Political Action Committee (PACs) mutoo mukuru umo mari yomunhu oga inopinda muvhota dzeAmerica. Pakati pazvo, maPC anoshanda nenzira yakazvimirira nesangano ripi neripi rebhizimisi, kana kuti sangano rezvokutengeserana, achiapa basa rakasiyana mukuumba miuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nemhaka yokuti anogona kusimudza mari inobva kuvanhu vose uye haasati achiiswa mubatanidzwa mumwe mutsigiri, aya matare kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anokwevera kunzvera kukuru uko mari yawo inobva uye kunooneka kwairi. Kunzwisisa manyuko okutenga mari nemisengwa yePACICs zviri madikanwa nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoedza perero yebhizimisi muUnited States.

Kurondedzera Mazita Asina Kubatanidzwa

Mumuitiro wenhimbe yemari yehurumende, PAC idare ripi neripi rinogamuchira mipiro kana kuti kuita ndyiko pachikumbaridzo chakati nokuda kwedonzo rokupesvedzera sarudzo yehurumende. Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) inokamura PaCs mumarudzi maviri akafara: yakabatanidzwa uye isina kubatanidzwa. ] yakabatanidza PAC yakatangwa, inotsigirwa, uye inotsigirwa nemari nesangano rebasa, sangano remitezo, mutezoro, kana kuti sangano rebhizimisi. Ingakumbira mipiro bedzi kubva muboka rakaganhurirwa reyamutsigiri (g., vakuru vakuru, vagoverani, vabati, kana kuti mitezo yomubatanidzwa).

A asingabatanidzwi, kana kuti asingaendi kumunhu upi noupi. Yakasununguka kukumbira mipiro inobva kuvanhu vose, kubatanidza vanhu vamwe, vamwe vaPACI, uye dzimwe nguva masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuzvimirira kunobvumira paPACIS kuti zvivake papfungwa dzakati, mutevedzeri, kana kuti nhau pasina kuonekwa nesangano rimwe. Mienzaniso yakatanhamara inobatanidza matare epfungwa akadai seCURC yePC, EMILY’S, uye Dare guru PC. Nemhaka yokuti zvinotsamira pamari yakafara, kazhinji imotokari dzinosunda zvose zviri zviviri simba rouswa hweuswatsi uye dzinopedza makwikwikwi.

Kunokosha kusiyanisa maPAC asina kubatanidzwa kubva anotsamira pakushandisa mari bedzi [, anozivikanwa semaPACI makuru. MaPC igadziriro duku yePPAC ayo angakwidza zvitsama zvisina kubatanidzwa kubva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye masangano, chero bedzi asingapi mari zvakananga kuvadaviriri kana kuti kushandira pamwe. Kunyange zvazvo maPC anodzora zvikuru kurukurirano yavose, maPC akawanda egamuchidzanwa akaiswa paC anoramba achishanda pasi pemigovero yemipiro uye anotora zvose zviri zviviri mipiro yakananga nemitengo yazvibhadharo yazviga.

Kugadzirwa Kwemitemo Nokutungamirira

Pass chisarudzo chapamutemo chePUCs mu [[Federal Econstment Act (FECA) ya 1971, sechagadziridzwa neBipartisan Champaign Reformation Act (BCRA) ya2002. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro] Chitendero mu United.FEC [2010] [2010] neyakatevera D. jambwa reruwa mu Spechow.org v.FEC (20) inodhirongedza nzira yePUPUPUPU) inova miganhu inodzo iyoyo pamipo pamipiro inodzo inodzo inodzorwa bedzi kukuita kupfurikidza nokuputsa muganhu wokutanga. Zvisinei, zvinodzowowo zvamagamuchidzanwa zvinoramba zvichidzorwa nokuda kwokupa muganhu wamagaro.

