Kunzwisisa Kunyanyisa Kuviri Munyaya Yokusazvibata Kwamapurisa Nokupomera Kwakaipa

Nheyo yengozi mbiri inomira seimwe yedziviriro dzekaresa mumutemo wetsotsi weBritain neAmerica, yakavakirwa mupfungwa yokuti hurumende haifaniri kubvumirwa kuroverera munhu mhaka imwe cheteyo yadzokororwazve. Iyi dziviriro inooneka muFind 5 Amendment kuUnited States Constitution, iyo inotaura kuti hakuna munhu acha “va anotapurwa nemhosva imwe cheteyo kuti aitwe kaviri mungozi youpenyu kana kuti makumbo.” Nepo mutemo wacho usingabvumirwi kudzorwa zvakananga muzviitiko zvakawanda zvoutsotsi, kushandiswa kwawo kunojeka zvikuru apo popomero dzemapurisa dzomufambiro usina kururama kana kuti kudenha kwakaipa dzinomuka. Mumigariro iyi, ngozi mbiri yose iri miviri inogona kudzivirira vapomedzeri vasina mhaka vasina mhaka uye, zvinopesana, zvinoparira kuzvidavirira nokuda kwaavo vanobatwa zvisina kufanira pamutemo.

Nyaya ino inoongorora kuwirwa kwenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, kuwirirana kwayo nomufambiro wakashata wamapurisa nokupomerwa mhaka kwakaipa, dzidziso dzapamutemo dzokusabvumirana nemutemo uye dzidziso mbiri dzinopesana dzinogona kukurira dziviriro, uye nhamburiko dzokuchinja dzinopfuurira dzinovavarira kudzivisa kusaruramisira pasina kurega zvibvumikiso zvebumbiro remitemo.

Mavambo Enhau Nemitemo Engozi Kaviri

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haisati iri chinhu chazvino uno. Mavambo azvo anodzokera shure kugadziriro dzemitemo yakare yeRoma nechiGiriki, uye panosvika nguva yomutemo weChirungu wavose, nheyo yacho yakasanosimbiswa. Chirevo debet bis] debet bigri proen eeaeum causa — “hapana munhu anofanira kutsamwiswa kaviri nokuda kwechisakiso chimwe chetecho” — chakava chinhu chikuru cheruramisiro. Mabumbiro eMiteo remitemo akaibatanidza muBill of Rights kudzivirira kukunda hurumende nokudzivisa mirangariro, mari, uye mukurumbira wokudzokororwa kunodzokororwa.

Dare rePremension reChishanu rinodzivirira Reopardy Claus kuhurumende kupfurikidza neKineth Resting Procession Claus, sezvinosimbiswa neDare Gurusa mu Benton v. Maryland[ [1969]. Rinodzivirira vakwirirwi munzira nhatu dzakananga: dziviriro padare rechipiri pashure pokuvanzariswa, dziviriro kubva mukwidziro yechipiri pashure pokupfitwa, uye dziviriro pazvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo.

Zvisinei, mashoko acho haavimbisi kuti munhu aisazobatwa nemhosva zvachose.

Kupindira Kuviri Kwemapurisa Nenyaya Yokusazvibata

Kusazvibata kwamapurisa kunobatanidza mativi akawanda ezviito, kubatanidza simba rakanyanyisa, kunyengera ufakazi, tyisidziro, uye kuparadzwa kwamaune kwezvinhu zvokupa mhaka.

Kupomera Varwi Mhaka Pashure Pokuzvipembedza Kana Kuti Kutonga Kusina Kururama

Kana mukuru mukuru akapomerwa mhaka youtsotsi nokuda kwechiito chomufambiro wakashata — zvakadai sedenho mumashoko akapoteredza esimba rakanyanyisa — uye asina mhaka, Mutongi Mukuru Wechikwata Chomubatanidzwa weReopardy Claus kazhinji kazhinji anodzivisa hurumende kudenha mukuru mukuru iyeyo nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo, kunyange kana ufakazi hutsva hukaoneka gare gare.

