Sumo: Zvikamu Zvegadziriro Yezvirongwa Zvematope

Apo nzanga inobuda murwisano huru, gadziriro yamasangano ayo ezvamatongerwe enyika ndeimwe yezvisarudzo zvikurusa zvinovapo zvaichatarisana nazvo. Pakati peizvi zvisarudzo, gadziriro yevhota inobuda segadziriro hurusa yezivikanwo yenzira iyo simba rinoparadzirwa nayo, kuti zvichemo zvinoumbwa sei, uye kana rugare ruchigona kutsungirira. Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinotsiva zvamatongerwe enyika (jenationals) izvo zvinopa mubayiro mukuru kumunhu mumwe kana kuti mubato wazvisarudzo zvizhinjisa. Iyi purogiramu huru inonzvera sei zvipikirwa zvavo zvekudzora kwokusasarura. Bva chinyorwa chavo chenzira chinovhengana zvikuru: zvinogona kubudisa chengeteko asi zvinoparirawo masimba masimba masimba matsva, kana kuti kusekesa kuyanana kumene izvo zvinorehwa kutsigira. Iyi nyaya inonzvera sei nzira huru inotapura munzanga dzezvamatongerwe enyika munzanga, zvinobatanidza mitoo yose iri mibatanidzwa yerugare, inotodzadza kuisa njodzi.

Kutsanangurwa Kwakajeka Kwegadziriro Dzezvikuru Chii?

Gadziriro dzevavhiyi dzakagadzirirwa kushandura vhoti muzvigaro nenzira inoita kuti pave nomuwirirani akajeka. Kusafanana negadziriro dzemipimo ye(PR) inovavarira kuratidza mhatsa yezvinodiwa navavhoti mudare remitemo, miitiro yezvikwata zvinonatsa inonangidzira ngwariro pakuumba hurumende imwe yevoruzhinji. Zvikamu zvakakurumbira zvikurusa zvinosanganisira:

  • Yokutanga-Past-the Post (FTP): Anoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, India, uye Canada. Mubhadhari ane vhoti yakakwirira zvikurusa muruwa rumwe norumwe rwenharaunda runohwina, kunyange kana vakagamuchira zvishoma kupfuura voruzhinji. Iyi tsika inoita mugove wezvikamu zviviri zvepativi uye inokatutsira goverano yechigaro yebato gurusa.
  • . .N. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Alternative Vote (AV) kana kuti Kumhanya-Punomwe-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  • Ringa Vote (BV): inoshandiswa mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji umo vavhoti vane mavhoti akawanda sezvigaro zvokuzadza, asi muvhoti akawandisa anowana chigaro chimwe nechimwe. Iyi tsika inowanzotungamirira kubato rimwe chete kutora zvigaro zvose muruwa, ichikudziridza tapuro huru.

Iyi gadziriro yose inogoverana mufungo wakafanana: inotusa muvhoti mukurusa nokuranga zvikamu zviduku zvikuru navatendi. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatsiga, ikoku kunogona kukurudzira kuva nomwero nokuzvidavirira. Asi mugadziriro dzapashure pebvunzo, umo chivimbo chinowanzova chakaderera uye chinozivikanwa navose kazhinji kazhinji, mativi mamwe chetewo anogona kuva nemiuyo ine ngozi.

Mhaka Yegadziriro Dzezvikuru Mugadziriro Dzepasi Peshure

Vatsigiri vegadziriro dzavakuru vakuru munyika dzisina kusimba vanotaura kuti dzinopa betsero nhatu dzinokosha idzo nzanga dzapashure pekuzivikanwa dzinoda nokukurumidza: kutsunga, kuzvidavirira, uye kuva nyore.

