Hurumende yeAustralia inoita basa rinokosha mukutarisira chikwereti chenyika uye kukwereta zvirongwa. Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechokuvimbisa kuti mari yehurumende irambe ichichengeteka ichiri kutsigirwa pakubudirira kwemari nokugadzikana. Kutarisirwa kwechikwereti chavose haisi basa rokudzokera shure; iko ikombi yemitemo inopesvedzera mipimo yefariro, chivimbo chemari, uye simba rehurumende rokuita zvinhu panjodzi. Nokubudisa midziyo yezvikwereti, kuongorora mamiriro emisika, uye kutsigira Reserve Bank of Australia, Kotal inovimbisa kuti Commoneal Becule anogona kutsigira mabasa anokosha, zvinhu zvinokosha, uye mapurogiramu enzanga panguva yakaderera zvikuru. Nyaya inonzvera kuti chikwereti cheAustralia chinoitwa sei nechombo, midziyo inoshandisa mamiriro ezvinhu, kutsigira mamiriro ezvinhu, uye mamiriro ezvinhu mberi.

Kunzwisisa Chikwereti Chevanhu Vose muAustralia

Chikwereti chavose, chinozivikanwawo sechikwereti chehurumende kana kuti chirevo chapamutemo, chinonongedzera kuhwerengedzo yemari inokwereteswa nehurumende yeAustralia kuvakwereti vayo. Ava vakweretesi vanobatanidza vabetseri vedzimba navenyika yose, mari yokuwedzera mari, mabhangi, hurumende dzokumwe, uye mabhangi apakati. Hurumende inokwereta mari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari kumari inobhadharwa nemari inobhadhara mari inopfuura $8 nechikwereti chemari chemari chemari chemari yemari. Chikwereti chavose chakasiana kubva muchikwereti chavanhu chapachivande (dzimba nebhizimisi) uye chikwereti chehurumende. MuAustralia, chikwereti cheCommondeficiverity yeAustralia chinodzoserwa neHofisi yeSalmetagement (AOFM), chiteshi yesangano resangano rezveronze.

Mitengo miviri inozivikanwa zvikurusa yechikwereti chavose zvikwereti zvakakomba nechikwereti chemambure. Chikwereti chikuru chinomirira hwerengedzo yezvikwereti zvose zvakatanhamara zvehurumende, zvakadai sezvisungo nenotsi, pamberi pokubvisa zvinhu zvipi nezvipi zvemari. Chikwereti chetsinga dzemari chinobvisa mari yehurumende. Sezvinoita mari inobhadharwa, mari inoiswa muHendero Yenguva Yemberi, uye chikwereti kumari kuhurumende. Chikwereti chechikwereti chinogovera mufananidzo wakajeka unopfupika wenzvimbo yehurumende nemhaka yokuti inogona kushandiswa kubhadhara mari. Sezvinoita 202425, chikwereti chakakomba cheAustralia chakagadzirwa kuti chive mabhiriyoni $40, nechikwereti mabhiriyoni $980. Mwero iyi inomirira inenge 35% ne20% yeGP, inodzo dzakaderera zvikuru nemitemo yenyika yose (20, United States, United States, 100%) (20%).

Munhau, Australia yakanga isina chikwereti zvikuru mukuvamba kwama 2000 pashure pokushandisa mari yakawanda. Asi Global Financial Crisis (2008-09) nedenda reCHOVID yakamanikidzira mutengo mukuru, mwero yechikwereti inowedzera zvikuru. Mano ehurumende okukwereta pamitanhamari yakaderera mukati meidzi njodzi aisimbisa ukoshi hwenzira dzinodavirwa dzemari dzinotendwa. Nhasi, Sango neAOFM inonangidzira pakuchengeta kusvika kumitero yezvikwereti, kuderedza ndyiko, uye kudzora chikwereti. Chikwereti chinoumbwa zvikuru nezvisungo zvenguva refu zvakatengwa, izvo zvinovhara mitaro yakaderera uye zvinoderedza mwero yemhindu yenguva pfupi.

