Kurondwa kwekuenzana neruramisiro kwave kuri basa rinorondedzera rehurumende yeAmerica, rakaumbwa mubumbiro remitemo uye rakasimbiswa mumazana amakore emhindumupindu yepamutemo. Mitemo yose iri miviri nehurumende inoita mabasa anokosha mukuvimbisa kuti idzi nheyo hadzisingori dzinoshuvika asi dzinotsigirwa nokushingaira munyika yose. Nepo mirau yehurumende ichigadza muganhu wekodzero dzevagari vemo dzakafanana, mitemo yehurumende inowanzotambanudza dziviriro idzodzo kuti ipedzedze zvinodiwa nemhindu dzemhindu. Nyaya inoongorora kuti gadziriro idzi dzemitemo dzinoshanda dzinodzivirira kuenzana, zvipingamupingamupinyi zvinoramba kuti zvisarungamire, uye kuedza kupfuurira kutevedzerwa kwemitemo, kuronga kutevedzerwa kwemitemo, uye kudzika kwakakomba pakati pehurumende, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kubatana nokubatana kwomutemo mubatanidzwa mumitemo muUnited States.

Fandesheni Yemitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu Yehurumende

Mitemo yehurumende inogovera nzvimbo inodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu inobatira pamwe chete munyika dzose. Iyi mitemo yakarongedzerwa kubvisa rusaruro uye kuva nechokwadi chedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, kugadzira uriri hwenyika pasi pangasava nehurumende. Chiremera chehurumende kugadza mitemo yakadaro chinobva zvikurukuru muCHEMISICHES Clause ne 144th Amendment’s Secult Protection Classiale.

Mitemo Yepanyika Yakafanana

Mitemo yehurumende inoverengeka yakachinja zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo okuenzana:

  • Mutemo weChivil Rights wa 1964 - Uyu mutemo webwe rekona unorambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi mubasa, pokugara peruzhinji, uye mapurogiramu anotsigirwa nehurumende. Umutwe VII, uyo unonangidzira rusaruro rwebasa, wave uri chishandiso chine simba chokukurira tsvete yebasa uye wakaparira mutemo mukuru wenhau.
  • VaAmerica vane Rubadziko Act (ADA) – yakanyorwa muna 1990, ADA inorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema munharaunda dzose dzoupenyu hwevoruzhinji, kubatanidza mabasa, zvikoro, zvokufambisa, uye nzvimbo dzavose nedzemunhu oga izvo zvinozarurira voruzhinji. ADA inorairawo pokugara zvine mufungo nemipimo yemipimo yegadziriro inosvikika.
  • Chisarudzo cheKodzero cha 1965 - ichi chiito chinorambidzwa chovhotera, chakadai sebvunzo dzokunyora nokuvhota, icho chakanga chashandiswa kubvisa vavhoti veAfrica. Kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro muna Shelby County v. Raker yakarova zvirongwa zvinokosha zvokushandisa kunyora nokunyora nokunyora, chiito chacho chinoramba chiri chishandiso chinokosha chokudzivirira kubhangiswa.
  • Mutemo weFair House Act - Sorutivi rweCivil Rights Act ya 1968, mutemo uyu unorambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kurenda, uye kupiwa mari yedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, nzvimbo yepabonde, uye urema. Yave ichishandiswa mukuedza kuderedza tsvetesai uye mimwe miitiro yetsika yetsika.
  • Murayiro waMapapo wa 1963 - Uyu mutemo unoda kuti varume navakadzi vapiwe muripo wakaenzana nokuda kwebasa mugadziriro imwe cheteyo. Pasinei zvapo nokupfuura kwaro, mukaha wevarume nevakadzi unopfuurira, uchisimbisa kudikanwa kwokuchengetwa kunopfuurira nedziviriro dzenzvimbo dzinowedzerwa.

