Ukama pakati pomuvhoti nemiuyo yokusarudza hwave huri nzvimbo inokosha yefundo musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa kuti pesvedzero dzokuchinja dzinogona sei kupa nzwisiso mumuitiro wedemokrase nezvikonzero zvinosunda vagari vemo kutora rutivi muvhoti. Kuumbwa kwevhoti kunoratidza nguva dzose kuti kuumbwa kwevhotarororotahhhwaaa anoramba ari pamusha uye anoramba ari purogiramu yemiitiro yokuchinja zvinhu, anochinja makwikwikwi emarudzi, uye kunyange kusarudza kuti vapi vanowana. Nyaya ino inonzvera muvhotera inotenderwa kupfurikidza nedata ireyi, inoongorora miuyo yayo inodzo inodzorwa pamiuyo yesarudzo, uye zvirongwa izvo zvakabvumidzwa kuwedzera kutora rutivi.

Kurondedzera Mukoto Wacho Nerevo Yawo Yorudzi

Voter reverout inorangarirwa zvikurukuru senhamba yechiverengero chavagari vemo vanotsvaka (VAP) kana kuti ganhuriro inovhota (VEP) inokanda muvhoti murusarudzo rwakapiwa. Nepo kubuda kwakakwirira kuchiwanzochengetwa sechiratidzo choutano hwedemokrase, ukama pakati pemwero inotendeuka nechimiro chakaoma. Kudzoka kunogona kuratidzira kusakendenga kwevhotera, miganhu, kana kuti kubvisa kwapamutemo, asi kunogonawo kuratidzira gutsikano nechimiro. Understaties inoda kubvisa mashoko okushandura kupfurikidza neboka revocration, geveration, gevertion, uye rudzi rwesaru.

Ukoshi hunowanzova hunobva munheyo yokuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika: inzwi romugari mumwe nomumwe rinofanira kuva noukoshi hwakaenzana. Apo kudzoka kunenge kwakaderera uye kusingamirirwi, fariro dzavasiri vorudzi (hwunokombamira kuva vaduku, varombo, uye vakasiana-wirirani). Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumiitiro yavose inotsigira zvisarudzo zvavanhu vakura, vapfumi, uye vachena. Zvidzidzo zvichishandisa manyoro nenzvero dzepashure zvinosimbisa kuti vakuru vakasarudzwa vanopa ngwariro huru zvikuru kuzvinhu zvingava zvinodavikirwa, kuparira chirango chinoshatiridzira kutora rutivi pakati pamapoka akatoiswa pasi.

Zvisakiso Zvemagetsi Zvinochinja

Kutsvakurudza kukuru, kubva mubhuku reWolfinger naRosenstone kusvika pakuedza kwazvino uno, kunoratidza zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira, kuronga, uye zvinokosha zvinoshandiswa nomunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvesangano Nezvepamutemo

Mitemo yevhota yapanyika iri pakati pemiraudzo ine simba zvikurusa. Nyika dzine kunyoresa kusingashandisiwi kana kuti kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe dzinoona kukwirira kukuru kupfuura izvo zvinoda vhiki dzinonyoresa kana kuti mwedzi pamberi poMusi wokuvhota. muUnited States, inotaura kuti kuiswa kwemitemo yeID yevhota kwakakomba kwakacherekedza kuderera, zvikurukuru pakati pevavhotera vashoma kana kuti vakaderera. Zvimwe zvinhu zvesangano zvinobatanidza nguva yesarudzo (zuva revhiki v. v. vhota), uzhinji hwezvisarudzo, uye uwandu hwekuvhotera kwapakuvamba kana kuti kuvhotera. Kutsaurirwa kweposi kwapa . Kutsaumbidzwa kwapamhiko kunobva ku [[Foct:0] Kuwedzera kweDercial neEDalectal Conservation (EF.1] [FFF]] kunoratidza kuti nyika dzinovhota, uye kudzosera kuAustralia, kufanana ne5]

Zvikonzero Zvemagariro Avanhu Nezvemari

Zera nderimwe rezvisarudzo zvakasimba zvikuru uye zvisingachinjiki. Muna 2020 sarudzo yapurezidhendi weU.S., yakadzoka pakati paavo 65 navakuru 76%, ichienzaniswa na51% pakati pa 18-makore 24 ezera, mukuwirirana . .S. Nhevedzo yeBreautaric re Bureau [. Dzidzowo dzinobatanidza zvakasimba nokudzoka: vakapedza kufunda vane mifungo mikana inopfuura iyo isina dhipurojeti yechikoro yakakwirira. Mukuita, rudzi, uye kubatana neiyi mitoo. Blabhurabhu neS yakadzoka yakadzorwa mutsika kuchekerwa kuchena, kunyange zvazvo mukaha wakatete muna 2020 munenge kubatanidzwa nokuwanda.