Kuva Noukama Nengozi Yakaviri

Nenzira inokosha, ngozi dzinopetwa kaviri dzinoshanda bedzi kumatare. Vanyajambwa vomufambiro wakashata wamapurisa vanogona kuunza kukwirira mhaka kwavagari vemo pasi pa 42 U.S.C. 1983 mukurwisana navakuru vakuru navakuru vakuru, vachitsvaka kuvadziko nokuda kwokuputsa kwemitemo. Uku zviito zvavagari vemo hazvisati zviri utsotsi, naizvozvo havasati vachipinza ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Kunyange kana mukuru mukuru mukuru akasunungurwa mukutonga kwoutsotsi, vatongi vehurumende vanogona kungowanazve kuti mukuru mukuru uyo anopomerwa neanobhadharwa. Mukuwedzera, sututi dzavagari vemo dzinogona kufumura mitoo yokusazvibata uye kutungamirira kuchinjo dzemitemo, zvakadai semiraudzo inogamuchirwa namapato yedare.

Kuganhurirwa Kwokusabatana Kunokwaniriswa

Nepo ngozi yakapetwa kaviri isingadzivisi mishonga yavagari vemo, dzidziso yokudzivirirwa kwehosha kwakakwaniriswa kazhinji kazhinji inodzivirira pamhosva kutoti vakaputsa “mutemo wakagadzwa zvakajeka”. Ikoku kunoparira mhinganidzo yakaparadzana kururamisiro, asi hakubvi pangozi mbiri.Vatsigiri veReformation vanotaura kuti kubatanidzwa kwokudzivisa dziviriro dzinokwaniriswa nedziviriro dzakapetwa kaviri kunosiya vanyajambwa pasina dziviriro apo kusazvibata kusingabvumirwi kusingabvumirwi kusingabvumirwi mupanikiro ine mufungo mumugariro woutsotsi.

Kupomera Zvakaipa: Apo Hurumende Inoronga Innocent

Kupomera zvisina kururama kunobatanidza hurumende inopa mhaka kumunhu asina mhaka, kazhinji kazhinji nemhaka yokuzivikanwa kusina kururama, ufakazi hwokusakarurama, kureurura kwokumanikidzira, kana kuti kupa ufakazi zvakananga kunoitwa namapurisa kana kuti navachuchisi. Apo kurovererwa mhaka kwakaipa kunoguma nokuregeredzwa, njodzi yakapetwa kaviri kazhinji kazhinji inodzivisa hurumende kuongorora munhu asina mhaka iyeyo — kunyange kana, makore gare gare, chibvumikiso chakananga chokusava nemhaka chikabuda.

Chinetso Chokuzvipembedza

Ngatitii munhu anopomerwa zvisina kururama kuponda, kumira muedzo, uye asunungurwa. Makore gare gare, kureurura kunobva kuparidzi chaiye kunzvimbo, pamwe chete noufakazi hweDNA hunosimbisa kuva asina mhaka. Mumutemo weU.S., munhu asina mhaka haagoni kupiwazve, asi chaizvoizvo imhaka [ inoparwa — havagoni kupiwa mhaka zvakare. Chinetso chaicho chinomuka apo hurumende, pamberi po [[FLT:] kutonga, kunoramba kurasha mhaka pasinei zvapo noufakazi hwakasimba hwokusasarura mhaka, kana kuti apo kupwiswa kunowanwa gare gare gare panzvimbo dzezvitendero zvakapikidzwa, njodzi dzinovakwazve kana dandadzirwa kunzi kunzi kupesana kwakaenzana nomutemo wapamutemo.

Zvisipo: Apo Kutongazve Kunobvumirwa

Dare Rapamusoro Rakatsaura njodzi mbiri apo ngozi dzisingadzivisi kutongwazve:

  • Kutonga kunofanira kuratidzirwa: Kana vatongi vasingagoni kusvika chisarudzo (vatongi vapadare rinobetsera vatongi), mutongi angazivisa kutongwa kusina kururama. Kutongwa kunobvumirwa nemhaka yokuti ngozi haitongogumiswi murutongeso rwokupedzisira.
  • Chikumbiro chokudzinga chisati chiri chirevo: Kana mutongi anotonga achivanza pomero dzakavakirwa pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo (g., kudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi) panzvimbo pokuva asina mhaka yechokwadi, varovereri vemhosva vangakwirira uye vangagona kudzokorora mukwiri.
  • [ Kuchinja kwokuberekwa nokudzorerwa kwepomero: Kana kupwiswa kukachinja nemhaka yemhosho yokuedza (kwete kusakwanisa kwoufakazi), hurumende inogona kudzosa mupomerwi.
  • [ dzidziso inopesana: Sezvacherekedzwa, zviremera zvakasiyana (vabati nehurumende) mumwe nomumwe anogona kuranga nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo pasina kuputsa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri.

