Electoral College inowanzooneka sechisaririra chakaoma che 18 chenhamba yezvamatongerwe enyika yokuita purojeta, bva mabasa ayo anodzorwa zvakasimba negadziriro yemitemo yebumbiro remitemo yeUnited States, mirau yehurumende, uye mitemo yehurumende. Nepo vhoti yakakurumbira ichisarudza mukundi munyika dzakawanda, purezidhendi pakupedzisira anosarudzwa navasaruri 538. Kunzwisisa hwaro hwepamutemo hwetsika ino — kubva pamavambo ayo emitemo kusvikira kumitemo yeDare gurusa razvino uno — kunokosha mukunzwisisa kushanda kwehurumende yeAmerica yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye chikonzero nei nhamburiko dzinokosha dzokuvandudza dzichitarisana nemhinganidzo dzinokosha.

Mavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo Rekoreji reElectoral

Purogiramu yevagadziri: Chikamu II, Chikamu 1

Purani yeElectoral College inowanwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., chakasimbiswa muna 1788. Chikamu ichi chinosimbisa simba rehukuru muMutungamiriri wehurumende uye chinorondedzera mutoo wokusarudza. Panzvimbo pevhota yakakurumbira kana kuti chisarudzo chakaitwa neCongress, vaFramers vakaumba boka revasarudzi. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chehurumende chakapiwa chiremera chokugadza vavhoti "Munner seLegislature yazvo chingaruramisa," chitsama chikuru chinobvumira kudzora kukuru pamusoro pomuitiro wacho.

Nhamba yavavhoti pahurumende yakarongwa yakaenzana nechiverengero chose chaSenators naVamiririri vane nyika muCongress. Ichi chivako chakanga chiri muuyo wakananga wokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kweConnecticut, kubatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu akaenzana muDare nemifananidzo yakavakirwa pavagari vemo muImba. Gadziriro yapakuvamba yakanga ine vavhoti vavhotera vaviri; muvhoti navavhoti vazhinjisa vakava Purezidhendi, uye mumhanyi-a akava Mutungamiriri. Iyi gadziriro yakanga ichiitirwa kusarudza vanhu vakakwaniriswa zvikurusa pasina kuvimba norutongeso rwavose rwakananga, kuratidzirwa kwokusava nehanya nedemocracy.

Vana Vatatu Vane Chitatu Vanobvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira uye Simba Ravarwi

Rutivi rwakakomba rwamavambo apamutemo eElectoral College imharano yarwo neNhevedzo yeVatatu yeFiths. Pasi peChikamu I, Chikamu 2, kumirira muImba — uye naizvozvo chiverengero chamavhoti akasarudzwa — chakasarudzirwa kupfurikidza nokuverenga vanhu vose vakasununguka na "Nhatu dzevamwe Vanhu vose," zvinoreva vanhu vakapinzwa muuranda. Iyi gadziriro yakakudziridza zvikuru simba rakasarudzwa rezvibvumirano zvouranda muSouth, ichivapa zvinenge 40% zvamavhotanti evota kupfuura zvavangadai vakava vakavakirwa pavagari vemo vakasununguka. Iyi gadziriro yapamutemo yakaumba zvakananga miuyo yokusarudza kwapakuvamba kwehurumende uye inoramba iri rutivi runokosha rwetsika yetsika.

Kuvandudza Tsika: Kuchinja Kwechi12

Kumuka kwamabato ezvamatongerwe enyika mu1790 kwakafumura chikanganiso chakakomba mutsika yapakuvamba. Musarudzo ya1800, Thomas Jefferson nomukwanyina wake anomhanya Aaron Burr vakagamuchira chiverengero chimwe chetecho chavhoti dzavavhoti vevongi, vachikandira sarudzo muImba yeVamiririri. Iyi njodzi yakatungamirira kuPendekosti yechi12, yabvumwa muna 1804. Kugadziridzwa kwakachinja zvikurukuru muitiro kupfurikidza nokuda vavhoti vhoti kuti vasarutsi varo vaparadzane vaPurente naMutungamiriri weSakandi. Ikoku kwakaparadzanisa mahofisi maviri ndokudzivisa tati yemitemo ye1800 kubva pakudzokorokororwa. Chechi ye12 yapamutemo inoramba iri rugwaro rwapanyuko rwamavhoti inodzora kuvavhoti vehurumende vazvino unosarudzwa.

