Gadziriro yemitemo nemitemo inoumba musimboti wetsika dzokutonga muUnited States, ichigovera gadziriro yakarongeka yokuumba, kusimbisa, uye kugadziridza mitemo. Iyi purogiramu inoshanda pakati pemitumbi yemitemo, masangano emitemo, uye dare remitemo inosimbisa kuti mitemo irambe ichishanda, yakarurama, uye ichishanda. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, inoitwa, uye kuchinjwa kunopa vagari vemo nzwisiso mubasa rehurumende uye mutemo. Nyaya inoongorora mabasa makuru ehurumende, miitiro yokuita kuti mitemo ienderere mberi, uye nzira dzinoita kuti ichinjike, zvichigovera kupfupikisa kuteverwa kwakakwana kwetsika yepamutemo panzvimbo yehurumende.

Basa Remitemo yeHurumende Pakunyora Mutemo

Masangano makuru okugadza mitemo muhurumende imwe neimwe, ane mutoro wokunyora, kuitisana nharo, uye kupfuudza mitemo inobata nezvinodikanwa zvemiganhu yavo. Yakarongwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa, aya masangano anoshanda muboka rebhikameral kana kuti rainamaral. Hurumende zhinji dzine chirongwa chemitemo yemitemo, chine imba yakaderera (inowanzonzi Imba yeVamiririri kana kuti Dare) uye imba yapamusoro (Dare). Nebraska ihurumende bedzi ine imba inoitwa neuncameral regover, kamuri rimwe. Bizaral inogovera gadziriro yechekero nechiyero mukati mebazi remitemo, inoda makamuri maviri kubvumira mutemo usati wagona kuva mutemo.

Muitiro wokuita mutemo unovamba zvikuru apo muiti wemitemo anotanga muiti wemitemo. Mutengi unogoverwa kudare rinonzvera mamiriro emitemo anokosha, zvakadai sedzidzo, utano, kana kuti zvokufambisa. Matare anova nemhosho, anounganidza chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye anonatsa mutongo usati wavhota kuti uende kunzvimbo yakazara. Iyi dare rinodenha nokuda kwokunatsa mitemo, kubvumira kunzvera nokunatsa. Kana ruwara runopfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana, runotumirwa kuna gavhuna kuti atendere. Gavhuna angasaidza mutemo, kana kuti angaubvumira kuva mutemo usina sigini. Kana kunyorwa, mutengi wedare angapfuura neatoodhendi, kazhinji kaviri muimba imwe neimwe.

Simba Neganhuriro Zvemitemo yeHurumende

Hurumende dzinopa mitemo yehurumende dzine chiremera chinokosha, asi masimba adzo ane muganhu. Mitemo yeMitemo yeU.S. inochengeta masimba akati kuhurumende yehurumende, akadai sokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuumba mari, uye kuzivisa hondo. Hurumende dzinoshanda mukati megadziriro yemitemo yehurumende yavo, iyo inorondedzera ukuru hwechiremera chavo. Vanogona kuita mitemo pamhene yenhau dzakawanda, kubatanidza chengeteko yavose, dzidzo, mitero, maruramiro enzvimbo, mutemo wemhuri, uye miraudzo yemhoteredzo. Mukuwedzera, matare okugadza mitemo inoshanda mukuwirirana nemitemo iripo, achivimbisa magadzirirwo emitemo kumigariro yapamutemo kumigariro inochinja.

Mitemo inoshandisawo tarisiro pamasangano ehurumende nebazu guru. Inosimbisa kugadzwa kwehurumende, bhajeti inobvumira, uye kunzvera mabasa ehurumende. Iri basa rokutarisira rinopa mutoro uye rinovimbisa kuti mitemo inotangwa seyakarongwa. Zvisinei, matare ehurumende anofanira kuongororwa; matare anogona kuputsa mitemo inoputsa hurumende kana kuti bumbiro remitemo. Uku kubatana pakati pamapazu emitemo neatongi kunokosha mukuchengeta pamutemo.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Kubva Mupfungwa Kuenda Kumutemo

Rwendo rwechibvumirano kubva kupfungwa kuenda kumutemo runobatanidza nhanho dzakati kuti. Pfungwa yokutanga ingabva kumuiti wemitemo, mubatanidzwa, boka rinonyandura, kana kuti sangano guru. Muiti wemitemo anonyora pamutemo mutongo wacho, kazhinji nebetsero inobva kuzano repamutemo, uye anousuma nenzira yakarongwa. Chibvumirano chinogoverwa nhamba uye chinoraviwa kwenguva yokutanga. Ipapo, chinoendeswa kudare apo basa chairo rinovamba. Kunzwa kwedare kunobvumira vatendi vemiparo kuti vape maonero avo, uye dare ringabata rusando rwechikwa kuti ridzose mudare. Kana rurevongo, rurevo runoenda kuuriri hweimba nokuda kwekurukurirano uye kuvhotera. Kana zvichipfuurira kune imwe nzira.