Somuenzaniso, muchuchisi angaronga nenzira isiriyo kuti adzivise kupomerwa, achichengetedza chisarudzo chokuedza. Kana, kupwiswa kukaitwa nemhaka yokuti mapurisa anenge anyepera, hurumende ingaedzazve kutsanangura nhau yacho — uko kunogona kuva mukana wechipiri kuti munhu asina mhaka abvumikise kuva asina mhaka, asiwo mukana wokumwezve kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Tsika Yokutonga YavaDual: Chisakiso Chinokosha Munhau Dzamapurisa Dzokusazvibata

Dzidziso ine mbiri dzinoti hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende idzo dzokwakasiana, uye imwe neimwe ine simba rokutonga chiito chimwe chetecho pasina kuputsa njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri. Iyoyi yakatangwa mu United States v. Lanza (1922) uye inosimbiswazve mu [[FLT]] . United States [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2010]). Nokuda kwechisipo, iyi dzidziso chishandiso chakaoma: kana hurumende ichiri inounza maruramiro avagari vemo.

Munhau dzakakwirira dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, dzidziso yembiri youtongi yakagonesa Department of Justice kuronda pomero pavakuru vakuru pashure pokunge kutongwa kwehurumende kwaguma nokuwanwa kwemhosva kana kuti kusatongopomerwa. Somuenzaniso, pashure porufu rwaBrenna Taylor, hakuna mhaka dzehurumende dzakasungirwa vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakabatanidzwa. Hurumende yakatongera vakuru vakuru vakuru vanoverengeka nokuda kwokuputsa kodzero dzavagari vemo. Nepo iyi mhaka yehurumende inotarisana nemhinganidzo dzavo vamene dzapamutemo, vanomirira nzira inopfuudza mhinganidzo dzinopa njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri.

Chinjo Nezvikarakadzo Zvokudzikamisa Kuzvidavirira Nedziviriro Yebumbiro remitemo

Nemhaka yokuti njodzi mbiri dzinogona kuvhiringidza nhamburiko dzokururamisa zvitendero zvisina kururama ndokuita kuti mapurisa azvidavirire, chinjo dzakasiyana - siyana dzakakarakadzwa. idzi kubva pakuchinja kwemitemo kusvikira kukududzirwazve kwedare. Imwe nzira ndeyokuwedzera kusiiwa nokuda kwe “ufakazi hutsva nohwakavimbika” hwokusasarura, kuchibvumira kutongwazve pashure pokusunungurwa — asi ikoku kunomutsa itiro hanya huru dzakafanira uye hadzisati dzagamuchirwa zvikuru muU.S.

Kuchinja kune mwero zvikuru kunonangidzira pakuvandudza miitiro yomukati yemapurisa yokuzvidavirira isingakuvadzi ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

  • Chirango nokuparadza: Zviito zvedhipatimendi remukati (kudzosa, kupfura) zvidzori, kwete utsotsi, naizvozvo ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haishandi. Zvisinei, dziviriro dzakasimba dzekubatana dzinowanzodzivisa iyi mishonga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kupa kodzero dzokutonga: Sekwakakurukurwa, sutu dzinopfuura ngozi yakapetwa kaviri chose chose. Kuchinja kukwaniriswa kwokudzivisa kubatwa nehosha kungagona kuita kuti sutu idzi dzive dzinoshanda zvikuru.
  • Mirayiro yakabvumirwa: mirairo yedare reFederal yokuti chinjo dzemitemo mumapato amapurisa dzave dzichishandiswa kukurukura kusazvibata kwegadziriro yetsika pasina kuvimba nokurovererwa mhaka kwapamunhu mumwe nomumwe.
  • Kutarisira kwakazvimirira: Mabhodhi ehwirudzuro echivongoriyo navanochuchisi chaivo vanogona kunzvera kusazvibata ndokurumbidza pomero, kungaderedza ngozi yokurovererwa kwehurumende kwechero kana kuti kusina kukwana.
  • Nhamba yegore: Dzimwe nyika dzakagadza mitemo inobvumira kutongwazve kana ufakazi hutsva hwemhosva hukaitika uye kupiwa mhaka kwapakuvamba kwakasvibiswa nokubiridzira kana kuti kunyengera. Somuenzaniso, Penal Code California Code 761 inobvumira kutonga kutsva kana dare rikawana chisarudzo chacho chakaitwa nemhosho. Zvisinei, kuisa musiyano wakadaro kukuvadziko inosakara mumutemo.