Chigadzirwa Chomutemo Chokusarudza

Chiremera Chehurumende Muchikamu II

Chitsama chemashoko "Hurumende imwe neimwe ichagadza, muManner seLegislature yaro ingananga" sezvinobvira inhume dzapamutemo dzinokosha zvikurusa mumuitiro wevhota. Pakuvamba, hurumende dzakaedza mitoo yakasiana---phasiana: dzimwe zviremera zvehurumende zvakasarudza nenzira yakananga, nepo dzimwe dzakava namavhoti akakurumbira eruwa. Panosvika makore 1830, gadziriro yehurumende yakakwirira zvikuru "general tikiti" — kukunda-vose — yakava tsika, sezvainowedzera pesvedzero yehurumende musarudzo. Mitoo iyo inotaura kuti inoita basa iri rapamutemo ichiri inosiana zvikuru nhasi. Muhurumende zhinjisa, mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anochengeta vatengi kana kuti vavhotera apo vanosarudza mutengi anodiwa. Ipapo muwinwi anowana anowana anowana pasina kugamuchirwa neboka rimene. Miteveri vatongi vatsvene vakasarudzwa vakavimbika havasati.

Muwine Tora ose v. Mamitengwa oruwa

Nhasi, 48 zvezvematongerwe enyika ne District yeColumbia zvinoshandisa mutoo wose. Maine naNebraska vapfumi zvikuru, vanoshandisa nzira yeruwa. Muidzi nyika, vavhoti vaviri vanopiwa muwinwi anogamuchirwa navose, uye muvhoti mumwe anopiwa kuhwina nharaunda imwe neimwe. Kuchinja kwapamutemo uku kunoratidzira kuchinjika kwakachengetwa nehurumende pasi pegadziriro yemitemo. Mitemo yeHurumende inodzora kuparadzirwa kwevhoti dzevavhoti inosarudzwa inowanzonzi inogamuchirwa nemitemo, chero bedzi vasingaputsi dziviriro inowirirana naClaus Claus kana kuti zvimwe zvirevo. Mitemo inoraira miraudzo yokugadza vvumbi vavhoti vakakurumbira, vavhoti, vavhoti, uye kuparadzira migumisiro kuNational Archive Archivers. Iyi inodzo inodzo inodzorwa yapamutemo inoreva kudzorongedzerwa kwapamutemo.

Vapi Vezano Vasina Kutenda Nedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Chinetso Chenhau Chavazivisi Vasina Kutenda

Nepo vavhoti vachikarirwa kuvhota nokuda kwomutendi uyo akawina nyika yavo, Bumbiro reMitemo harina shoko pamusoro pokuti vanogona kumanikidzwa pamutemo kuita kudaro. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuchinoitika che "vavhoti vasina kutenda" — vanhu vamwe navamwe vakavhotera mumwe munhu asiri mutengi wavo. Munhau yeAmerica, vavhoti vasina kutenda havana kutongochinja mugumisiro wechisarudzo chapurezidhendi, asi bviro yavo yokuita saizvozvo yakamutsa mibvunzo inokosha yapamutemo. Chisarudzo cha2016 chakaona wewedzero mukuedza kwe "Hamilton Elector" rutivi rwesangano reRepublications to con tratection. Musoori, vatongi vanomwe vakaputsa zvikwereti zvavo. Washington yakaisvonaka yavana vavo vavhotibhinya.

Chiafalo v. Washington (2020)

Vavhoti vasina kutenda vakasiana zvapamutemo vakapoteredza vakapedzwa neDare gurusa muna 2020 nhau Chiafalo v. Washington. Dare racho rakabvumirana rakataura kuti vane chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kuti vade vavhoti kuti vavhotereri vomutevedzeri vavanovimbiswa uye kumanikidza chinodikanwa ichocho nokuranga kana kuti kubvisa. Mutongi Elena Kagan akasimbisa kuti vasarumbidzi vai vaida kushanda savamiriri vehurumende, kwete vatambi vanozvimirira. Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa kuchengetwa kwapamutemo kwemitemo yemhiko, nenzira inobudirira kupedza kurukurirano pamusoro pokuti vakasarudzwa vane chisarudzo chinoitwa nomutemo.

[[[Ntomba: 0] [[FLT] [ Kurava peta yeOyez yeChiafalo v. Washington[[FLT]].

