutemo. Kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa pakati pekodzero dzehurumende nekodzero dzavagari vemo vomunyika kunokosha kunokosha nokuda kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende.

Mavambo aChangamire weHurumende Haana Kubatana

Mavambo E Amendejimende Yegumi Negumi

Dzidziso yehurumende yokusazvitonga muUnited States inotevedza mavambo ayo epamutemo eGenesi yePrefection yechi115, yakagamuchirwa muna 1795. Kugadziriswa kwakanga kuri mhinduro yakananga kuchisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re1793 mu Cyhoolm v. Georgia[[, apo Dare rakachengeta kuti mugari wemo anogona kuisa hurumende mudare rehurumende. Hurumende dzakakurumidza kudzosera pamutemo kuti iparadze mutongo. Hurumende inopa Hurumende inodzorwa mutongo. Kunyange zvazvo Dare reFilimi-59 rinogovera: “Simba reUnited States harisati richizopfuudzirwa kuwirira kutsika ipi neipi mumutemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nemitemo inodzoserwa. [Foset]

Chinokonzera Kusabatana Kwehurumende

Vatsigiri vezvisakiso zvokuzvitonga vanopikisa kuti inodzivirira pfuma yenyika pakuparadzwa nemhosva dzomunhu oga, inobvumira nyika kugovera pfuma maererano nezvinokosha zvinoiswa pakutanga panzvimbo pezvisarudzo zvedare. Inochengetedzawo chiremera nekodzero zvenyika sevatongi vakaenzana mugadziriro yehurumende. Pasina kudzivirirwa pazvose, hurumende dzingamanikidzwa kudzivirira kukwirirana kudarika mwero, zvichigona kukanganisa mano adzo okutonga. Zvisinei, iyi mhasano inopesana nenheyo inokosha yokuti vanhu vakuvadziko isina kubatana nehurumende inofanirwa negadziriro yehurumende inotonga. Kunyanduka kwapakati pouchangamire hwehurumende nekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinoumba chisakiso chehondo dzazvino uno dzapamutemo dzakawanda dzazvino uno.

Kupindirana Kwakaita Changamire Zvibvumirano Nekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Mhinganidzo Kukubvisa Zvigaro Zvehurumende Zvehurumende Nenzira Yakananga

Apo kodzero dzomunhu dzinoputswa nemutambi wehurumende (somuenzaniso, murwi anoshandisa simba rakawanda mukati mokusungwa) pfungwa ndeyokupa chishandiso chehurumende chinoshandisa mukuru mukuru. Zvisinei, dziviriro yehurumende inowanzoisa sutu dzakananga muhurumende kana kuti masangano ayo mudare rehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange kana mupurisa akaputswa nemitemo, vangasakwanisa kuwanazve kuvadziko dzemari kubva mumari yehurumende kutoti kwaichinjo inoshanda. Iyi ganhuriro kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inomanikidzira vapurisa kudzosera kutaura kwavo kumikwidziridziridziridziridzi kana kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Vakuru vakuru veHurumende Vanorwisana Nehurumende Munzira Dzavo Dzavakuru Vakuru

Musiyano pakati pokukwidza mukuru mukuru wehurumende munzvimbo yazvo yehurumende mukupesana nesimba rayo rapamutemo. Sutu yehurumende isutu inopesana nehurumende iyo imene uye inorambidzwa nedziviriro yesimba. Mukupesana, sutu yedare rimwe nerimwe inovavarira kuva nomukuru mukuru anozvimirira pachayo amene asingaiti pamutemo. Sutudhi dzakadaro hadzidzivisirwi nechiremera nemhaka yokuti mukuru mukuru mukuru, kwete nyika, iboka chairo mufariro. Zvisinei, sutu dzechikatiravharo imwe neimwe kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinotarisana nezvimwe zvimhingamupinyi, zvakadai sedziviriro inokwaniriswa, inodzivirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende pamigaro yavo vamene isati yatangwa nomutemo wapamutemo.. Kuwirirana kwomutemo wapamutemo kwapamutemo uye unokwanisa kuparira kuzvidzivirira kutyisa kukuvadziko inorema.

Basa ra 42 U.S.C. נ 1983

Chikamu cha1941 Chinoumbwa ne 42 U.S.C. . 1983 sorutivi rweChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavagari vemo cha1871 kugovera mushonga wehurumende nokuda kwavanhu vane kodzero dzapamutemo dzinoputswa navanhu vanoita “pasi pomutemo wenyika.” Chikamu cha 1983 hachisisi kugadzira kodzero dzechiduku; chinogovera chisakiso chokusimbisa kodzero dzakatovimbiswa neConstitution nemutemo. Zvikabvira, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakava nemotokari huru muhurumende muna 76 haisvo inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pahurumende pairi yogaro. Ona [[FLT: 0] Jordan[FL:1] v. [FLT:], 440], 3379). Zvisinei, 1983 rinoramba motokari huru nokuda kwehurumende mumugariro wavo uye nokuda kwechipo (mutongi) inodzivirirwa nechitotino. Jordan Jordan anodzo. asi haisi kubvisa dandadziro rimene.