Mushandi Wezvikwereti weUniversity yeAustralia

Basa rokutarisira zvikwereti muAustralia nderokuzvishandira asi rinotungamirirwa neTreasure. Hofisi yeAustralia yeMarimeedial Management (AOFM) yakagadzwa muna 1999 kuti itarisire chikwereti cheCommonwealth, kutarisirwa kwemari, uye mabasa okutengesa. Chinangwa chikuru cheAOFM ndechokusvitsa mari yehurumende pamutengo wakaderera zvikuru wemari kusvikira kunguva refu, yakabatana nemwero unogamuchirika wengozi. Iyi vavariro inodzorwa mu [[FLT:] commonwealth Inongeride Inongedzerwa Stock Act 1911 [[FL:1]] uye [FLT] .PUPULAUD, na 2013]

Kushanda KwemaafM

AOFM inoita misika yenguva dzose kupfurikidza negadziriro yesangano rinoita zvokusaidzira nokumira. Inopa zvinyorwa zveTreasury Bonds (Matambudziko eMakore 3 kusvikira ku 30), Kota yeMoney Notes (nguva pfupi, kusvikira kugore rimwe), uye Watchhend Bonds (yakabhadharwa kuConsure Price Index). AOFM inotarisirawo mari yehurumende kupfurikidza neExchangement paReserve Bank uye inopinda mukutenga zvibvumirano zvokutengazve. Komhezi ine chikwata chiduku, chakatanhamara chavatengesi navaongorori vanotarisira mari munyika yose, puro yezvikarakadzo, mutengo, uye kukumbira.

Hurumende nemhaka yokuti inokwereta mari yakawanda muAustralian (AUD), pane ngozi shoma. Ngozi yemhindu inodzorwa nokubudisa mari yakawanda yezvikwereti zvinotevedzana nemhindu. Iyi inoita kuti chikwereti chose chive chakakura panguva imwe chete. Hurumende inoshandisawo mwero wemubereko mukuchinja kwamamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa kugadziridza nguva yezvikwereti zvinoshanda.

Kubatanidzwa Nemitemo Yezvemari

Dare reMari reAFM rinoshanda pamwe chete neDhipatimendi reMari neReserve Bank yeAustralia. Mari yegore negore inoronga nzira yehurumende yokukwereta nayo, kubatanidza kukumbira kwakarongwa. AOFM ipapo inoita purogiramu yechikwereti chacho inowirirana nechinodikanwa ichocho, kukurukura zvirongwa zvayo zvokutengesa nokushandisa zvikamu zvina zviduku zvegore. Kujeka inheyo inokosha: AOFM inobudisa mishumo ine udzame pamusoro pokushanda kwayo, kunyora chikwereti, uye michina yemichina inoisa mungozi. Uku kujekachadenga kunotsigira kuvimba nokuchengetedzwa kwemicheto uye kubetsera kukumbira mari kuderedza mutengo.

Kukwereta Zvinhu Zvinokosha

Hurumende yeAustralia inoshandisa zvishandiso zvakasiyana - siyana zvezvikwereti kuti ikwanise kubhadhara zvinodiwa nemushandisi wemari uye kubhadhara mari.

Zvisungo Zvemari

Zvibvumirano zveTreasurence ndizvo chishandiswa chikuru chokukwereta nhambo refu. Zvisakiso zvakatsiga zvinoda kuitirwa hanya zvikuru nezvisakafanira zvinovambira pa 3 kusvikira ku30. Vatengi vanogamuchira mari yemapepa anenge apera kaviri, uye mukuru mukuru anobhadharwa pakukura. Konwo inotengeswa paAustralian Securities Exchange (ASX) uye pamusika wenyika inochengeterwa zvinhu. Vane mvura yakawanda zvikuru uye vanochengetwa nemari yemari yomumba, mabhangi, makambani einishuwarenzi, uye varonzeri dzedzimwe nyika. AOFDM inoisa chisungo chebhenji yebhenji yebasa renhau huru imwe neimwe (g. 3, makore 10-gore, makore 20-20), izvo zvinobetsera kubudisa mari yemari yemari yomumbavakidzani.