Gadziriro Yakakomba yeHurumende

Hurumende dzinoparwa dzinofanira kukurumidza kuita zvibvumirano zvorugare, kuderedza varwi, kuvakazve masangano, uye kudzorera mabasa makuru. Gadziriro yezvokugara inowedzera bviro yokuti boka rimwe richawana ruzhinji rwezvigaro, kuchigonesa kuti riumbe hurumende pasina kuwirirana kunowedzera. Munzanga umo hurukuro dzemibatanidzwa dzinogona kumira ndokuparira kusawirirana kutsva, ikoku kunogona kuva betsero huru. Somuenzaniso, pashure penjodzi yepashure peKenya, kugamuchirwa kwegadziriro huru yedare rapurezidhendi yakabatanidzwa negadziriro yewirirano yeboka rimwe. Simba repamusoro ringabetsera sei kumisa mhoteredzo yakashatapuko.

Kuzvidavirira Kupfurikidza Nemutoro Weboka Rimwe

Apo boka rimwe rinodzora, vavhoti vanogona kuisa zviri nyore chikwereti kana kuti mhaka nokuda kwemigumisiro. Uku kujeka kunokosha zvikuru mumamiriro ezvinhu apashure pebvumwa apo vagari vemo vane chishuvo chiduku chokuvanza mhaka kunobva kwakabatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Murondedzero, gadziriro huru dzinokwidza mapoka kuti ashingairire panzvimbo huru dzedzinza panzvimbo pekukumbira kwapaduku, nemhaka yokuti vanoda kuwina maruwa munyika yose. Muuyo unogona kuva hurukuro yakabatana zvikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika inonangidzira ngwariro pakuvakwazve kwenyika.

Kurerutsa uye Kuwanika

Masangano akawanda anobva panzvimbo yavose ane mwero yakaderera yokugona kurava nokunyora uye ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakaganhurirwa nemiitiro yedemokrasi. Miitiro yavanamaodha kazhinji kazhinji yakapfava zvikuru kuti vavhoti vanzwisise: iwo anoratidzira mubhadhari mumwe kana kuti mubato, uye mukundi ndiye ane mavhoti mazhinjisa. Uku kuva nyore kunogona kuderedza vhiringidziko, kuderedza ngozi yavarongi vasingagoni kushandisa, uye kuwedzera chivimbo mumuitiro wokuvhotera. Mwedzi mitatu pashure pomugumo wehondo yavagari vemo, muvhoti muSierra Leone muruwa haadikadi kunzwisisa gadziriro dzakatanhamara dzakaoma kunzwisisa kana kuti nzira dzemiitiro.

Ngozi Dzacho: Kuzviparadzanisa, Kubvisa Muropa, uye Masimba Masimba

Pasinei zvapo neiyi betsero dzefungidziro, gadziriro dzavakuru dzine ngozi dzakasanonyorwa idzo dzinokudzwa mumhoteredzo dzapashure pebvunzo. Ngozi huru ndeyokuti idzo dzinomirira nenzira yakarongwa mapoka maduku, kunyange apo mapoka iwayo anoumba rutivi runokosha rwechiverengero chavagari vemo. Ikoku kunogona kusekesa kuva pamutemo kwegadziriro itsva yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kudzokorora zvichemo izvo zvakatungamirira kurwisano munzvimbo yokutanga.

Mukundi Anoshandisa Masimba Ose Nekumhanya

Munzanga umo kurambwa kwedzinza, kworudzidziso, kana kuti kwenharaunda kuri mhosho huru yerwisano, gadziriro yavakurusa inogona kuchinja sarudzo iri yose kuva makwikwi ezero-sum: rimwe boka rinokunda, uye rimwe rinorasikirwa chinhu chiri chose. Apo mapoka anorasikirwa anodavira kuti haana nzira chaiyoiyo yokuwana nayo simba mubhokisi rebhorati, sundo yokudzokera kukurwisa nepfuti. Iyi nzira yakacherekedzwa munyika dzakadai seNigeria (zvikurukuru muma 1960) uye Burundi pashure pehondo yavagari vemo, umo zvisungo zvedzinza zvinovhotera pasi pePPP yakawedzera kuva noruwa.