Zvinetso Zvikuru Zvepamutemo Nenhau Dzakaitika Kare

McPherson v. Blacker (1892)

Iyi nhau yakavakirwa pamitemo yakadenha gadziriro yaMarigan yoruwa nokuda kwokuvhota vasaruri. Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakatonga kuti masangano ehurumende ane simba pamusoro pokusarudzwa kwavavhoti, anodzorwa bedzi neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Mcherson v. Blacker anowanzodudzwa sedudziro yakakwana yechiremera chehurumende pasi peChikamu II. Yakasimbisa kuti mutoo wokusarudza vasarutsi mubato mutezo wehurumende unogona kudzora nenzira isina kutongobvumirwa. Chino chiitiko chinogovera ruramiso yapamutemo yehurumende pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvehurumende.

Gore (2000)

Zvichida mhaka yakakurumbira zvikurusa yeElctoral College, Bhush v. Gore yakasarudza nenzira inobudirira sarudzo ya 2000. Dare Gurusa rakamisa rondedzero yehurumende yose muFlorida, kududza kupesana kwePureme Leatence Claus e nemhaka yokusawirirana kwemipimo inopesana. Nepo Dare rakasimbisa kuti kutonga kwaro kwakanga kwa "kwakaganhurirwa kumamiriro ezvinhu azvino," nhau yacho yaisimbisa muganhu wemitemo yesarudzo, nheyo dzemitemo yehurumende yehurumende, uye nguva inodzorwa yomuitiro weElctoral College. Chisarudzo chinoramba chiri rugwaro runokosha mukunzwisisa kuwanda kwapamutemo kwemakwikwikwikwikwikwidza. Chinotarisana zvakananga ne "chiteshivinoko chepamutemo chakarondedzerwa, kuratidzwa kuoneka kwapamutemo mukuyera.

[[[Ntomba: 0] Imanikidziro 2:[[FT.1] Kurava peji yeOyez yeBhish v. Gore.

Nzira Yebumbiro remitemo Yokuchinja

Muitiro We Amendeji pasi Pechikamu V

Nzira yakananga zvikurusa yokuparadza kana kuti kugadziridzazve zvikuru Electoral College igadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo pasi peChikamu V. Ikoku kunoda kuti chiverengero chikuru chezvikamu zviviri muzvikamu zvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare, zvichiteverwa nedzikamu nhatu dzezvikamu zvehurumende. Kupiwa nzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika nebetsero yegadziriro yegadziriro inogovera kunzvimbo dzakati nemapoka, kusvika ichikupinda musimboti mukuru uyu wemagedhi wakabvumikisa kuva mhingani isingakundiki. Zvisaririra zvemitemo 700 zvokuchinja kana kuti kubvisa Elctoral Collegement zvakakarakadzwa muCongress. Chikarakadzo chazvinonyanya kupiwa i "Zvose Vote Counts Amends Amendment," iyo ingasarudza Purezidhelite napotesitio nevv. Zvisinei, muganhu weChikamu cheV unotongeri chakakwirira chinoreva kunyange makumi amakore.

Mukusavapo kwekugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Vachinji vakatendeukira kurusando rwokushanda kwechikamu chenyika yose. National Popular Vote Interstate Convention (NPVIC) chibvumirano pakati pezvibvumirano zvinotorawo kundopa mibayiro yose yevhoti dzavo vavhoti vakakurumbira. Chibvumirano chinova chinoshanda bedzi kana chikadzora voruzhinji vevhoti, vanovhota 270. NPVIC vanotarisana nemhinganidzo dzemitemo dzinokosha. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti chinopesana neBokandira reChibvumirano cheChikamu I, icho chinoda kutenderwa kwebvumirano chemitemo yehurumende inochinja chiyero chezvamatongerwe enyika chinochinja mamiriro echinzvimbo chehurumende. Vamwe vanopikisa kuti vatsigire nyika yacho inosarudzwa kuti isarumbiso muchimiro chavo chorudyi. Vatsigiriki vanopikisana kuti vasarudzire kuwirirana nemitemo yavo, vanoonawo vachishandisawo kutendeka zviri dare repamutemo.

[[[FT.0] [[FLT] Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peNational Popular Vote Intertate Compact.