Mashoko Ezvemari

Tcherekedzo dzeT - Notes (T-Notes) zvishandiso zvechikwereti zvenguva pfupi nezvisingakwaniswi kusvika kugore rimwe. Zvinotengeswa pamutengo kuti zvitarisirwe ndokusabhadhara kopani; kudzoka kwomutengi musiyano pakati pomutengo wokutenga nomutengo woukuru. T-Notes dzinoshandiswa kudzora kuyerera kwemari kwechinguvana yemari inodzorwa neapo kunenge kuri kuderera kupfuura zvinokarirwa mumwedzi wakapiwa.

Zvisungo Zvenguva Yakare

Konhevedzano dzeCodence (dzinonziwo zvisungo zvedzimbahwe) dzinoita kuti mibhadharo yadzo mikuru igadziriswe nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengo yakavakirwa paConsumer Price Index. Zvisungo izvi zvinodzivirira vatengi pakuderera kwemitengo uye chikumbiro chemari yemari yomudyandigere uye vatengi venhambo refu vane mibayiro inopfuudza kukwira kwemitengo. Australia yakanga iri muberekera wezvisungo zvedare, uye inoramba iri rutivi runokosha rwechikwereti. Nhau dzeAOFM dzinoiswa nechengedzero nedzezvo zvamabhiitikiro 5, 10, uye 20 makore. Kuderera kwemari kunoparira ruzhenetso rwomuzvarirwo nokuda kwehurumende: apo kukwira kwemitengo, kunowedzera zvikuru, uye kuchiita kuti zvikwereti zvinochengeterwa zvapamutemo zvive zviri mumutsa mumutsarati nokukwira kwemitengo.

Zvimwe Zviridzwa

AOFM inoshandisawo kukwereta mari muReserve Bank, uye panhambo nenhambo chikwereti chemari yokunze chikwereti chemari yokunze (naizvozvo inoita kudaro zvishoma kudzivisa kuwedzera ngozi yemari. Muna 2020, mukati mechibvumirano cheCHOVID-19, hurumende yakabudisa chikwereti chenguva pfupi pasi peHurumende yeAustralia Confictive Conficial Conficial Insenced shoboty kutsigira mari inobhangirwa, asi ichi chakanga chisiri chishandiso chenguva dzose chokukwereta. Pakupedzisira, Dare ringashandisa [[[FLT:]] kukwereta] () (inga) kukwereta) kukwereta kana kuti ikwerete chikwereti, izvo zvinobetsera kushanda zvakanaka kwechinguvana chibvumirano chemari.

Kuchengetedza Zvikwereti Nemitemo Yemari

Kuchengeteka kwechikwereti iitiro hanya huru nokuda kweTreasury. Mwero wechikwereti unorangarirwa kuva unotsigirwa kana hurumende ichigona kusvitsa misengwa yayo yazvino uno neyenguva yemberi isina mipimo yechienzi, yakadai semari isingazivikanwi kana kuti yakanyanyowandisa. Treasurer inonzvera zviratidzo zvinoverengeka zvokuwana kutsigirwa, kubatanidza reshiyo yechikwereti cheGDP, avhareji yokukura kwechikwereti, mugove wechikwereti chevasiri vapanguva dzose, uye mukaha wemari (musiyano pakati pemari inogadzirwa nemari uye kupedza nguva refu).

Gadziriro dzeAustralia dzinobatanidza zvinangwa zvenhambo dzakati: kuwana mari yakawedzerwa munhambo yemari, kuchengeta mitero segoverano yeGDP pasi pemwero wakati, uye dzikamisa chikwereti chemambure segoverano yeGDP. Chifo cha2010, hurumende dzinotevedzana dzakapa ku [FLT:] pamutemo wekuchengeteka [[ zvinoda kudzokera kumuraudzo kana migariro yemari ichibvumidza. 202425 yechikwereti cheVhiti yakagadzirwa kuti chikwirire pa 21% yeGDP muna 202526 uye ipapo inoderera zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo bhajeti inofambira kukukura kwomugariro wemari.