FEC yakatanga hurumende ine udzame inodzora kuti vaPUC vanofanira kunyoresa sei, kushuma, uye kubata mari yavo. Pasi pe 11 CFR Part 100, boka rinova PC apo rinogamuchira mipiro kana kuti kuita ndyiko dzinopfuura $200 (Zvekarenda rekarenda. Ipapo rinofanira kunyora Dare resangano (FC Form 1) mukati mamazuva gumi. Pakareko rakanyoreswa, PAC rinofanira kurambira kupfurikidza nezvirambidzo zvakasimba, kubatanidza kurambidzwa kwemipiro inobva kunyika dzokumwe nyika uye kumasangano kana kuti mibatanidzwa yebasa zvakananga kumabhiriti evakwikwiri (kusvika paCss anobvuma mari yesangano nokuda kwokushandisa mari yakazvimirira).

Miganhu Yezvinoita

Serechitsauko chama 2025-2026 chesarudzo, munhu angapa mari inopfuura $3,300 pasarudzo kuPACI inosarudza inoita mipiro kuvadaviri. (iyi ganhuriro inogadziridzwa denderedzwa rimwe nerimwe nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengi uye inoshanda yakaparadzana kupesvedzero huru, huru, uye inobudiswa.) PAC isina kubatanidzwa ingapa mari inosvika $5 000 padare remutengi uye ku $5 000 pagore kudare renyika imwe neimwe. Iyi ganhuriro inorongedzerwa kudzivisa mupi upi noupi kupinza musero mukuru kupfurikidza nomukoto mumwe. IPCs inobatanidzwa ingagamuchirawo mipiro inobva kune mimwe PAC, asi iyo inotamiswa inosvika $5 000 (Z $5 000) pagore rimwe nerimwe kubva paPC.

Kwakabva Mashoko Akanyorwa

PACI dzisingabatanidzwi dzinorambidzwa kugamuchira mipiro inobva kunyika dzokumwe, zvivako zvehurumende, uye mabhangi enyika kana kuti masangano akarongwa nechiito cheCongress. Kunyange zvazvo chirambidzo pamipiro yesangano chakadzorwa nePACIS, maPACIFUD anogamuchirwa anowanzobatanidzwa mumipiro yemasangano anofanira kuramba mari yebhizimisi. Mukuwedzera, mipiro inobva kupwere inodzorwa nemitemo chaiyo, uye mipiro isingazivikanwi inopfuura $50 haisi kubvumirwa. FEC inopa nguva dzose mifungo yegamuchidzanwa isina kubatanidzwa kuti ijekedze iyi miganhuro.

Kwakabva Mari

Ropa reropa rePUC ripi neripi risingabatanidzwi iko mupi wechinhu charo. Kusafanana nePCs dzinogona kuvimba nemipiro inotsaurwa yemari inobhadharwa kana kuti mari yesangano nokuda kwendyiko dzokutarisira, PCS dzisati dzabatanidzwa dzinofanira kusimudza nokushingaira madhora ari ose kubva kuvatsigiri vari kunze. Manyuko makuru ndiwo mipiro inopa mari [, inogona kuvambira pamipiro miduku yemakombiyuta kusvikira kuuremuro inobvumiranwa. Vatsigiri vazhinji vasiri vamafoni vanoshandisa mapepa emitepi, mapepa eemail, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga kuvaka mugoveri wemupi. Vamwe vanovimba nezvinoitika zvezuva rapamusoro kana kuti zvipfumbiso zvinodzo.

Mipiro Yomumwe Nomumwe

Vanhu vamwe navamwe vangapa muganhu wechisarudzo chimwe nechimwe, uye munhu mumwe anogona kupa kuMitemo mizhinji isina kubatanidzwa. FEC inoda kuti mupiro mumwe nomumwe uitwe kana unopfuura $200 mugore rekarenda, uchigovera chinyorwa chavose chezita romupi, kero, basa, uye mushandirwi. Uku kuziviswa ikona rokuoneka, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropodzi vachicherekedza kuti basa nawavanoshandira zvinogona kuva zvisina kujeka kana kuti zvisina kukwana.

Kuendeswa kuPAC

MaPAC asingabatanidzwi angagamuchirawo mari inobva kune dzimwe PC. Uku kutamisirwa kunoganhurirwa kusvika $5 000 pagore kubva kune imwe neimwe PAC, uye kunofanira kushumwa. Kutamisirwa kwakadaro kwakapararira pakati pamatare akabatana mundangariro anotsinhirana nokutumira kana kuti kugoverana marusarudzo. Zvisinei, FEC inonzvera idzi kutengeserana kuva nechokwadi chokuti haashandisi kunzvenga ganhuriro dzemipiro, zvakadai sokugadzira mubatanidzwa wePCs dzinowirirana nenzira inobudirira kumitengo mikuru zvikuru kumutengi.