Kuparidzwa Kwenzvimbo Nenzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Zvinhu uye Matombo

Nhamba dzavagari vemo dzapashure padanho dzinowanzova nemapoka akasiana--shata. Kana boka duku rakanangidzirwa mumaruwa mashomanene, rinogona kuwina maruwa iwayo asi risina pesvedzero kune imwe nzvimbo. Munguva ino, boka roruzhinji ringatora zvimwe zvigaro zvizhinjisa, kunyange kana vazhinji vavatsigiri vakapararira zvishoma. Muuyo wacho isangano remitemo iro rinopa boka ravazhinji napasi perinoruzhinji. Somuenzaniso, mutsika inotemwa nemapoka maviri,[60%] evagari vemo) uye Boka raB (40%) /FPPP ringapa Boka A 80% rezvigaro, kusiya Boka B ne 20% bedzi. Kuparadza ikoko kunogona kunzwa sekudzokororongedzwa, zvikurukuru kana kupera rwisano yehondo kwakajeka.

Kukunda Zvisina Kubudirira uye Kutonga Zvinetso

Kunyange apo gadziriro huru inobudisa hurumende yakatsiga, hurumende iyoyo ingashaiwa maruramiro makuru anodikanwa kudzora nenzira inobudirira. Kana rutivi runokosha rwavagari vemo rusinganzwiki ruchimiririrwa muparamende, vangaramba kuwirirana nemitemo, kubhadhara mitero, kana kuti kugamuchira chiremera chehurumende. Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, vangasarudza kana kuti kuumba masangano akafanana. Gadziriro yezvokudzora nokudaro inopinza mungozi kuparira deko retsigo retsigo rakavakwa panzvimbo yapamberi, iro rinogona kuputsa apo dzvinyiriro inokwira.

Fundo Yenhau 1: Rwanda – Kutsiga Kukuru Nendyiko Dzisina Kuzivikanwa

Chinoitika cheRwanda pashure pokuparadza rudzi kwa1994 chinowanzodudzwa senhau umo gadziriro yavakuru vakuru yakabetsera kukurumidza kuparira zvamatongerwe enyika. Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) yakawina sarudzo dza 2003 nevoruzhinji zvikuru pasi pegadziriro inobatanidza FPTPP nezvigaro zvakachengetwa. Rukundo rwokupedzisira rweRPF rwakaibvumira kuita chinjo dzinokurumidza, kubatanidza mapurogiramu ebudiriro ezvemari, miitiro yezvirongwa zvevatano zvechirume, uye nhano dzeyananiso dzakadai sematare eGacaca. Kubva mumurangariro wehurumende, Rwanda yakawana chengeteko nokukura kunoshamisa neupfumi.

Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti gadziriro yedare rehurumende yakabetsera kudzora kwebato rimwe pandyiko yamakwikwi echokwadi ezvamatongerwe enyika. Mapoka maduku, zvikurukuru nzanga dzakachekererwa munhau nenzanga dzeHutu, dzine mimimiririri yakaganhurirwa muparamende. Kudzorwa kukuru kweRPF kwomutemo wedare rinogadzikisa kwakadzivisawo kupesana uye kwakaderedza nzvimbo yemasangano anoshora. Uku kutsunga kumene kuti zvipikirwa zvemibatanidzwa yezvamatongerwe enyika zvakavapo, muchinoitika chaRwanda uye kuzvidavirira. Vacherekedzi vemarudzi ose vakamutsa itiro pamusoro pekururamisira kwezvakarurama, kunyange sezvo nyika inochengeta mwero yakakwirira yechengeteko yavose. Ikoku kuratidzira kutengeserana kubviswa pakati peteramo nenzvimbo yezvibvumirano zvekuchengeteko.

Fundo Yechakaitika 2: Kenya – Kubva Musimba Resimba Renyika Rinoiswa Panzvimbo Yakakwirira Kuenda Kukuvaka Simba

Kenya inopa muenzaniso wakasiana. Pashure pekusarudza kwa 1989 kwakaitwa mugadziriro yavakuru vakuru yematongerwo enyika.() Chisimba chakamuka apo mutungamiriri anoshora Raila Odinga akapomera kuti muboka raMount Muwai Kibiki akanga aita vhoti. Chisimba, chakatorera vanhu chiuru, chakakuchidzirwa nemirangariro yokuparadza dzinza: vakawanda mukurwisana, kubatanidza nzanga dzeLuo neKalenjin, dzakadavira kuti gadziriro huru yavanhu yakanga yavapfigira zvhozhozhozho nokusingaperi. Njodzi yacho pakupedzisira yakapedzwa kupfurikidza nebvumirano yesimba rakaita kuti pave negadziriro yehurumende inobatana yakabvisa mamiriro enyika akabudirira. Muwa 2010, akagamuchira chirongwa chitsva chakatangwa chesangano rehurumende yakabatanidza kuvhoterana. Chibvumirano chacho chakagadzirirwa kupfurikidza nokudzokororwa kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yavose chakanangidzira kukuvara njodzi huru kukuva nzanga yose.