Kuenzanisa Kwakaitwa Munyika Dzakawanda

Nhamba yechikwereti chezvikwereti zviduku zveAustralia zvinoenzaniswa nezvemari yakakwirira. Maererano neInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), chikwereti chezvikwereti zvemari chakaderera zvikuru cheAustralia mu2023. Chikwereti chemari yemari inopfuudzwa, chakaparira mari yemitero inotengwa pakubudirira kwemari, uye chirongwa chakasimba chemari yemari. Zvisinei, kune dzvinyiriro dzezvirongwa: vakwegura, mari inokwira yezvoutano, uye kuchinja kwemitengo kuchawedzera kutsaurirwa kwemari mumakumi emakore anouya. Zvirongwa zvemari yeIntellivetic real Reports yeIntenations, 2023) hurumende inobhadhara sechikamu cheGDP ichakwira nezvikamu 3 panosvika 206, zvikurukuru kurapwa nokuderera kweutano. Kana zvichiitikawo chikwereti chemari kana kuti zvinenge zvichitengwa neya zvakawedzerwa.

Ngozi Dzokuchengetedza

Treasurer inozivisa ngozi dzinoverengeka kukuchengetwa kwechikwereti:

  • Mwero wengozi zvikurusa: Kukwira kwemwero yemhindu yenyika yose kunowedzera ndyiko yokukwereta kutsva nokudzokororwazve. Chikwereti cheAustralia chinosanogadzwa zvikurusa, naizvozvo tapuro yapakarepo yakaganhurirwa, asi kukwirira pazvisungo zvokukura pamwero yakakwirira zvikuru kunowedzera mibereko yemubereko yomunguva yemberi.
  • [ Ngozi yokudzosa: Kana chikamu chikuru chechikwereti chikakura panguva imwe cheteyo, hurumende ingafanira kukwereta pamwero usingashaikwi. AOFM inokunda iyoyi nevatano inokatyamadza uye inoramba ichikura nenzira dzakasiyana - siyana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuderera kwemari: Kuderera kwemari yemitero kungaderedza mari yemitero ndokuwedzera kudzikamiswa kwemari inongoerekana yashandiswa (mutoo, betsero dzourovha), kungava kunoparira ndyiko nechikwereti chikuru. Treasurence inochengeta chiteshi chenzvimbo yokudavidza kukuvadziko.
  • Tsunga dzakati: Hurumende inovimbisa zvikwereti zvakati zvehurumende dzehurumende (kupfurikidza neHurumende yeAustralia Insigiramu dzekukwereta hurumende) uye inogovera inishuwarenzi yokuisa. Kundikano huru yebhangi ingagona kunyandura izvi zvibvumikiso, kuwedzera chikwereti chavose.

Kuderedza idzi ngozi, AOFM inoisa mutsara wezvipfuro nokuda kweavhareji kusvikira kuukuru hwechikwereti (zvino chiri pakati pemakore 6 kusvikira ku 7) uye inochengeta chisaririra chemvura. Hurumende inoshandisawo [ Chiteshi cheProfection Fund[] $8] mari yakatanhamara yakagadzirirwa kufukidza chikwereti chenzvimbo yavose chapanzvimbo inopfumbanurwa zvikuru yepedzisa (inoderedza chikwereti cheneta munhambo refu.

Matambudziko Nemaonero Achaitwa Nguva Yemberi

Hurumende yeAustralia inotarisana nedenho dzinoverengeka mukutarisira zvikwereti zvavose uye kukwereta zvirongwa zvokubhadhara zvinhu mumakore ari kuuya. Chokutanga, mwero wezvibereko munyika yose wachinja. Pashure pemakore gumi emwero wezvibereko zviri pasi, mabhangi apakati kupota nyika yose. Kubatanidza Reserve Bank yeAustralia (yakakwidza mwero yokurwisa kukwira kwemitengo). Mwero wakakwirira wemari yokukwereta itsva uye pakupedzisira ichakwira kusvika kundyiko yezvikwereti zvavanhu vose. Kubvira pa2024, mari yemhindu yemubereko yeAustralia inorongwa kuti ikwire kusvika mabhiriyoni $22222,28,2,2.

Chechipiri, kuchinja kwenhamba yevagari vemo kuchamanikidza kuronga mari. Chitsama chevagari veAustralia vane makore 65 zvichipfuura chakarongwa kukwira kubva pa16% muna 2023 kusvika ku22% pa2063, kuwedzera kudhura mari yepanhendo pamakore, kutarisirwa kwoutano, uye kutarisirwa kwevakwegura.