Kurayirwa uye Kushandiswa

Kana mutemo wangoitwa bedzi, mutoro wokuita kuti utevedzere unowira kumasangano akasiyana- siyana ehurumende nenzvimbo. Mitumbi inochengeta mutemo yakadai semapurisa ehurumende, mapurisa eruwa, mapurisa emongi, uye masangano anodzorwa nehurumende (kuteerera kupfurikidza nokuongorora, uye zviito zvokudzikamisa). Vane chiremera chokupa mhaka yokutaura, kusungwa, fashoni, uye kutsvaka mirairo yedare kumanikidza kuzviisa pasi. Kushanda kwomutemo upi noupi kunotsamira pasimba nokudisa kwemasangano okuushandisa nguva dzose.

Mapurisa Nechengeteko Yavose

Hurumende nenzvimbo dzamapurisa idivi rinooneka zvikurusa rokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Vanomanikidzira mitemo youtsotsi, vanochengeta nhevedzano yavose, uye vanoita chimwe chinhu kumigariro inokurumidzira. Masimba avo anobva kumirau yenyika nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, zvakadai seganhuriro yeGaramende yeChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vanoshandisa kuchenjera mukusimbisa mitemo, kutanga kuisa mhaka dzakakomba uye kushandisa pfuma zvakanaka. Zvisinei, kuchenjera uku kunogona kutungamirira kukuparadza migariro inoshanda, uko kwakasunda kuraira nokuda kwechinjo. Mipimo yemipimo yemitemo, rovedzo, rovedzo, uye tarisiro yebetsero zvinobetsera kusimbisa mutemo zvinoitwa nenzira yakarurama uye nenzira yapamutemo.

Kutungamirira uye Kutarisira

Mitemo yakawanda inodzorwa kwete nemapurisa asi nemasangano anotungamirira. Masangano aya anotarisira nzvimbo dzakadai sedziviriro yemhoteredzo, chengeteko yebasa, mabasa emari, uye magorobha. Somuenzaniso, sangano remhoteredzo rehurumende ringanzvera mafekitari kuvimbisa kuti anowirirana nemiraudzo inobudisa tsvina, nepo boka routano richiita kuti utsanana huenderere kumipimo yetsvina muresitorendi. Masangano anodzoro anodzora ane simba rokupa mvumo, mufambiro, uye kuisa zvirango zvokudzora. Ivo vanewo chiremera chokugadzira mitemo nemiraudzo inozadza muudzame hwemitemo yeChibvumirano chemitemo yapavhu.

Basa Rematare Mukumanikidzwa

Matare anoita basa rinokosha mukuisa mitemo nokududzira revo yawo nokupedza nharo. Apo mutemo unofungidzirwa kuva wakapunzwa, hurumende ingaunza mhaka youtsotsi kana kuti yehurumende mukurwisana nemupomero. dare rinosarudza mhaka kana kuti mhaka yakavakirwa paufakazi nemirau yapamutemo. Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinotanga mipimo inoumba kuti mitemo inodzorwa sei munguva yemberi. Matare anonzverawo kumira mitemo yemitemo namabasa echiremera kupfurikidza nesimba rekuhwirudzura. Iri simba, rinotangwa mumhaka yechiratidzo chenhau yetsika [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Magnes[FL:] (18) [1]), anobvumira matare kushatisa mitemo inorwisana nebumbiro remitemo. Somuuyo, somuuyo, somuuyo wedare rinonzvera simba remitemo uye kusimbisa mutemo wemitemo.

Kududzira murairo kunogonawo kupesvedzera mativi emitemo. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo chedare parevo yomutemo chingamanikidza mubati wedare kujekesa donzo rayo kana kuti kururamisa mutemo kuti uwirirane nedudziro yedare. Naizvozvo ukama pakati pamatare namatare omutemo isimba, uye bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoita chimwe nechimwe kumabasa omumwe.