Fundo Yenhau 3: Nepal – Majoritarialism muNhevedzo yePost-Monarchy

Nepal inochinja kubva pahurumende inotonga kuenda kuRepublic yehurumende pashure pehondo yavagari vemo (196-2006) inogovera mumwe muenzaniso unorayiridza. Bumbiro remitemo ra2007 rakatanga kutora gadziriro yezvigaro zvakavhengana zveConstituent Assembly, inobatanidza FPTPP uye kumira kwapakati. Zvisinei, FPP / iyo yakanga iri yemasangano makuru muchisiko(96-2006) yakapa mari yakawana migove mikuru yezvigaro zveFPTP asi yakakundikana kupfuudza mipfuvurudzo yezvigaro zvizhinjisa. Mumakore akatevera, kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakatevera kwakatevera, nokuchinja kwehurumende. Zvikamu zvikuru zvegadziriro yetsika yetsika yedzinza zvinopfuvura zvikuru zvinogona kubetsera kubvisa mazaremu mazasita epakati pematatu edzinza guru redzinza (Masia, uye mapoka eTru), zvigaro zvigaro zvigaro zvishoma zvezvigaro zvizhinji zvezvigaro zvizhinji zvezvigaro zvizhinji zvezvigaro, zvinodzoro zvakadzoro zvakateswa zvakateswa zvichidzorwa muNepa

Fundo Yenhau 4: Bosnia neHerzegovina – Kukundikana Kwechikuru Chedzinza

Zvichida nhevedzo huru inobva kuBosnia neHerzegovina. Zvisinei, Dayton Relations yakagumisa hondo ya1992-1995 yakatanga gadziriro yakaoma zvikuru yesimba yakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa simba pakati peboka renyika iripo mativi matatu avanhu (Bosniaks, Serbs, uye Croaties). Nhevedzo yegadziriro yevhotera yetsika yetsika yeboka revoruzhinji yeboka revoruzhinji ihombe zvikuru: mitezo yedzinza rimwe nerimwe inogona kuvhotera vamiririri vayo voga voga voga voga voga, uye vanoda kuzivisa kubatana kwavo kwedzinza. Iyi tsika yakavhara mumapoka edzinza, yakashandura nhevedzano zvikuru zvimiro zvedzinza, uye yakadzivisa zvimiro zvamarudzi akawanda. Masangano emarudzi ose akapoto anotenderwa nokuda kwekuvhotera kana kuti kuvaka mamiriro ezvinhu avanhu. Miteverwazve. Mitengo inova inova inoshaniswa zvikuru apo vagarisana neya madzinza.

Kuongorora Kunoenzanisa: Masangano Ane Simba Mukuvakwa Kworugare

Chinoitika chiri pamusoro apa chinosimbisa mutoo unodzokororwazve: miitiro yavanamuzvinashavo inoshanda zvakanakisisa munzanga dzapashure pokunge kwabvumwa kwapashure pekuwana rutivi rumwe rwakawana rukundo rukuru rwehondo uye runogona kutaura nenzira yapamutemo murairo mukuru (somuRwanda), kana kuti umo mapoka edzinza nezvamatongerwe enyika ari akaderera. Munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru, zvisinei, miitiro yokumirira mipimo inowirirana inoita zviri nani mukusimudzira kubatanidzwa nokudzivisa nhevedzano dzokuparadzana namasimba masimba.