Chinokosha Chinobvumira Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Kupfuurira

Pasinei zvapo nenhoo huru yokuzvidzivirira kwoutongi, kusiiwa kunoverengeka kwakatangwa kunobvumira maruramiro avagari vemo kufambira mberi mukurwisana navatambi vehurumende.

Waiver Yakaitwa Nehurumende

Hurumende ingabvuma nokuzvidira kukwidzwa, nokudaro ichibvisa ganhuriro yayo yokuzvidzivirira pachinhu chimwe. Waiver inogona kuitika kupfurikidza nomutauro wakananga wemitemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nokupinda mumufambiro wokuzvinyima unoratidzira kubvuma. Nyika zhinji dzakaita kuti tort dziite zviito zvokudzivisirwa zvimiro zvakati zvemitemo, kubatanidza kuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo, kudzorwa nokuganhurirwa ganhuriro dzakadai sezvinodikanwa nechepfugadziro. Somuenzaniso, Tort Acts Act inobvumira nyika nokuda kwezviito zvakati zvavashandi vayo, asi raiverriver iri mishoma zvikuru kupfuura mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo. Aff anofanira kusanonzvera mutemo wenyika zvakananga kusarudza kana mutengi. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza, zvinobvumiranwa murutsigiridzo zvikuru murevo, kana kuti zvirevo zvisina kujeka.

Kubviswa Kwechechi Pasi Pechikamu 5 cheMitemo Yechigumi Negumi

Constitution inopa simba rokuita kuti Isimbiso yapamutemo kupfurikidza ne “mutemo wakakodzera” pasi peChikamu 5. Dare Rapamusoro rakati Dare ringadzivisa utongi hwehurumende apo rinoratidzira zvakajeka vavariro yaro yokuita kudaro uye apo mutemo wacho uri kushandiswa kwapamutemo kweChikamu 5 chesimba. Somuenzaniso, mu Fatpatrickl v. Bittrick v. [[FL:1], U.S. 44566], Dare rinotsigira dziviriro yetsika yebasa paProviti yeTit Leactry of the Civil Act. Njourlects. Nomutemosssss (AAA) inobvumwa zvikuru, uye Chipomedzo chemhuri (FMMMM) chakawana rutivi rwakaenzana namarudzi akati [5]

Dzidziso Iduku Yokupedzisira

Chimwe chezvisingatsivi zvikuru kurwisa dziviriro yesimba rinotonga chiBH dzidziso inobvumirwa kutevera [[FLT Young], yakapiwa zita pashure penhau yeDare Gurusa Ex padice Young, 209 U.S. 123. Iyi dzidziso inobvumira vamiriri kurongedzerwa kutsvaka betsero inokarirwa mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwokuputswa kwemitemo. Chirevo chireve ndechokuti mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anoita zvisina murairo anobviswa pamutemo chiremera chake kana kuti chiremera chake uye naizvozvo anokwanisa kupfeka. Mune migariro inotopirwa. [FLT:] Kupfuura rutivi rwechiduku [FFFFF:5], chirevo chirevo chirevo chirego chirego muhurumende mutongo chomutemo kuti arege kudzoredze mutemo unotonga mutemo wacho. Chino hachingodzo hachisi chinoshandiswa mumigariro chisa.

Kushandisa Hurumende Nehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo

Mumwe musiano wakakomba ndewokuti hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 [1888], Dare Gurusa rehurumende rakataura kuti manisiparamende namamwe masangano ehurumende nde “vanhu vanokuda kuwirirana napanei. Hurumende dzeseidzosesasei. Hurumende dzemo dzinovaramwaradzi vemo hadzina kutambanukira kunogara, kana kuti kutadza kudzora chikoro nokuti hadzina kuva nehurumende. Panzvimbo pezvo, hurumende dzoga dzoga dzinogona kubatwa sedzinofanira kukanganisa kodzero yekodzero dzevanhu apo migumisiro yehurumende, tsika, kana kuti miitiro inotorerwa zvisina kufanira. [FLT.2]

Kubudirira Kwedare Rapamusoro Zvikuru Kwazvino Uno

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvinoratidza kuchinja kuri kuita nyika.

Allen Cooper (2020) uye Mashoko Akanyorwa Nemanyoro

Mu Act. Allen v. Cooper, 140 CT. 994 CT (2020), Dare rakarangarira kana Congress yakanga yapiwa maruramiro okusatapurwa kwapamutemo nokuda kwokutyorosa maruramiro okudzivisa kudzorwa kwekodzero dzekodzero dzevatano pasi peRemedia Contificiation Act. Nyika yeNorth Carolina yakanga yashandisa mepu yakagadzirirwa chikepe pasina mvumo. Dare rakarangarira kuti kuputsa kwacho kwakanga kusina basa nemhaka yokuti Congress Congress Comment yakanga isina ufakazi hwakakwana hwegadziriro yakapararira yokururamisa kururamisa Dare rechishanu. Chisarudzodzodzo chisa chireso chemitemo chinofanira kubviswa mu “kuedza nokukwirira. muganhu wetsika. Dare racho rakavara pamusoro pezvinhu zvoungwangwara mano okusa.