Kumanikidza Nokudzorera Michina

Mitemo yeSangano inotsigirwa nemiitiro yakasimba yokudzikamisa iyo inopa vanhu simba rokutsvaka ruramisiro. Masangano makuru anobatanidza Aumelt Opportuent Opportution Commission (EOC), iyo inomanikidzira mitemo yehurumende inorambidza kusarura mabasa; Department of Justice’s Civil Rights Division, inotonga kuputswa kwemitemo yehurumende; uye Department of Hospital and Urban Development (HUD), inoongorora kunyunyuta kwetsana. Kodzero dzechiito dzinobvumira vanhu kunyora mhaka zvakananga, kazhinji kazhinji nebviro yokuwana mhindu yeyamuko, kubhadharo, kubhadharwa kwemi, uye kubhadharo kwegweta.

Aya maturusi okuita kuti zvinhu zvishandiswe anokosha nokuda kwokushandura kodzero dzisiri dzechokwadi kupinda mukusunungurwa chaikoiko kwenyika. Somuenzaniso, munhu anotambura rusaruro kumabasa anogona kuisa pomero netsamba yeEOC, kuwana mhaka yakarurama kuenda kunhau, uye ipapo kuronda mhaka mudare rehurumende. Kuwanika kwemiitiro yakadaro kunovimbisa kuti mitemo yehurumende haisati iriwo zvayo mufambiro wokufananidzira asi mufambiro wokushingaira uye kupedza kusaruramisira.

Nzira Iyo Mitemo yeHurumende Inowedzera Nayo Dziviriro Dzinokura

Nepo mitemo yehurumende ichitanga mwero wakaderera worudzi, hurumende dzine chiremera chokuita mitemo inopfuurira mukudzivirira kuenzana neruramisiro.Ichi chimiro chehurumende chinobvumira nyika kupindura migariro yomunzvimbomo, migariro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinodikanwa zvenzanga zviri kukura.

Mitemo Inorwisana Nehurumende

Nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo inotambanudza dziviriro kupfuura mitemo yomubatanidzwa.

  • Kutevedzana nokuratidza kworusarura - Nepo mutemo wehurumende pasi peTitle VII nechisarudzo chedare gurusa chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi (g., Bostock v. Clayton County[) zvino unodzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamurangariro wevatano nezivikanwo yavarume mumabasa, masangano mazhinji akanga atobatanidza zvakajeka aya mapoka mumitemo yawo amene inorwisana nemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo. United States yakadai seCalifornia, New York, uye Washington anotambanudzirawo dziviriro dzakadaro kudzimba, pokugara vanhu vose, uye chikwereti.
  • Manyuko eINFOO [ - Nzvimbo dzinorambidza rusaruro pavagari vemo vanoshandisa zvibvumikiso zvedzimba kana kuti rumwe rubatsiro rwehurumende, kuchigovera dziviriro iyo mitemo yehurumende yedzimba isingafukidziri zvakajeka.
  • Kurovha uye Kutendisa Nhau – Nhamba inowedzera yehurumende yakagamuchira "bhadharo bhokisi" mitemo inononotsa kubvunza munhau youtsotsi mumabasa uye mukumbiriso dzedzimba, ichibetsera kuderedza rusaruro pavanhu nezvinyorwa.

Mitemo yehurumende inogonawo kugovera mishonga yakawanda.

Mitemo yeHurumende Nekodzero Dzakawanda

Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende nenzira yakazvimirira anovimbisa kodzero dzingapfuura idzo dziri muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., somuenzaniso, mabumbiro emitemo anoverengeka anobatanidza vimbiso dzakajeka dzekuenzana dzinoshanda kuvatambi vehurumende vari voga (kwete hurumende chete), kana kuti kubatanidza gadziriro dzakananga dzinodzivirira kuva voga, kuzvimirira, kana kuti kodzero yedzidzo. Mutezo weHurumende yeNew York, somuenzaniso, wakadudzirwa kuti ude kupiwa mari yechikoro inobhadharwa panhambo nenhambo, uye Bumbiro remitemo reCalifornia rinobatanidza kodzero yokuvandikano kuchivandei kupfuura dziviriro dzomubatanidzwa wenyika.