Kutapura Masangano Ane Nyengetero Yakaipa

Mapoka akafanana neInnocence Project akareverera nokuda kwokunzvera DNA yapashure nokuwana ufakazi. Nepo ngozi mbiri dzinodzivirira vanhu vasina mhaka mukutongwazve, chinetso chikuru nokuda kwavanowanirwa mhaka nemhosva ndechekuti vazhinji havatongowanirwi munzvimbo yokutanga — ivo vanowanirwa mhaka uye gare gare vapiwa mhaka. Nokuda kwavanhu ava, njodzi yakapetwa kaviri haishandi: kana kupwiswa kwapakarepo kungapesana, hurumende ingavaita kuti vapindurwe, kunyange zvazvo mukuita chiito utsotsi hwakawanda hunorambwa. zvitendero zvinobvumira kuhwirudzura kwakananga zvitendero zvakavakirwa paufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa zvinovanzwa zvinotongerwa kuva nemhaka yemhosva zvikuru kupfuura chinjo kuti ive njodzi yakapetwa kaviri.

Fundo Yechakaipa Inocherechedzwa Inosimbisa Kutya Kubereka Uye Kutadza Kuzvibata Kwamapurisa

Kunzvera zvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvenyika kunobetsera kujekesa kuti ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri dzinoitika sei mukushandiswa.

Rodney King Case (1992)

Pashure pokurova kwapavhidhiyo kwaRodney King, mapurisa mana eLos Angeles akapomerwa mudare rehurumende yeCalifornia nedenho nesimba rakanyanyisa. Kureururwa kwavo muna 1992 kwakaparira chimurenga cheLos Angeles. Nemhaka yedzidziso yembiri dzoutongi, hurumende yakakwanisa kupomera vaviri vavakuru vakuru mukuputsa kodzero dzaMambo. Kutongwa kwehurumende muna 1993 kwakaguma nemhosva dzavakuru vakuru vaviri, vachikurukura mukamukaha unosiya nyika ichivanzanisa kuzvidavirira.

Mhaka yaMichael Peterson (2003, North Carolina)

Michael Peterson akapiwa mhosva yokuponda mudzimai wake muna 2003, asi akarambwa muna 2011 nemhaka youchapupu hunokosha hwakapa uchapupu hwenhema uye kuti mutikitivha aitungamirira, uyo akazopiwa mhosva yokupomerwa mhosva, akanga aita umboo hwenhema. Hurumende yacho yakamuramba Peterson, asi akasunungurwa muna 2017. Paitongwazve dare racho, Peterson aisazonzi aurayiwezve nemhaka yokuti kutendwa kwokutanga kwakaitwa, haana kusunungurwa; njodzi yakapetwa kaviri haina kudzorwa pashure pokunge atongwa mhosva.

Breonna Taylor (2020)

Pashure porufu rwaBreonna Taylor mukati modenho isina kubhomba, vatongi vakuru vehurumende vakapomera mukuru mukuru mumwe nokuisa mungozi kwoutsinye (nokuda kwebara rakapinda muimba yomuvakidzani), asi hapana pomero dzakachengetwa nokuda kworufu rwaTaylor. Mukuru mukuru wacho akasunungurwa mukutonga kwehurumende. Muna 2022, hurumende yakashurikidzwa vakuru vakuru vakuru vana vehurumende nokuda kwokupunzwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo, chirongwa, uye kudzorwa kwemitengo. Iyi mhaka yehurumende haidzivisirwi nengozi yakapetwa nakaviri nemhaka yokuti inounzwa nomukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende akaparadza mutemo wakasiana - siyana.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Nzira Iyo Mamwe Masangano Emitemo Anobata Nayo Ngozi Dzakaviri Netsika Dzisina Kururama

United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, uye dzimwe hurumende dzakawanda dzinobvuma ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri, asi dzinoverengeka dzakagamuchira kusabvumirana kwemitemo kubvumidza kutongwazve apo ufakazi hutsva nohunogombedzera hunobuda — zvikurukuru nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba dzakadai sokuponda. Somuenzaniso, UK Criminal Justice Act yakabvumira Dare Rokukwirira kuti risaparadze uye nhevedzano kugadziridza muzvimwe zviitiko. Kuchinja uku kwave kwakashandiswa muzviitiko apo ufakazi hwapashure (kazhinji DNA) hwakabvumikisa kuva nemhaka pashure pokuva nemhosva. Zvisinei, kusavapo kwakadaro kunoramba kuri muU.S., apo Kuchinja kweshanu kunodudzirwa zvakasimba.