Mitemo Inochinja: Michina Nepesvedzero

Mitemo haichinji; inochinja - chinja zvichienderana nokuchinja kwemagariro evanhu, kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye kuchinja kwetsika dzevanhu.

Mitemo Yomutemo Nemabhiri Matsva

Nzira yakananga zvikurusa yokuchinja nayo mutemo iri kupfurikidza negadziriro yemitemo imene. Majere anogona kuvamba mabhiri okuvandudza mitemo iripo kana kuti kuita mitemo mitsva chose chose. Iyi muitiro unopesvedzerwa nemhaka yakasiyana- siyana yezvikonzero: murangariro wavose, mapoka enyanzvi, ufakazi, zvirongwa zvemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kudzorwa kwenhau. Somuenzaniso, kuitira hanya kwavose pamusoro pokutyaira kwakatsausa kwakatungamirira nyika dzakawanda kukupa mitemo inorambidza kushandiswa kwemafoni paunenge uchityaira. Nenzira yakafanana, kunzwisisa nhau dzedare revo utsotsi kwakasunda masangano okuchinja nhungamiro uye kushandura mhaka dzakati. Mutevedzero wemitemo unobvumira chinjo yokuchinja, sezvo vagadziri vemitemo vanogona kugadziridza miraudzo kukuita kutsinhira kumashoko nemashoko matsva.

Mitemo inoitawo kuhwirudzurwa kwenguva dzose kwemitemo iripo. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kunyorwazve kwapanhambo nenhambo kwemirau yakati, ichimanikidzira vaiti vemitemo kurangarirazve kudikanwa kwayo. Gadziriro dzokudzika vhudzisa pamutemo mugadziro pashure pomusi wakagadzwa kutoti kana mutezo wechibvumirano chikaivandudza.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora Hwakananga: Kutanga Nezvirongwa

Mumaruwa akawanda, vagari vemo vane simba rokuchinja mitemo zvakananga kupfurikidza nokutanga nokushandisa nzira dzokutsvaka. Kutanga kunobvumira vavhoti kukarakadza mitemo mitsva kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokuunganidza nhamba dzakati dzezvisainwa pakukumbira. Kana mwero wacho uchikwanirisa, unoiswa pavhoti yakakurumbira. Ruzivo rwezvokusarudza rwezvokurapa. Rukudzo rwezvokusarudza runobvumira vavhotera kubvumira kana kuti kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa nehurumende. Matururo akananga ehurumende anogonesa vagari vemoricracy kupfuudzira nzira yemitemo apo vanorangarira kuti vamiririri vavo havasi vari kuita zvavanoda. Mienzaniso isingataurira kubatana nokunyoresa pamutemo kwezvokuraparapa nevaraidzo inogona kuvamba, izvo zvakatanga kupfurikidza nezvirongwa munyika seCalifornia neCoradorance. Zvisinei, kuronga kurwisana kwemitemo inoitwa nemitemo inodzongofanira kupesana nokupfumiswa.

Pesvedzero Yedare Pachinjo Yapamutemo

Matare anogona kuchinja pamutemo kupfurikidza nemitemo yawo, kunyange apo masangano emitemo anenge asina basa. Apo dare rinodudzira mutemo nenzira inokudza kana kuti inoganhura kushandiswa kwawo, inoita chinjo inobudirira mashandire anoita mutemo. Somuenzaniso, zvinotaura zvisarudzo zvedare zvapamusoro pakutsigira mari yechikoro zvakamanikidzira matare emitemo okuvandudza gadziriro dzawo dzemari dzedzidzo. Nenzira yakafanana, dare rehurumende rinotonga roorano imwe cheteyo yetemu, yakadai se Obergefell v. Hodges, miraudzo yakashata yemitemo yapamutemo inorambidza mibatanidzwa yakadaro, inochinja nenzira inobudirira mutemo munyika yose.

Zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinogonawo kunyandura chiito chomutemo. dare ringarova mutemo sechisakafanira, uye mutemi wedare ipapo angapa mutemo mutsva unokurukura funganyo dzedare. Kana, mutemi wedare angakarakadza chibvumirano chebumbiro remitemo kuti rishandure dudziro yedare. Kudzokera shure nechepakati pamapazu chiratidzo chetsika yeU.S., achivimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe rine revo yokupedzisira pamusoro perevo yomutemo.