  • Age: Vavhoti vakura nguva dzose vanobuda pamwero yakakwirira kupfuura vavhoti vaduku.
  • [[FLT: 0] dzidzo: gore rimwe nerimwe rokuwedzera rokudzidza rinowedzera bviro yokuvhota.
  • [[FT:0] Kusvika: Kunowana vanhu vamwe navamwe vakawanda, murutivi nemhaka yepfuma huru zvikuru nebudiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Race/Ethnity: mhinganidzo dzegadziriro nemhesano dzenhau dzinoparira mikaha inopfuurira.

Kubatanidzwa Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokumanikidzwa

Kupfuura nhamba yavagari vemo, fariro yezvamatongerwe enyika imwe neimwe uye kuratidzirwa kunhamburiko dzokuunganidza nhau. Zvirongwa zvinoshandisa onano yakananga (kugogodza mumba, kubhanga runhare, zviyeuchidzo zvorugwaro) zvakaratidzwa kuwedzera namapfundo ezvikamu 1 /87 muzana mukuedza kudzorwa. Masangano enzanga anoitawo basa: apo vavakidzani kana kuti mitezo yemhuri inokumbirwa kuvhota, kuwedzera. Nenzira inopesana, vagari vemo vanorangarira kuti vhoti yavo haisati iri nhio yematuro anozivikanwa se "PUSCTPUS" --kachinokanwanwanwa zvishoma kutora, kunyange kana vakanyoreswa.

Kuwedzera Simba Rokusarudza

Mubvunzo mukuru ndewokuti chinjo mumugariro wokuchinja chaizvoizvo ndiani anokunda. Mifanikiso yeTheoretical inodeya kutaura kuti kana muvhoti mutsva akaunzwa muvhoti ane zvisarudzo zvakasiana kupfuura vavhoti varipo, miuyo inogona kuchinja. Ufakazi hweEmpir hunokarakadza muuyo wacho wakatsamira pamashoko akapoteredza, asi musarudzo yapedyo, kuchinja kwokuvhota kunogona kuva kwechigarire.

Nzvero Dzokusarudza Kupfuura Kwose

Sarudzo dzakakwirira kazhinji kazhinji dzinoparira miuyo inoratidzira murangariro mukuru wavanhu, pane dzimwe nguva dzichida vanoda kufambira mberi kana kuti vanochinja zvinhu.

  • Rusarudzo rwaPrezidenti weU.S.: Turtout yakasvika 61.6% yavagari vemo vanosarurwa, vakakwirira zvikurusa chifo cha 1968. Nhimbe yaBarack Obama yakaitwa zvikuru mukubhamba uye kubvisa vaduku, Black, uye Hispanicvvota, mapoka akamutsigira zvikuru. Analyse na PREW Center Research Center [[] inoratidza kuti dzinza nenhambo yezera revarati renyika inosimutsiviwa kuruboshwe, zvinoparira Obama's 7-gira 100 yorukundo.
  • 2017 Purezidhendi weFrench Ecostation: Turnout akanga ari 77.9% muruvara rwechipiri, rwakakwirira zvikurusa chifo cha 1974. Rukundo rwaEmmanuel Macron paMarine Le Pen rwakayamurwa nokuwedzera kwokutora rutivi pakati pavavhoti vaduku navavanogara mutaundi vakaunganidza kuvhara kurudyi. Kuvhota kwapapo kwakaratidzira kuti nguva yokutanga nevhoterasikwakwakwakwakwakwakwapanguva dzose zvakaputswa zvikuru nokuda kweMacron.
  • 20 Rusarudzo rwaPrezidenti weU.S.: Turtout yakarovanya 66.7% yeVEP. Joseph Biden's akabatanidza mugove mukuru wevhota, zvikurukuru munzvimbo huru dzehondo. Mhedzi inobva MECONT DAYO neSayenzi Lab inoratidza kuti newedzero hurusaidzo dzinovapo pagore /kafanana neGeorgia neArizona-yakadzorwa kubva kuRepublican kuenda kuDramacratic, zvichikarakadza kuti muvhoshonga akakura akanga ari akanaka zvikuru kuBiden.