Kukandwa

Mamwe maPC asingabatanidzwi anotsamira zvikuru pakubhadharwa, apo mumwe kana kuti boka rinounganidza cheki dzinobva kuvapi vazhinji ndokuvatumira pamwe chete. Nepo kubhadharwa kuri kwapamutemo, kwakakwevera itiro hanya nemhaka yokuti kunogona kukudza pesvedzero yomumiriri mumwe pasina kuoneka pandaza yomupiro wePAC. FEC haidi kuti mabharani azivikanwe kutoti vari vagamuchiri vakanyoreswa kana kuti vaPC vakuru vakuru vakuru. Nhambudzo dzinoraira kuziviswa kukuru kwevagadziri vemitoro dzakachengetwa muChibvumirano.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokuona Nazvo Kudzivirira

MaPAC asingabatanidzwi anopiwa mimwe yemirau ine udzame zvikurusa yemishumo yenhimbe muAmerica. Anofanira kunyora mishumo yenhambo nenhambo neFEC, yapanhambo nenhambo pahwaro hwechikamu chimwe muzvina kana kuti mwedzi, pamwe chete nemishumo yapashure pekusarudza. FEC inodawo mushumo wegore negore. Iyi mishumo inowanwa pachena kupfurikidza newebsite yeFEC uye inonzverwa nezita redare, mupi, kana kuti mugamuchiri.

Zviri Pamishumo

Chimiro chikuru chokushuma iFEC Form 3X, iyo inotapa mariti nokubvisa. Shedynal A (Mazita akasimudzirwa) inoronga mipiro yose yakabva kuvanhu, PCs, uye mamwe manyuko ayo anobatanidza kupfuura $200 mugore rekarenda. Segener B (Dhivisionsss) inoronga ndyiko dzose dzinopfuura $200, kubatanidza mari dzinobhadharwa kuvatengesi, vapi vemirayiridzi, uye vanobudisa nhau. Mukuwedzera, PCS anofanira kuzivisa donzo rerimwe nerimwe renyika nezita nekendiyo. Ndyiko dzamagaro idzo dzinotaura nenzira inorevedzerwa kana kuti kupesana nomutengi, PC inofanira kushuma ICE (FFom 24 kana kuti 30) kana kuti maawa 48, zvichiteverwa.

Kufamba Nendege Nekuwana Vanhu Vose Pamagetsi

Kubvira muna 2001, maPACI ose anogamuchira kana kuti anoita mipiro yakati kuti anofanira kuvhura mashoko pakombiyuta, zvichiita kuti mashoko anowanika zvikuru. Gadziriro yokunyora mashoko ekombiyuta yeFEC inobvumira vanoshandisa kukopa mashoko asina kunyorwa, chishandiso chinokosha nokuda kwevanyori venhau, vatsvakurudzi, uye masangano anoona nezvezvipo akadai seOpenSecrets neCampaig Legal Center. Pasinei nokuti izvi zvakafambira mberi, pasara musiyano mukuru: mamwe matare anofanira kunyorwa papepa, izvo zvinofanira kunyorwa pamaoko, zvichiita kuti anonozeke uye kuti apere mumashoko zvakarurama.

Kumanikidza Nokutsigira

FEC ine mutoro wokusimbisa zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa, asi chinyorwa chayo chokuchengeta chakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuva anononoka uye anoshatiswa. Sangano racho rinoshanda navamiriri vatanhatu vanokamuraniswa pamwe chete pakati peDemocrats neRepublican, uko kunowanzoguma namavhoti akavharwa kupfurikidza kuti aronde kuputsirwa. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kumurangariro wokuti PCs dzisiri dzinobatanidzwa dzinogona kusundira miganhu yokuzivisa nokurangwa kwapakati, zvikurukuru apo dzinosvika pakuvanza vapi vanopa chirango.