Munyika dzine mutemo wavagari vemo dzakadai seFrance neGermany, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inheyowo yebumbiro remitemo, asi ukuru hwe “mhosva imwe” hunogona kuva hwakaganhurirwa. Somuenzaniso, muFrance, kuzvidavirira kunogona kuvhurwazve bedzi kana chisarudzo chapakuvamba chakawanwa nemhosho, kwete bedzi nemhaka yokuti ufakazi hutsva hunomuka. Uku kurangarira kwokuenzanisa kuwirirana neruramisiro idenho yenyika yose.

Zvinobatsira Kudzivirira Nezvikepe

Nokuda kwamagweta anodzivirira anomirira vatengi mumhaka dzinobatanidza kunzi kusazvibata kwamapurisa kana kuti kugona kurovererwa mhaka, kunzwisisa ngozi yakapetwa kaviri kunokosha nokuda kwokuita zvisarudzo zvemiitiro. Kurangarira kukuru kunobatanidza:

  • Risipo yedare rehurumende: Kunyange kana mhaka yehurumende ikaguma mukurerutswa, vachuchisi vomubatanidzwa vangaunza pomero. Ikoku kunonyanya kukosha nokuda kwenhau dzetsika dzakakwirira apo DOJ sezvingabvira inopindira.
  • Kushandiswa kwapakarepo kwemitongo: Vatongi vangatsvaka kutongwa kusina kururama apo vanokarira kupomerwa, vachichengeta maruramiro okuedzazve. Magweta okudzivirira anofanira kuva akangwarira pamusoro pokudzivisa kutongwa kusina kururama pasina kubvumira kwomutengi, kutoti kuoneswa kuchibvira.
  • Kudzivirira vatengi vasina mhaka: Kana murevi angova wokupedzisira, zano rokuzvidzivirira rinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti chinyorwa chinoratidzira zvakajeka rutongeso rwomururamisi pamipimo, kwete kurambwa pazvikonzero zvetsika, kusimbisa dziviriro yakapetwa kaviri.
  • Chivil vs. urongwa hweutsotsi: pembedzo yavagari vemo inogona kupfuurira pasinei zvapo nemiuyo youtsotsi. Maattorney anomirira vanyajambwa vomufambiro wakashata anofanira kurangarira zviito zvavagari vemo nokukurumidza, mirau yeganhuriro isati yapera.

Mupedzi: Dzikamo Yakadzikama Pakati Pokuguma Nokuzvidavirira

Ngozi mbiri dzinoramba dziri fandesheni yeruramisiro yamatsotsi eAmerica, ichidzivirira vanhu panetso nengozi zvokudzokororwazve. Bva munhau dzinobatanidza kusazvibata kwamapurisa uye kurovererwa kwakaipa, dziviriro iyoyo dzimwe nguva inogona kudzivirira ane mhaka kana kuti kudzivisa ruramiso yezvikanganiso zvakakomba. Dzidziso yezvourombo huviri inopa basa rakaganhurirwa, ichibvumira kupindira kwehurumende apo kutongwa nehurumende kunokundikana. Kutonga kwehurumende kunogovera nzira imwe yokuzvidavirira, kunyange zvazvo kukwanisa kudzivirira dziviriro kwemhosva nedzimwe ganhuriro zvichipfuurira.

Nhamburiko dzinopfuurira dzechinjo — kubva kuzvikarakadzo zvehurumende zvokugadziridza kudzivirira zvirwere kwakakwaniriswa — dzinotsvaka kuva nedzikamo iri nani. Nepo pasina gadziriro yemitemo inogona kubvisa kusagadzikana pakati pekuguma neruramisiro chose chose, kunzwisiswa kwemisiyano yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri kunosimbisa vatsigiri, vaiti vemitemo, uye vanhu kukurudzira nokuda kwemigumisiro inotenderwa.