Kuderedzwa Nemifananidzo Yakavezwa

Sarudzo dzakaderera dzinokombamira kuratidzira zvisarudzo zvavakuru, vachena, uye vavhoti vanochenjedza zvikuru, pamwe chete naavo vane fariro huru yezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumiuyo inosiyanisa nezvisarudzo zvavanhu vose.

Kunzvera Kunoita Zvinhu Zvejeri: Mirangariro Yerenditudial Neyamarudzi Echipiyaniso

Mashoko anobva mumanyuko akawanda anoratidza mitoo inokosha yokunzwisisa utano hwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu uye mugumisiro wekuchinja zvinhu.

Miitiro Yenguva Refu muUnited States

Sarudzo yapurezidhendi weU.S. yakachinja pakati pe 50% na 67% chifo cha 1960, nokuderera kukuru pakati pa1968 na1996, kuteverwa nokunaya kuduku. Midterter yakavamba kubva pa 35% kusvikira ku 50%. Sarudzo 2020 yakaputsa chimiro chezana ramakore chekare chekuderera sechikamu chevhap, yakasundwa nokuvhota tsamba kwakawedzerwa, kuvavarira kukuru mukati memhoteredzo yakapoteredza yenyika, uye kuchinja kwemitengo. Zvisinei, kudzokera mumakore asina kutsarukana kunoramba iri pasi, inosimbisa pfungwa yokuti zvinhu zvakasarudzwa zvinova zvakapararira kupfuura tsika yavose.

Kusawirirana Kwetsika Dzakawanikwa NeDzidziro Dzenzvero

Vachishandisa Current Population Survey (CPS) Voting Evolution, vanzveri vakapupurira misiyano inopfuurira.

  • Vagari vemo vevachena vaiwanika pakati pevagari vemo 71%, vachienzaniswa ne 65% yavagari vemo vechiBlack, 54% yavagari vemo veSpain, uye 59% yavagari vemo veAsia. ( Pashure pokudzora dzidzo nemari, mukaha wedzinza wakatetepa asi hausati uchinyangarika.)
  • Pakati pevaya vaiva nedhigirii repamusoro kana kupfuura paiva ne82 muzana, zvichipesana ne22 muzana yevasina dhipuroma rechikoro chesekondari.
  • Kufamba kwaiita boka revane makore 1824 (51%) kwakanga kuri kuderera kwe25 muzana pane ikoko 65 nekupfuura (76%).

Iyi misiyano inoita nemhaka yokuti zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvaaya mapoka kazhinji kazhinji zvinopesana panhau dzakadai sezvoutano, kushandiswa kwedzidzo, uye garikano yavanhu. mishumo inobva kuUrban Institute inoratidzira kuti muhurumende dzine mikaha mikuru zvikuru, inoita mitemo inoramba ichiva yetsika panhau dzemitero nendyiko yavose.

Kupinda Munyika Dzakawanda Kunoenzaniswa

Nhengo dzemipimo yenyika yose dzinoratidza kuti avhareji yenyika yose inenge 65% musarudzo. Western Europe inowanzoona kuvhota kwakakwirira (75-85%) kupfuura United States, murutivi nemhaka yemiitiro yokubatanidza, kuvhota kwokumanikidzira, uye kuvhota kwokupera kwevhiki. Nyika dzeLatin America dzakafanana neBrazil neUruguay dzinowana 80% + kuonga kunyoreswa kunoitwa nokuvhota kunoitwa nechibharo. Mukupesana, nyika dzechiteshi checommun muEastern Europe kazhinji kazhinji dzinoona kutsaukwa mu 50 /60%, kuratidzira chivimbo chakaderera mumasangano. Chimiro chose chifo cha 1990 chave chiri kuderera kwakagadzwa mudenderedzwa, chinosundwa nokutsiviwa kwechizvarwa (mavhotanho dzechikuru) uye kukura nokusateverwa namasangano ezvematongerwe enyika.

Kungwarira Kuwedzera Mukoto: Kusvika Kwakanangidzirwa Nouchapupu

Mabhuku akasimba musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika nomuitiro womufambiro wavanhu anopa kupindira kwakaedzwa kwokuwedzera bhizimisi, zvikurukuru pakati pamapoka asingapiwi.