Zvikamu Mukuona Zvakanaka: Mari Isina Basa

Pasinei zvapo nemirau yakasimba yokuzivisa nokuda kwamaPC mazhinjisa, mabudire makuru anobvumira mari kupinda musarudzo pasina ruzhinji kuziva kwamavambo. Chisaririra chakatanhamara zvikurusa chinobatanidza mari iri murima [--8] , kupambadza kwezvamatongerwe enyika namasangano asingadikanirwi kuzivisa vapi vavo. Zvifambi zviviri zvikuru zvinoshandiswa:

  • 501 (c) (4) masangano enzanga enzanga: Aya mapoka asingapinduri mhindu, anobatanidza masangano akadai seCrossGPS neChinzwano cheConservation Voters, anogona kupinda mumubato wezvamatongerwe enyika chero bedzi kusati kuri donzo rawo guru. Haadikanirwi kuzivisa vapi vavo kuFEC, kunyange zvazvo vangazviisa pasi peIRS kushuma. Doner ku 501(c) (4) naizvozvo anogona kuramba asingazivikanwi, kunyange apo sangano rinoita zvitsamiro zvikuru zvakazvimirira kana kuti rinobetsera kusingawirirani.
  • Makambani ane mhaka dzeropa asingadiwi (LLCs): Mune dzimwe nyika, LLC inogona kutangwa nezita raidzo, zvichiita kuti zviome kuronda mari kudzokera kumunhu mumwe kana kuti sangano. Idzi LLC dzinogona kugovera kuSPAC dzakananga, uye PC inokudzwa inodikanwa kushuma zita reLLC asi kwete muridzi waro. Uyu muitiro wakatumidzwa kuti “LCCC” uye wakapararira zvikuru muhurumende nomusarudzo dzomunzvimbomo.

MaPAC ayo asati ari maPC makurusa haagoni kugamuchira mipiro yekambani kana kuti LLC nokuda kwokupa kwechinjo, asi anogona kugamuchira mipiro kubva muna 501(c)(4)s. Apo boka remari ine rima rinotumira mari kuPAC, PAC rinofanira kushuma purofiti somupi, kwete vatsigiri vasingapi mari yakaderera. Ikoku nenzira inobudirira kugadzira girazi rimwe: mari inooneka, asi mavambo okupedzisira anoramba akavharwa.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Gadziriro yokupa mari nokuzivisa nokuda kwePUCs inotarisana nedenho dzinoverengeka dzinopfuurira. Nhau huru ndiro mukaha wokumanikidzira . Chivako chakakamuraniswa cheFEC nezviwanikwa zvakaganhurirwa zvinoreva kuti kunyange kuputsa kwakananga kushaikwa kwemishumo kana kuti kugamuchirwa kwemipiro inorambidzwa kusingarapiki kwamakore, kana kuti zvose. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kushaikwa kwemitemo yokuita zvinhu kunoitwa kunoitwa nenzira yokuumba zvinhu zvinoshandisa zvirongwa zvemitemo zvemhizha.

Chimwe chinhu chiri kunetsa kuwanda kwe PACIC inochengeta nzvimbo, inobvumira kudzipeta nekaviri ganhuriro dzemipiro yadzinogona kutumira kumunhu mumwe. FEC yakatora nhano kuganhurira “gadziriro” dzakadaro, asi mitemo inoramba yakaoma uye iri pasi pomubatanidzwa.

Kukwira kwe PACIS .Mabasa anochengeta zvose zviri zviviri nhauro yemagamuchidzanwa PC (inozviisa kumiganhu) nenhauro huru yePAC (pasina ganhuriro) ine kumwe kujeka kwakaoma. Kunyange zvazvo maPUC akavhengana achifanira kuparadzanisa maakaundi uye kushuma kubvisa mabhuroka, vanhu havangagoni kutsaura nyore mari inoshandiswa nokuda kwemipiro yakananga pamwe chete nokushandisa kwokuzvimirira. Ikoku kunopfupikisa mutsetse pakati pemibato yakabatanidzwa neisina kubatanidzwa.

