Kutanga: Kushanduka - shanduka Kwemagariro

Kudzorwa icherekedzo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, mutoo uyo vagari vanoshandura nawo kuda kwavo kuva zviremera. Mutoo uyo unoshandiswa kuvhota, kuunganidzwa, uye kuverengwa kune revo dzine chokuita zvikuru nechengeteko yevhoti, kuwanikwa, uye kuvimba navanhu. Sezvo nzanga dzawedzera kuva dzakaoma zvikuru uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvafambira mberi, mitoo yokuvhota yave ikasiyana- siyana kupfuura kuratidzwa kwemaoko. Iyi nhungamiro inonzvera miitiro mikuru inomwe yokuvhota.[1] Kubva papepa rekugara kusvikira pakubuda kwemadhigirimu dhisikicha /detaro kuisai mashandire azvo, mashoko enhau, uye mashandiro enhau, uye mapepa adzo anotungamirira esarudzo nero.

1. Mabharoti Ephepha: Mupimo Usingabviri

Pepa revhota ndiyo nzira yekaresa uye inozivikanwa zvikuru, ine midzi yakapararira kudzokera shure kuAthens yekare neAmerica yechi 19-century. Muchimiro chayo chazvino uno, muvhoti anoratidza chisarudzo pakadhi repepa kana kuti pepa rakarongwa achishandisa peni kana kuti chikwangwani. Kota inoiswa mubhokisi rakavharwa nokuda kwokuverenga kwebhuku kana kuti muchina.

Mashandiro Aunoita

Mapepa anodhindwa mazita avanabhinya namabasa okunyoresa. Mavoter anozadza ob, chekesa bhokisi, kana kuti chidhindo kuratidzira chisarudzo chawo. Pashure pokunge nzvero dzapera, vakuru vakuru vesarudzo kana kuti vazvipiri vanopa muromo vhotaro , (hwunonyanya mumapoka ezvikamu zvebipartis) kana kuti kuvaisa mumichina yokuona kuti vaone. Nemhaka yokuti broti chaiyo inovapo sechinyorwa chikuru, inogona kudzokororwa ndokurondedzerwa muchinoitika chegakava.

Betsero Dzemapepa

  • [ Ufakazi hunooneka: Voters dzinogona kuona ndokubata pepa radzo rapedzwa, iro rinosimbisa chivimbo. Mufananidzo womuviri unoshanda senzira yokunzvera yakazvimirira inogona kunzverwa pahwerengedzo dzemichina.
  • Kubatana nokurovedzana: Hapana unyanzvi hunodikanwa. Mapepa anoshanda pasina magetsi, purogiramu yekombiyuta, kana kuti Internet, zvichiaita kuti atsungirire zvikuru.
  • Ngozi yakakukura yokuparadza: Nemhaka yokuti blackot haitongovi muchimiro chemichina inogona kusvikwa kure, muromo wedenho iduku zvikuru kana uchienzaniswa nemichina yemagetsi.
  • Zvibvumikiso zvemitemo: Matare namasangano esarudzo ane makumi amakore emuenzaniso wokubata mapepa, kubatanidza miitiro nemitemo yecheni yechero.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzemapepa

  • Vanhu vanoverenga chikanganiso: Utachiona hwemabhukwana hunononoka uye hunokombamira kuzvikanganiso, zvikurukuru mumativi ane zviuru zvamadzinza nezvirongwa. 2000 revo yapurezidhendi weU.S. igakava re “kukwidza chads” muenzaniso wenyevero.
  • Mutoro weLogastic: Mapepa anofanira kutsikirirwa, kuchengetwa zvakanaka, kuendeswa kunzvimbo dzokuvhota, uye kuunganidzwa pashure pokuvhota. Uyu muitiro unodhura uye wakatapurwa nokuba kana kuti kurasikirwa.
  • Kuwanikwa kwakarongwa: Mitemo ine urema hwemaziso kana kuti injini ingaparapatika kuratidzira chiteshi chepepa pasina betsero. Nepo mamwe mativi anogovera matepi okushandisa, uphindu hunoramba huri denho.
  • Njodzi: Kuisa zvinhu mubharo, kukanganisa mukati mezvifambiso, kana kuti kunyengera kwemabhora anorovha kutyisidzira chaikoiko pasina zviteshi zvecheni zvebhurokosi rakasimba.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi mipamberi, mapepa anovhota anoramba ari mupimo wendarama nokuda kwesarudzo dzinoongororwa. Seizvo Brennan Center for Justice inotsinhira, [[FLT: 0] mapepa anogovera dziviriro yakavimbika inoderedza ngozi dzinobatanidzwa nokuvhota kwamagetsi[[FLT: 1].

Michina Yemagetsi (EVM)

Michina yokuvhota yemagetsi (EVM) yakabuda mukupera kwezana remakore rechi20 senzira yokukurumidzisa kuvhota nokuisa mashoko. Michina iyi inowanzoratidza chishandiso chescreen kana kuti bhatani painenge ichishandiswa nevavhota. Dzimwe nguva dzinodhinda risiti yepepa yepepa yevVPAT (VPAT) asi dzimwe dzinochengeta zvose zvinoguma zvaita muyeuko yemagetsi.