Mitemo Yekuzvibhadharira uye Mitemo Yehurumende

Panzvimbo dzinodzorwa zvikuru, maguta nemirairo zvinogona kupfuura mitemo inokurukura itiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo chaidzoidzo. Izvi zvingabatanidza zvinodikanwa nokuda kwezororo rokurwara rinobhadharwa, mirau inorongwa zvakanaka, mitemo yokurenda, kana kuti dziviriro dzinodzivisa shati nokuda kwamapoka asingafukidzwi nomutemo wehurumende (zvikurukuru, manyuko emari, mugariro wemhirizhonga yamasimba masimba womumusha). Komisheni dzavanhu dzomunzvimbomo dzinowanzogovera kurukurirano dzapachena nerongedzero, kuita kuti ruramisiro ive inowanika zvikuru nokuda kwavagari vemo vasingagoni kuwana mutongi wapachivande.

Somuenzaniso, Seattle naSan Francisco vane mitemo inoda vashandirwi kupa "chisakiso chakarurama" chokuparadza uye kuganhurira kushandiswa kwemishumo yechikwereti mukurovha. Uku kuronga kwomunzvimbomo kunoratidzira kuti hurumende dzeruwa dzepasi pesavhu dzinogona sei kuisa mitemo youpiona iyo gare gare inopesvedzera hurumende nomutemo wehurumende.

Kupindira Pakati Pehurumende Nemabasa Apamutemo

Kunzwisisa nyaya iyi kunokosha kuti munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kushandisa kana kuti kumanikidza kodzero dzevanhu adzivirirwe, kuisa mitemo yehurumende yakaoma, inobatanidza nheyo dzokusunungurwa, kushandira pamwe, uye kutarisirwa kwedare.

Hurumende Autonomy

Musi weSupremacle, mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, uye mitemo yehurumende inorwisana ingasunungurwa. Zvisinei, kusunungurwa hakungoerekani kwaita. Mumashoko akapoteredza ekodzero dzevagari vemo, matare anowanzofunga kuti mutemo wehurumende hausati uchibvisa mutemo wehurumende kutoti Congress yaratidza zvakajeka vavariro yokugara munda. Mitemo yekodzero dzevagari vemo ine "kubvisa zvikamu zvemitemo" zvinochengetedza zvakajeka mishonga yehurumende. Nokudaro, matare akasununguka kupa dzimwe dziviriro, asi haagoni kuderedza kodzero dzehurumende.

Muenzaniso wakatanhamara ndiwo mutambo pakati peFair Hosley Act nehurumende kana kuti mitemo yomunzvimbomo. Guta ringarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamanyuko emari kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende usingaposha, uye mutemo wehurumende hausati uchizoputsa mutemo iwoyo womunzvimbomo.

Kushandira Pamwe Musimba

Masangano ehurumende nehurumende anowanzobatira pamwe kuti atsigire mitemo inorwisana nekusawirirana. Kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvebasa zvinobatanidza, EEOC nehurumende miitiro yebasa yakarurama zvinobatanidza masangano ebasa anoronga kunzvera kuti adzivise nhamburiko dzokunyora. Nenzira yakafanana, vaHUD namasangano edzimba omunzvimbomo kuti vatonge mitemo yedzimba yakarurama. Uku kubatira pamwe kunoparira unyanzvi nezviwanikwa zvemitengo mizhinji yehurumende, kuvandudza kubudirira nokuwedzera bviro yokuti kupunzi kushatiswa kuitwe.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, masangano anogona kuva nesimba guru rokuita kuti zvinhu zvirambe zvichiitwa kana achiratidza kuti mitemo yawo yakanyatsofanana nemipimo yehurumende.

Kududzira Kutonga uye Mipimo Inochinja

Matare pazvose zviri zviviri mwero yehurumende nehurumende anoumba revo yekuenzana neruramisiro kupfurikidza nedudziro dzawo dzemirairo namabumbiro. matare ehurumende anogona kutsanangura mabumbiro emitemo awo amene kugovera dziviriro dzakafara kupfuura Dare Rapamusorosoro reU.S. rakaziva muTsitsi. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Dare Rapamusorosoro raganhurira ukuru hwedziviriro yakaenzana mu [FLT: 0] Shyton v. Davis (kutsvaka chibvumikiso chedonzo rediscric reparation), mamwe matare ehurumende akagamuchira pesvedzero inopesana mupimo pasi pomutemo wehurumende, achibvumira kudenha miraudzo inodzivirira mapoka anodzivirirwa nenzira isingakari.