Propotigal miitiro yePR yakadai sePR yakavharwa yakashandiswa muSouth Africa pashure porusaruraganda, inovimbisa kuti kunyange mapoka maduku anowana zvigaro zvakatarisana negoverano yavo. Ikoku kunokurudzira hurumende dzakabatana dzakafara dzinomirira nzanga dzakawanda. Kuchinja kwe1994 muSouth African African National Congress( uko kwakawana 62.6% yevhoti(spirill) yakaparira hurumende yeUnity yeNational party neNational Party neInkatha Freedom Party, kuvaka chivimbo uye kuvakwa. Nemhaka, gadziriro huru yaANC ingagona kukupa vanopfuura 80% vezvigaro, vachena navaZuluki vapfumi uye vadzokoroni vadzokoroni.

Gadziriro dzakavhengana, idzo dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvikuru nezvinowirirana, dzinogona kupa nzira yapakati. Somuenzaniso, tsika yeGermany yakagadziridzwa mugadziriro dzapashure pebvunzo dzakadai seLesotho neNew Zealand (kunyange rwisano yeNew Zealand haina kubatanidza hondo yavagari vemo). Iyi gadziriro inobvumira vavhoti kuva nomumiriri womunzvimbomo (mubatanidzwa wedare rinoyera) nepo ichivimbisa kuva nomwero munhamba. Inochengeta betsero dzekuzvidavirira dzechikuru dzechikwiriranwa chehondo chenyika yeNew Zealand apo inova netapuko. Magetsi echiPst-complictate anorangarirwa kuva nemifananidzo yakadaro, kunyange zvazvo kugadzirwa kuchiri kunoramba kuri kwakaoma.

Apo Chiremba Chikuru Chingava Chisarudzo Chakarurama

Pasinei nengozi, pane mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo umo gadziriro yezvokutarisira zvinhu inogona kuva chisarudzo chakanakisisa chinowanika nokuda kwenzanga yapashure pekusununguka:

  • apo rwisano yakaguma nomukundi akajeka wehondo: Kana rimwe boka rikakunda mamwe ndokuraira ruvimbiko rwevoruzhinji vechiverengero chavagari vemo, gadziriro huru inogona kusimbisa rukundo irworwo ndokugovera dzikamo inodikanwa nokuda kwokuvakazve. Rwanda neCambodia muma 1990 mienzaniso.
  • apo nyika inenge iri yakafanana zvikuru: Kana kukamuraniswa kwedzinza, kworudzidziso, kana kuti kwomutauro kusina kudzika, ngozi dzokuparadzana dzakaderera. Zvitsuwa zviduku, zvakafanana zvikuru muPacific (zvakadai seNauru) zvakashandisa miitiro mikuru yebudiriro pashure perwisano.
  • apo tyisidziro huru ichava kudimburwa, kwete kubviswa: Mudzimwe gadziriro dzapashure pebvunzo, mapoka akawanda ane zvombo anogona kutungamirira kuparamende yakakamukana umo pasina hurumende yakatsiga inogona kuumba. Gadziriro huru inogona kukurudzira mapoka maduku kupinda muwirirano huru, kuderedza chiverengero chavatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika nekurukurirano dzakarerutswa.
  • apo tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoda utungamiriri hunosarudza[[FLT: 1]]: Munzanga umo chiremera chavakuru vakuru chinorangarirwa kuva chiri madikanwa nokuda kwokuvaka rudzi (mutoo, pakuvamba pashure peIndia), FPTP yakashandiswa kuvaka hurumende dzakatsiga. Zvisinei, mhatsa huru yeIndia yaida nzvimbo dzomukati dzinongwarira mukati memapoka.

Zvinokosha kuziva kuti kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, kuchengetedza zvigaro zvakachengetedzwa nevanhu vashoma, nhamba yevanhurume, kana kuti zvinzvimbo zvinodiwa zvikuru nokuda kwezvimwe zvisarudzo kunogona kuderedza ngozi dzokuva mukurusa.