Kumanikidzwa Nevanhu Nemasangano Enzanga

Chinjo yapamutemo inowanzosundwa namasangano makuru enzanga nedzvinyiriro yavose. Masangano ehurumende, mapoka ezvouranda, uye nhimbe dzokutsigira zvinosimudzira kuziva nhau nokuraira chibvumirano. Somuenzaniso, sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo ra 1960 rakatungamirira kumutemo wehurumende wehurumende, asi rakanyandurawo chinjo mumitemo yehurumende pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota, pokugara kwavose, uye basa. Miitiro yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yakanangidzirwa pakuchinja ruramisiro, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye kuva murume nemunhu mumwe chete zvakaguma nechinjo dzinokosha dzemitemo inodzorwa muhurumende dzakawanda. Kunzvera kwavose, kufurira, uye kupesvedzera kwakarongwa kwemitemo yose pamusoro pekutsvaka maruramiro okusarudza. Munzira iyi, tsika yapamutemo haisati iri gadziriro yoga yezvokuchinja yezvokugadzira zvinhu asi sangano ripenyu asi inoratidzira uye inoita kuti vanhu vagodavire.

Kupindirana Pakati Pehurumende Nomutemo Wehurumende

Kunzwisisa matare ehurumende nokuchengetwa kwomutemo kunodawo kuziva ukama pakati pemiitiro yemitemo nehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.U.S. rinogadza gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yenyika umo dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzine mativi akazvimirira echiremera. Supremacy Clause (Article VI, Claus 2) rinopa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukuru wenyika, kureva kuti mitemo yehurumende inorwisana nomutemo wehurumende inobviswa. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinochengeta chiremera chakafara munharaunda dzisingapiwi hurumende. Hurumende dzinogona kuedza nemitemo yakasiana-peyi, kazhinji kazhinji inoshanda se "Masangano edemocracy yehurumende inotonga hurumende inosarudzwa." Somuenzaniso, inotaura kuti kuita mitoo yakasiana - pamutemo yezvoutano, mhoteredzo, mipimo yemhoteredzo, uye kupara mhosva. Mutemo unodzika uriri, asi nyika dzinopfuura munzvimbo zhinji.

Kuchengetwa kwomutemo pamwero yehurumende nehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kunowirirana. Masangano eFBI neDEA anomanikidza mitemo yehurumende, nepo hurumende nemapurisa omunzvimbomo achimanikidzira mitemo yehurumende. Muzvimwe zviitiko, zviremera zvehurumende nehurumende zvinobatira pamwe kupfurikidza namauto ebasa uye kunzvera pamwe. Zvisinei, rwisano dzinogona kuvapo apo mitemo yehurumende inopesana nemitemo yehurumende, yakadai semunharaunda yemitemo yeCannabis. Pasinei zvapo nokurambidza kwehurumende, maruwa akawanda akanyoresa macannabis nokuda kwokurapa kana kuti kushandiswa kwevaraidzo. Department of Justice kazhinji kazhinji yakagamuchira muitiro wokusaruramisira, asi kunyatadzira kwapamutemo. Kukakavakwa kwakadaro kunosimbisa kuoma kwetsika kwetsika yemitemo yamarudzi mazhinji nezvinodikanwa nokuda kwetsinhirano yenzanga.

Mugumo: Muitiro Wamasimba Wokutonga

Gadziriro yemitemo nemitemo yomutemo haasati ari masangano makuru; igadziriro huru dzinopfuurira kuchinjira kuzvinodikanwa zvenzanga, chinjo dzoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye mipimo inochinja. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro wemitemo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo, uye kududzirwa kwemitemo, mitemo inosikwa, inogadzirwa, inopindwa, uye inochinjwa munhevedzano yokutonga inodzikamisa kudzikamiswa nokuchinjika. Mitemo yemitemo inobatira sevagadziri vakuru vakuru vemitemo, inoumba mitemo inotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo. Masangano anochengeta mitemo anotakura mitemo iyoyo, uye matare anoitsanangura, achivimbisa kuti mutemo unotsigirwa. Mano okuchinja mitemo kupfurikidza nechiito chemitemo, kutungamirira kupfurikidza nechiito chehurumende, hurumende inotonga anovimbisa kuti tsika dzapamutemo dzirambe dzichiridziridziridziridziridziridziridziridziri.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza USA.gov Hurumo Revolve Incure , [[FLT:] Cornell Legal Information Institute yehurumende [, uye [[FLT] Conference yeNational Conference of State Legislatures[ nokuda kwemiitiro yemitemo yemitemo uye miitiro. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inodzorwa ndokupiwa simba sei vagari vemo kuti vaite zvine revo uye vatsigiri vemitero yemipimo yavo.