Torres v. Madrid (2021) uye Masimba Akanyanyisa

.[FLT] Madrid, 141 S. Ct. 989 (2021), Dare rakakurukura rondedzero ye “kudzorwa” pasi peGrandment yeChina mumashoko esimba rakanyanyisa mukurwisana namapurisa ehurumende. Vakuru vakuru vakapfura mumugwagwa mukati memotokari inomhanya, asi vakatyaira ndokutsvaka betsero yezvokurapa. Dare rakarangarira kuti kushandiswa kweboka resimba romuviri kunoumba kubatwa kunyange kana anonyumwirwa akapukunyuka. Nepo nhau yacho yaibata zvikurukuru nembiri yeGaftermentmentment, inoratidzira kuti sei sututis dzomunhu oga oga pasi penzvimbo inodzoro. Chisarudzo charo chakakwirira. Chisarudzo charo chamakuru nokuda kwekodzero yezvipo chamapurisa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwenhau inopfurwa.[FO][3]

Zvimwe Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha

Dare rakataurawo nezvokusatapurwa kwechako mumashoko akapoteredza epurogiramu dzehurumende. Franse Tax Board yeCalifornia v. Hyatt, 139 S. 1485 (2011), Dare ratonga kuti ribate kuti nyika inochengeta dziviriro dzadzose pasutus dzinovakwa nevanhu vega voga vedzimwe nyika. [[FLT] jahromes , U.S. (2011) G. (8) G. Rwevose, mu [[FL:]] Fignia Office yedziviriro yedziviriro neAdvoctacy.[FLT], U.63], (2011] chibvumirano chedare rinobvumira kuti chiteshiviro chapa.[FFogromess]

Zvirongwa Zvinoshanda Zvemapofu Nezvitapa

Nemhaka yokuoma kwesimba rokudzivisa kukuvadzwa kwechisaririra, varavi vanofanira kusvika maruramiro avagari vemo anotaura mukurwisana navatambi vehurumende nenzira yakakosha. Chokutanga, nguva dzose ona kana mukwiridzirirwi ari sangano rehurumende, mukuru mukuru wehurumende muukuru hwavo hwehurumende, mukuru mukuru mukuru woga woga muukuru hwavo, kana kuti hurumende yomunzvimbomo. Mhinduro yacho inodzora kuti ii chingashanda. Chechipiri, tsvaka kubetsera kunokarirwa kana kunenge kuchibvira kupfurikidza [[FLT:] Kubva] Kubva kwapa rutivi rwechiduku [[FLT]] [[1]]] [ichinjo inodzivisa kukuvadzwa nokuda kwechatapusirwa kwemite. Yechitatu, kana kuti chirango chakafanira, chinorangarira vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende mumabasa avo uye kubvumikisa kuti vaite muruvaradziko. [5]

Maatorney anofanirawo kuziva nezvezvinodikanwa zvokukumbira zvinoshanda mudare rehurumende. Chinyunyuto chinofanira kutaura kutaura nenzira inogamuchirika nokuda kweyamuro uye chinofanira kuisa pachena simba umo mukwirirwi mumwe nomumwe anopomerwa. Kukundikana kurondedzera kunogona kutungamirira kudzingwa. Mukuwedzera, rangarira mutemo weganhuriro (kuwedzera makore matatu eganhuriro) nokuda kwezvirevo, asi wachi ingavamba kutsamira pamugariro wekuvadziko. Pakupedzisira, rangarira bviro yehurumende. Sarudzo yavose haishandi nguva dzose mumatare kutambanuro imwe cheteyo somumatare anoisa muganhu; dzimwe nyika dzine zvirevo zvakasiana kana kuti kududzira kwakasiana. Zvisinei, Dare rapamusoro ramasuti rePremitemplitegotego inorwisana nomutemo kunze kwechibvumirano. [5]

mhedziso

Hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pahurumende inoramba iri mhinganidzo inotyisa nokuda kwavanhu vanotsvaka kugadziridzwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinoitwa navatambi vehurumende. Dzidziso, yakavakirwa muExtemplimendi yechi11 nemazana amakore omutemo wavose, inodzivirira mitengo yehurumende nechisarudzo chehurumende, asi inogonawo kusiya vanyajambwa pasina mushonga. Zvisinei, kubvisa parusando rwechikamu, kugadziriswa, [[FL:] paright] particle [[F]] paright [[FLM] passion] parames, uye mano okukwidzisa mufambiro wehurumende, uye nzira dzinokosha kururamisira. Zvisarudzo zvazvinopfuurerudzwa zvinopfuurira kuchenesa izvi, dzimwe nguva zvinokuwedzera kukura uye kutora nzvimbo yokudzivisa kurwisa. [FF] nokuda kwehurumende inotonga.[5]