Mukuwedzera, matare ehurumende anogona kutonga pamusoro petsika dzapamutemo dzemitemo yehurumende pasi pebumbiro remitemo rawo amene, achiumba basa rakaganhurirwa ramaruramiro ayo pane dzimwe nguva rinotungamirira kuchinjo yorudzi. Sangano rimwe chetero reroorano revatano dzinoratidzira izvi: dare rehurumende rinobvuma kuenzana kweroorano rakagadzirira nzira yechisarudzo chokupedzisira cheDare Gurusa. Obergefell v. Hodges

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichivapo Pakuva Nevanhu Vakaenzana

Kudzivirirwa nemitemo hakuwanzochinji nyika, uye vanhu vanosarurwa vari kuramba vachitarisana nemhinganidzo uye kusarura.

Kusaenzana Kwegadziriro Nemhinganidzo Dzokuvaka

Kusaruramisira kwenhau kwakadai souranda, kutsauranisa, uye kushata - chinja kwakaparira kusawirirana kukuru mupfuma, dzidzo, dzimba, uye utano zvinotsungirira nhasi. Kunyange apo mitemo inenge isina kutora rutivi painenge iri painenge yakatarisana nayo, inogona kupfuudzira kusaenzana. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yeruramisiro yeutsotsi inotapura vanhu vane ruvara, uye kuvharirwa kwavazhinji kwakaparadza nzanga dzakawanda. Nepo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorambidza kuratidzira dzinza neramabhishopu, kuchengetedzwa hakuwi, uye kusarura kwakakwana kunoramba kuri denho.

Munhu asingagoni kuwana gweta angatadza kuita kuti kodzero dzavo dziteererwe, kunyange kana dziine mashoko akasimba.

Kusvika Kururamisiro Namanyuko Emitemo

Musiyano uri pakati pechipikirwa cheruramisiro yakaenzana nouchokwadi hwokuwana kusina kuenzana ndeimwe yenhau dzinotambudza zvikurusa munhandare yekodzero dzavagari vemo. American Bar Association inofungidzira kuti vanhu vashoma vanowana vashoma vanowana betsero isina kukwana kana kuti hapana pamutemo nokuda kwe 86% yezvinetso zvavo zvapamutemo. Kuderedza mitemo inorwisana nerusaruro kunoreva zvishomanene kana vanyajambwa vasingagoni kuunza matare kana kuti kushaiwa zivo yekodzero dzavo.

Gadziriro dzehurumende nedzehurumende, dzakadai seLegion Services Corporation, dzinopa tsigiro yakati, asi dzinoda kudarika mwero. Kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwakatsiva, nzvimbo dzinobatsira vanhu, uye zviwanikwa zvepaIndaneti zvinobatsira zviri kuwedzera, asi hazvigoni kutsiva zvizere kumiririra.

Kushaikwa Kwokungwarira Nedzidzo

Nzvero nguva dzose dzinoratidza kuti voruzhinji veAmerica havagoni kududza mitemo mikuru yekodzero dzevanhu kana kuti kuziva masangano anovamanikidza. Uku kushayikwa kwezivo kwakakomba zvikuru pakati penzanga dzavatami, vanhu vakaremara, uye vamwe vangatarisana nemhinganidzo dzomutauro kana kuti tsika.

Kudzidzisa kunoitwa nevanhu vasingabudiriri, masangano ehurumende, uye zvikoro zvinokosha, asi kazhinji kacho vanongosvika chete vaya vakatoita basa iri.

Nzira Iri Mberi: Kusimbisa Kuenzana uye Kururamisira

Nguva yemberi yokuenzana neruramisiro inotsamira panhamburiko dzinopfuurira dzokuchinja mitemo kumabasa enzanga anochinja, mikana yokudzikamisa, uye kubatanidzwa navanhu mukuita rutivi rwavose. Fambiro mberi haidzivisiki kana kuti haichinjiki — inoda chiito chamaune.