Zvichida kutsoropodza kukuru zvikurusa ndekwokuti displation yoga haisati iri inokwana[ kudzivisa ushati kana kuti chitarisiko chahwo. Kunyange apo vapi vanotumidzwa (sezvinganyorwa zvizere mishumo) vanhu vangasakwanisa kunzwisisa kana mupiro mukuru kuPACI wakabatanidzwa nechisarudzo chakananga chemitemo kana kuti chemitemo. Ruzha rukuru rwemari nokumhanya kwenhimbe yazvino uno zvinogona kukurira simba ravatori venhau navanorinda kuti vabatane madota pamberi pezuva rekuvhotera.

Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu Nokukurudzira

Mumhinduro kuidzi denho, mhatsa yezvikarakadzo zvokuvandudza yakatangwa pamwero yehurumende nehurumende. Kusvika kukurusa i DISCLOSE] Act (DEmocracy Ishingidzwa naCasting Light On Penations in Evolutions), iyo yakatangwa kanoverengeka muCongress asi isingatongopiwi. Chiito chacho chingada masangano ose anopedza anopfuura $10 000 pakuvhota kuti azivise vapi vanopfuura $1 000, kubatanidza manyuko apakuvamba kana mari ikachinjwa kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wemabhii. Kwaizodawo kuti PC na 501 (4) asvikidzeri pamusoro pazvo.

Nokuda kweIntername Act (H.R. 1 / S. 1 / mu 117th Congress) yakabatanidza chinjo yemari yemari yakawanda, kubatanidza gadziriro dzewirirano duku, kuziviswa kwemari ine rima, uye kunyanyova kweFEC kuderedza giramu remagirazi. Kunyange zvazvo yakapfuura Imba, yakamiswa muDare. Zvikarakadzo zvakafanana zvakatangwazve mumarusando akatevera.

Pamwero wehurumende, Hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakagadza mitemo inoda kuziviswa kwamanyuko apakuvamba emari nokuda kwendyiko dzakazvimirira. California, somuenzaniso, ine “bato chairo refariro” inozivisa mutemo unodzokororwa nokuedza kubvisa zvikamu zveLLC uye zvisati zviri zvemipinduro. New York neWashington dzakapfuudzawo zvitengo zvokujeka izvo mari yakapindwa. Iyi mitemo yenyika inowanzopukunyuka denho dzebumbiro remitemo pasi peFirst Amendment nemhaka yokuti kuzivisa kunobatira fariro inogombedzera yehurumende, sezvinobvumwanwa neDare rapamusorosoro mu .CITAZENS United[FT:1] imene.

Imwe nzira yokuchinja iri kupfurikidza ne Sacrities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Kwamakore, vatsigiri vakakumbira SEC kukumbira pachena kuti vade masangano anotengeserwa kuzivisa masangano anotengeserwa mari yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika kuti ive vatambi. Nepo SEC yakaramba kushanda pasi pevatungamiriri vekare, dzvinyiriro yakavandudzwazve navezvo makambani esangano akatungamirira mamwe makambani okutengesa kuzivisa nokuzvidira mari kuPACIC uye masangano ezvokutengeserana. Mutevedzero wehurumende yaizogadza aya majekedzo akajeka akajeka akajeka esangano mumavhota.

mhedziso

Pacs dzisingabatanidzwi dzichapfuurira kuva vatambi vane revo muvhoti dzeAmerica chero bedzi gadziriro yemari inobvumira mari yomunhu oga kutsigira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Manyuko avo okutsigira mari (anoitwa nemipiro asi anobatanidzawo kuchinjwa kunobva kumamwe matare uye, nenzira isina kunanga, kubva kumapoka ane mari yakasviba neanoramba iri nhau yekurukurirano yakasimba. Mitemo yokuona zvakanaka iripo, asi kusawirirana nokusaita kuti mari ipinde pasina kuzvidavirira kwavose. Kupfuurira kutemerwa kwechinjo dzakadai seDSCLOSE Act, Hurumende-ject, uye kuisa mutemo wePUC kunoratidza chido chikuru chokuita kuti gadziriro ive nokuzvidavirira kukuru. Pakupedzisira, chiyero pakati pomunhu ari oga nekodzero yavose kuziva kuti mubvunzo mukuru ugova kukuva nomugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera PEC' peji yakanyoreswa, OpenSET PAC, uye zvitsaruso zvinobva [[FLT:] Brenan Center yeChirevo.