Zvinokurudzirwa Vagadziri Vemitemo

Nokuda kwaavo vanobatanidzwa mukugadzira gadziriro dzegadziriro dzezvirongwa zvesangano rapashure pokunge nzanga dzatenderwa, rumbidzo dzinoverengeka dzakavakirwa paufakazi dzinobuda mumabhuku okuenzanisa nenzvero dzezviito:

  1. Conust shoo yerwisano pamberi pokusarudza muitiro: Nzwisisa uzivi, zvigumbu, uye masimba izvo zvakasunda rwisano. Kana rwisano yacho yakanga ine upamhi hwedzinza, gadziriro yakachena yehondo ingabereka kana kuti kuipisa zvikuru mapoka iwayo.
  2. Rangarira gadziriro dzakavhengana kana kuti PR sechisarudzo chapanguva dzose: Masangano ari kunaya kubva murwisano yomukati, kumirira kwakaenzana kunoderedza ngozi yemiuyo yezero-sum. Kunyange kana gadziriro yezvoukuru ikaitwa nokuda kwomukuru mukuru mukuru webasa (umr. sarudzo yapurezidhendi), bazu remitemo rinofanira kushandisa gadziriro yapakati kana yakavhengana kuvimbisa kuva nomufananidzo wakafara.
  3. Kuvaka mumiitiro yesimba [: Masangano ePfter-conclict anogona kubatanidza mativi makuru nehurumende dzinobatanidza mibatanidzwa yapamutemo (sekuNorthern Ireland) kana nechinodikanwa kuti nzvimbo dzekabhati dziparadzirwe zvakaringana pakati pemapoka anogura chikumbaridzo.
  4. .Phasesumo yezvinhu zvikuru[[FLT: 1]: Nyika ingashandisa PR nokuda kwesarudzo mbiri dzokutanga pashure perwisano kuvaka chivimbo, ipapo zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga maruwa ane mitezo imwe kana kuti mamwe mativi makuru sezvo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anodzikamisa uye mapati edzinza anotanga.
  5. Miuyo nehwirudzuro nguva dzose[: Hakuna gadziriro yevhota inoiswa mumatombo. Masangano ePfrest-liniki anofanira kutanga masangano azvimiriri ezvisarudzo ane murairo wokuhwirudzura tapuro yetsika pakubatanidzwa nokutsiga, uye kurumbidza gadziridzo kana kuchidikanwa.

Kunyorerana Mamwe Mashoko uye Kuverengazve

Nokuda kwenzwisiso huru zvikuru yezvokutengeserana kunobatanidzwa, zvinhu zvinotevera zvinogovera nzvero ine udzame:

Mugumisiro: Kudzikamisa Kutsunga Nokusada Kushamwaridzana

Gadziriro dzamasangano anosarudza akaisvonaka hadzina kunaka kana kuti dzakaipa nenzira yomuzvarirwo nokuda kwenzanga dzapashure pekuzvinyima. Simba radzo rinotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza enhau chaiwo, rudzi rwerwisano, ukuru hwemapoka enzanga, uye kuvapo kwamasangano anobatira pamwe. Muzvimwe zviitiko (zvakadai seRwanda) zvakabetsera kubudisa makore gumi orugare nokukura, kunyange zvazvo zvichitsamira pamutengo wekupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mune vamwe (jekafanana neKenya neBosnia) vane kusawirirana kwedzinza, kunonyandura masimba, kana kuti kuvharirwa musimba rinoshatisa.

Chidzidzo chavagadziri vemiitiro yevhota ndechokuti hakuna muuyo mumwe wakaenzana-mubatanidzwa wechigadzikiso. Masangano ePst-conclict anofanira kuyera betsero dzokutonga kwokutsunga mungozi dzokuparadza. Uko kunobvira, mibatanidzwa kana kuti mibatanidzwa inofanira kurangarirwa zvakakomba, nokuti iwo anopa vazhevezheni yedziviriro pamuuyo wose unogona kukurira rwisano. Pakupedzisira, kuedza kunokosha zvikurusa kwegadziriro ipi neipi yevhiyi inosarudzwa mugadziriro yepost - compty hakusiwiti kana ichibudisa hurumende yakasimba, asi kana ichibudisa hurumende iyo mapoka makuru ose anonzwisisa nenzira yakarurama. Pasina pamutemo, pasina muitiro unowirirana.