Kuchinja Kwakaitika Muchivako

  • Zvinoshanda Masangano anoona kuti AVR anenge akadai seOregon neColorado, anoona mwero yokunyoresa ichikwira ne1010-20% uye wedzero duku asi duku. Kunzvera kunoitwa ne Brenan Center yeChirevo kunoratidzira kuti AVR inoderedzawo muganhu wedzinza mukunyoresa.
  • Kuvhota kwapakuvamba neMail: Kuwedzera kwakakodzera zvikuru nemwero inopedzisa, mukuwirirana nokuiswa kwemipimo yefundo dzeU.S.. zvisinei, muuyo wakasimba zvikurusa nokuda kwokuvhota kwapanhambo nenhambo nedziya dzinotarisana nenguva. Vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti kuvhota kunogonawo kuwedzera njodzi dzechitsotsi zvishoma, kunyange zvazvo zviitiko zvakatsirwa zvisingawanzowaniki.
  • Zuva rokusarudza Kuvhota (EDR): panguva ino] munzvimbo munyika 22 pamwe neD.C., EDR inowedzera ne5-10 muzana musarudzo dzapurezidhendi. Inoshanda zvikurukuru pakati pavavhoti vaduku navanotakurwa vangapotsa ganhuriro dzegamuchidzanwa.
  • .C yomanikidzira: Nepo kuvhota kunomanikidzirwa nefaindi ine mwero (somuAustralia) kunoparira mikaha inopfuura 90% yenzanga yemari mukutora rutivi. Inochinjawo gadziriro dzenhimbe, sezvo mapoka anofanira kufadza vavhoti vose panzvimbo pevanenge vachivhota.

Kupindira Mutsika Nenzanga

  • Drecting and Social Pressure: Nhau hurusa yemwero kupfurikidza nenzvero yaGerber, Green, uye Larimer (2008) yakaratidza kuti kutumira tsamba kunoyeuchidza vagari vemo kuti chinyorwa chavo chokuvhota chinowedzera pachena ne2/5 muzana. Miitiro yedzvinyiriro yenzanga inoshanda asi inopanikirika mutsika apo inoita kuti nyadzi dzive.
  • Community-Basesitis: Kudziya suo napasuo navazvipiri vomunzvimbomo, zvikurukuru apo kunobatanidza kurukurirano pfupi pamusoro peicho nhau dzokuvhota, inokwira ne 4-8 muzana. Muuyo wacho wakasimba zvikuru apo machira anobva kuuwandu kana kuti munharaunda imwe cheteyo.
  • Programu dzeweth-Foccured: Kunyoresa kwapamberi pe 16 na 17 zera ramakore, pamwe chete nehurumende dzezvikoro zvapamusoro idzo dzinobatanidza sarudzo dzetsoropodzo, dzinotanga tsika yokuvhota. Ufakazi kubva Norway neU.S. hunoratidza kuti kuratidzirwa kwokukurumidza kukuvhota kunowedzera musarudzo dzinotevera namapfundo 510 muzana.

Mugumisiro: Kubatanidzwa Kunosarudzwa Nehurumende Kunoruramisira

Simba romuvhoti rinopa miuyo yose iri yose iri mirevo mikuru neinoenzana. Kudzokera kwakakwirira nemimiriri vazhinji hakuvimbisi muuyo upi noupi wakajeka wevatsigiri, asi kunoita kuti kuumbwa kwasanzveri kuratidze zvikuru kuzara kwevagari vemo, uko kunozoita kuti miitiro inovapo iratidzire zvikuru zvinodikanwa zvose zvavanhu. Kudzokera pasi, zvikurukuru apo kunenge kwaiswa mumapoka akati, kushatisa mumitemo uye kunogona kusimbisa kusaenzana kwemisiyano. Kunzvera kwamakumi amakore munyika dzakawanda kuite kuti kuve kwakajeka kuti kugadzirirwa kwesangano uye kukwidzirirwe kugona kuwedzera zvikuru kubatanidzwa. Sezvimo democrase zvinetso zvokuvaratoria, kubvisa chivimbo, kuisa mari muuchapupu hunosimudzwa kuti zvisimudzire mumwe wenzira dzinobudirira zvikuru dzokusimbisa uye kusimbisa mukana wose.