Makwai Anoshambadza uye Kuchinja Kwemitemo

Masangano evamiririri ave ari injini yefambiro mberi munhau. Kuvambira paCivil Rights Movement kusvikira kuhondo yeuwandu hweroorano neBlack Live Matter sangano reBlack Live Matter, kuronga kudzora kwakasunda masangano omutemo nematare kukudza dziviriro. Nhasi, mapoka ekodzero dzechikoro ari kuisa ngwariro panhau dzakadai sokudzorerwa kwekodzero dzokuvhota, chinjo yamapurisa, LGBTQ+ miraudzo isina ganhuriro mumashoko okuti vashaiwo, uye dziviriro mutsika dzokusasarura mitemo mukuwandisa nedzimba.

Kuchinja kwemitemo pamwero wenyika kunoramba kuchikosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti nharaunda dzakawanda dzekodzero dzavagari vemo − dzakadai somutemo unodzinga, dziviriro dzamapurisa, uye utarisiri hwemapurisa — inhau zvikurukuru nedzomunzvimbomo. Masangano akadai seACLU, NAACP, uye hurumende 93 anoshanda mubatanidzwa kunyora mutemo womuenzaniso, kudzidzisa vagadziri vemitemo, uye kuunganidza vavhoti.

Kuchinja Kwezvigadzirwa Nenzanga

Unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hunopa mikana uye tyisidziro yose iri miviri yokuenzana neruramisiro. Ungwaru hwokugadzira hunoshandiswa mukurovha, kukweretesa, uye mapurisa hunogona kupfuudzira tsvusvuro kana hukasadzorwa nokusangwarira. Kune rumwe rutivi, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogona kuvandudza kusvika kururamisiro kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzemitemo dzepaIndaneti, mapepa anodzorwa neaidzo anoitwa nemunhu, uye kutongwa kwedare. Mitemo nehurumende inofanira kufambirana neizvi zvinoitika, zvichivimbisa kuti kodzero dzevanhu dzidzivirirwe panzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nekombiyuta.

Mitemo yokurwisa mashoko anovenga uye kutaura paIndaneti iri kupindirana, kunyange zvazvo ichifanira kudzikamisa nyaya dzokutaura pasina chadzinoziva.

Kungwarira Kunopfuurira Nebvumirano Yavose

Pakupedzisira, utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunotsamira pakuziva nokuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Kuzivisa musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, kupinda horo dzetaundi, kusangana navaiti vemitemo, uye kutsigira masangano eyamuro epamutemo inzira chaidzoidzo idzo vanhu vanogona kubetsera nadzo kufambisira mberi kuenzana neruramisiro. Tsigiro yavose nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo inofanira kutsigirwa, uye nhamburiko dzokunetesa dziviriro dzinodzivisirwa kupfurikidza nebhajeti, miraudzo inoganhurirwa yedare, kana kuti mitezo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende, zvinofanira kudenhwa.

Gadziriro yapamutemo yokuenzana neruramisiro yakasimba, asi haisati iri kuzviparadza imene.

mhedziso

Mitemo yehurumende nehurumende zvishandiso zvinokosha mubasa rinopfuurira rokutsigira kuenzana neruramisiro muUnited States. Mitemo yeFederal yakadai seCivil Rights Act, ADA, uye Voting Rights Act inogovera mupimo worudzi, nepo mitemo yehurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo padziviriro dzomunzvimbomo dzinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvenzanga. Kubatana pakati peiyi mwero yehurumende kwakaoma asi pakupedzisira kwakaoma, kuumba nzvimbo yapamutemo yakakura maruramiro.

Zvisinei, kuvapo kwemitemo hakuna kukwana.

Sezvatinotarira mberi, rwendo rwokuenda kunzanga yakarurama zvikuru runoramba rusina kupedzwa. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa mabasa emitemo yehurumende nehurumende (8) uye kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi nokushingaira mumiitiro yedemocracy iyo inoiumba — isu tinogona kuswedera pedyo norudzi umo kuenzana neruramisiro zvisiri nheyo dzapamutemo chete, asi zvakararamira vose.