Zvirongwa Zvepamutemo Zvenguva Ino uye Kuchinja Kwenguva Ino

Chiteshi Chengarava Chakakotsekana chaDecember

Mutemo weFederal, unosimbiswa muTit 3 yeTream College yeU.S., unosimbisa nguva yezviteshi zvengarava zvakakotsekana nokuda kwehurumende dzokuzivisa miuyo yazvo yesarudzo nokugadza. Kana hurumende ichipedza gakava rose resarudzo uye kugadza vasaruri vayo pazuva rino — kazhinji kazhinji kacho mazuva matanhatu pamberi peElctoral College Angana — Congress inofanira kugamuchira chirongwa chehurumende chevhozhenisssss se "yakarengana". Iyi gadziriro yapamutemo inoparira dzvinyiriro hurusakiso yokupedza nokukurumidza uye zvinetso zvapamutemo zvinooneka zvakajeka mu . Gore bh. . Chirongwa chezviteshivi chakako chinofanira kuvimbisa kuva chakakwana uye kuva nechokwadi mumuitiro wokuvhovera, asi inogonawo kuchekawo kunetsa zvapamutemo.

Electoral Count Reform Act ya2022 (ECRA)

Electoral Count Act ya1887 yakagadzirwa kuti idzore kuti Congress inobata sei mavhota anokakavadzana. Zvisinei, mutauro wayo usina kujeka wakaparira nyonga, zvikurukuru mukati me 2020 yemigumisiro yerusarudzo. Mumhinduro, Congress yakapfuudza Electoral Country Reformation Act ya 2022 (ECRA), chinjo hurusa kuElectoral Collegement yemitemo yeEl Collegement muinopfuura zana rimwe ramakore. ECRA yakajekesa basa raPucial sausenhedt, yakasimudza chikumbaniso chokuisa mavhotera muCongress kudare rimwe nerimwe, uye yakasimbisazve kuti vatongi vehurumende ndivo vane mutoro zvikuru nokuda kwokuvhota vagadziriri. Idzidzidzisimuro dzakasimba repamutemo pasina kuisa bhiribhiriso redare rehurumende, rakananga kudzoresarudzo inodzosera kudzo inoteswa mu20.

[[[FRAT:0] [[FLT] Kurava rugwaro rweElectoral Count Reform Act ye 2022.

Unyanzvi Hwepamutemo Hunopfuurira uye Kuda Kuchinja

Simba Regadziriro Yezvinhu Iripo Iye Zvino

Vatsigiri vegadziriro yazvino yemitemo vanotaura kuti inopa dzikamo, inokurudzira kuvaka kwakabatana, uye inodzivisa kukwikwidzana kwenyika kupfurikidza nokukakavadzana kwenyika imwe neimwe. Federalist No. 68, rakanyorwa naAlexander Hamilton, vakataura kuti gadziriro yacho yaizovimbisa kuti "mukana unoitwa navanhu vanokwanisa zvikurusa kunzvera mavara akachinjirwa kunzvimbo yacho. Masimba epamutemo anoda kutsigira nhimbe munharaunda dzakasiyana- siyana panzvimbo bedzi panzvimbo dzezvizvarwa zvakakwirira zvemaguta, sezvinofungidzirwa achisimudzira donzo rorudzi.

Kutsoropodza uye Kurayira Kuchinja

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti hwaro hwapamutemo hweElectoral College hunoputsa nheyo ye "munhu mumwe, vhota rimwe" kupfurikidza nokupa uremu husingaenzaniswi kuvavhoti munyika duku. Gadziriro yokuwana inonyaradza nenzira inobudirira mamirioni avavhoti munyika dzakakotsekana. Kupfuurirazve, gadziriro inoparira bviro yokuti mutengi anohwina vhoti yakakurumbira munyika yose anogona kurasikirwa neElectoral College, sekwakaitika muna 2000 na2016. Iyi gadziriro inowana purofiti inopfumisa pamutemo inopfuurira uye masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anonangidzira kugadziridza, kubvira paNPVIC kuti idzosera pamutemo.

Chisakiso chapamutemo cheElectoral College chiri pagadziriro yakasimba nenzvero yakavakwa kubva kuChikamu II, Fimendment yechi12, mitemo yehurumende, uye miganhu yeDare rapamusorosa yakadai se Chifalo v. Washington na[FLT]] MCherson v. Black. Sayenzi yakaratidza kusimba kwapamutemo kunoshamisa, nharo dzenguva ino dzakapoteredza NPVIC neEC ichiratidza kuti mutemo hauna kujekajeka. Kana pachishandiswa padanho, complentro, kana kuti kupfuudzirazve, kunyorwa kwapamutemo kweEllector Collegement kuchapfuurira kui.