Chechitatu, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunotanga njodzi dzose dziri mbiri dzomuviri nedzokuchinja. Hurumende ichafanira kuisa mari mukuchinja (muremuchikamu chezvidzitiro zvemvura, dziviriro dzinonaya mvura, kugadziridza tsvina) uye mukuchinja kumari yecarbon yakaderera (musamu, inomutsidzira magetsi, mari yemotokari). Iyi mari yokutenga mari inogona kuwedzera kukwereta munguva pfupi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kungagona kuderedza kukura kwenguva refu kwemari, zvichiita kuti chikwereti chive chakaoma zvikuru kushandira.

Chechina, kusagadzikana kwezveupfumi hwenyika yose kunoramba kuri kukuru. Kukakavadzana kwezvemabhizimisi, kudimburana kwezvokutengeserana, uye kuvhiringidzika kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zvingagona kutungamirira kumisika yezvemari isingachachinji. AOFM inofanira kuramba ichiita nokukurumidza, yakagadzirira kugadziridza mavhoriyamu ezvibvumirano zvakavakirwa pamiganhu yemisika. Dambudziko reCHOVID rakaratidza kukosha kwokuva nehofisi yokutarisira zvikwereti zvinodavirwa zvinogona kukurumidza kukwereta apo kunenge kuchidikanwa. Gadziro yokutarisira chikwereti yeAustralia yakarumbidzwa namasangano enyika ose nokuda kwokujeka nokubudirira kwayo uye kubudirira mukati mechisarira.

Kuvandudza Mukutarisirwa Kwechikwereti

AOFM iri kunzvera miitiro yokuvandudza kuvandudzika kwounyanzvi nokuwana mari. Muna 2022, yakatanga Green Bond purogiramu, kubudisa zvisungo zvegirini zvakazvimirira kuti zvitsigire zvirongwa zvezvakatipoteredza. Chisungo chokutanga chegirini chakakwidza mabhiriyoni 7 e $57 uye chakanyanyoiswa pasi, kuratidzira kudikanwa kukuru kwezvikwereti zvezvishandiso zvinochengetwa. AOFM inoshandisawo zvikamu zvemichina yemagetsi yokutengesa uye yavamba kubudisa chikwereti kupfurikidza nenzvimbo yakamira kuti itsigire bhizimisi renguva dzose.

Basa Rezvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Pakugadzira Madhigirii

Treasureri yakaisa maturusi emichina nokuda kwokutarisirwa kwechikwereti, kubatanidza AFLM’S Statistics Frashboard , inobvumira voruzhinji navezvokuisa mari kuti vaongorore chikwereti munguva chaiyoiyo. Uku kusimbisa kuzvidavirira uye kubatsira vatengesi kuita zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa. AOFM inotorawo rutivi mumarudzi ose nokuda kwea. Yakaita seInternational Monetary Fund program yezvikwereti yemiitiro yakanakisisa.

mhedziso

Kutarisirwa kweNzvimbo yeZvikwereti zvavose uye kuronga kukwereta iko kunokosha pakusimba kwemari. Kupfurikidza neAOFM, hurumende inopa mhatsa yakasiana- siyana yezviridzwa ne(Treasury Bonds, Moneral Notes, Findence Bonds, uye Green Bonds (kubhadharisa mibato yayo pamutengo wakaderera zvikurusa unobvira apo inochengeta chikwereti chinotsigiwa. Gadziriro inovakwa paufakazi hwezviito zvemari zvinotsigikairwa. Kupfurikidza neAFOFM, inopa mikana yengozi, uye tsinhirano yemipimo yemari inodzo inovakwa nechengedzwa yemari inosvika kuvana. Zvinetsoro zvamakero zvamakerongwe kuti hurumende igogona kusvitsa misero nemibato yayo yemari inopfumbano yokubudirira nokuda kwezvipfumisa zvemari.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nongedzera ku Australian Office of Financial Management yenzvimbo yapamutemo yeMarime, Samarian Dhapatimed Translate [, uye [[FLT]] Bheki reFOLT yeAustralia [ nokuda kwemitengo yemari. Hurumende yemari yemari [[FLT:]] 2023] Mishumo yemibereko [ inogovera udzame yemifungo yemifungo.