Mashandiro Aunoita

EVM inogadzira kombiyuta inovhota zvakananga muyeuko yomukati, kazhinji kazhinji pakadhi reflash inobuda kana kuti kutyaira kwakavanzika. Pashure pesarudzo, mashoko anopfuudzwa kudivi repakati kana kuti kudzorwa chaiko kuti iendese. Mugadziriro ne VVPAT, muvhoti anoratidzira pfupi yakatsikirirwa muchina usati wasimbisa vhoti.

Betsero DzemaEVM

  • Kuverenga kwave pedyo nokuvhakacha kamwe chete. Miuyo inogona kushumwa mukati mamaminiti, kudikanwa kwezvinobudisa nhau zvinogutsa uye kwavanhu nokuda kwemibayiro inokurumidza.
  • Chikanganiso chavanhu chakaregwa: Muchina unobvisa kusarava zvakanaka, mavara anorasika, uye zvikanganiso zvirefu zvinozivikanwa napepa rine zvinyorwa zvamaoko.
  • Ubhazi: EVM dzinogona kupa mabhora enzwi, mashoko makuru, uye zvimwe zvishandiso zveminyengedzo nokuda kwavavhoti vane urema, kuita zvinodikanwa zvemitemo seyault America Vote Act yeU.S.
  • Languages inotsigira: mitauro yakawanda inogona kuiswa nyore nyore pasina kudiwa marobhoti akadhindwa akadhindwa.

Dzisiri Betsero DzemaaVM

  • Utsanana: Pasina nzira yepepa, hakubviri kubvumikisa miuyo yakazvimirira. Fundo dzinobva kumapoka se Vinefied Voting Foundation [ dzakaratidzira kuti dzimwe DRES dzinogona kuwiriraniswa nekwarawara kana kuti nechamukati denho.
  • Kukundikana kwemichina yemateki: Michina inogona kuvhunika, kupisa, kana kuti kusashanda zvakanaka pazuva resarudzo, kuchiparira mitsetse mirefu nedzokuparadza. Jurisciations dzinowanzofanira kukwikwidza nokuda kwamapepa okuchengeta.
  • Rack yekuona: Kodi yeTsitsi inowanzova inodzorwa uye haigoni kuongororwa pachena. Kunyange manyuko akavhurika anoda kuedza kudzivirira kwakaoma.
  • [[FFLT:0] Cost: EVM dzinodhura kutenga, kuchengeta, uye kutsiva. Miganhu yakawanda inotarisana neganhuriro dzemari dzinotungamirira kuzvinhu zvisati zvashanda.

Kuderedza idzi ngozi, nyanzvi zhinji dzinotsigira gadziriro dzinobatanidza betsero yemagetsi nerate repepa rinosimbiswa. European Commission’s inopa bhiriji pakunyora inosimbisa ukoshi hwekuguma kuenda kumugumo nejere remagetsi mugadziriro ipi neipi yemagetsi.

Kupenya Kwechipiyaniso Chinoyera

Muchina wacho unozadza pepa revhota uchishandisa peni kana kuti chikwangwani, wozoisa roti mumuchina unorava zviratidzo uchishandisa ruzivo rwemaoctal (OCR). Muchina wacho unonyora migumisiro uchichengeta pepa rekuongorora.

Mashandiro Aunoita

Muvhoti anogamuchira chivhoti chapamberi pekudhindwa uye anoisa zvitaera, anobatanidza miseve, kana kuti anozadza mabhokisi anowirirana nezvisarudzo zvavo. Pashure pokupedza kuvhota, muvhoti anoiisa munzvero panzvimbo yokuvhota. Scanner anorava mabhii, anochengeta vhota, uye anoisa blackot mubhodhi rakavharwa. Masangano eCentral anonzvera mabhora akakura akashairwa panzvimbo iri pakati.

Betsero Dzomupiki Wemaziso

  • Gara repeti pamwe nespeed: Pepa rachengetwa rinobatira serekodhi rapamutemo, nepo muchina uchigovera nhamba dzapamberi, dzakarurama. Mitengo yemichina inogona kuenzanisa hwerengedzo yemichina nemwero inoverengwazve nemaoko.
  • Kurovedzana naUS: Muitiro unonzwa wakafanana nokuedza kwakarongwa, uko vavhoti vazhinjisa vanotonzwisisa.
  • Tsvene: Maskeni anowanzodhura zvishoma kupfuura michina yeDRE yakazara, uye mapepa anotapudzwa kugadzira.
  • Kushanda: Mitemo yengozi yokunzvera (S)(S)(a statical regold) inscrome() iri nyore zvikuru kuita negadziriro dzescan yeoparency.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzomuyereso

  • Valvot kusarava zvakanaka: Voter dzingakundikana kuzadza matomu chose chose, kushandisa zviratidzo zvisina kururama, kana kuti ingi yevhu, kuchiparira muchina kurava kana kuti kuramba bratet.
  • mijamu yeMachine nezvikanganiso: Machampu anogona kuminyana, kudya kusina kufanira, kana kuti kusashanda zvakanaka, zvikurukuru nemidziyo yakura. Kuyera kwakarurama kunogona kutungamirira kukusarava kwakarongwa.
  • [ Dzidzo yakananga inodikanwa: Miraidzo yakajeka inokosha; kana kuti, maduku navanovharwa zvikuru (kusarudza vada kufunda vazhinji).
  • Mabhuroti eAmbuya anodenha: Matsamba-mumatsamba anogadzirwa mumascan apakati angaiswa panhau dzakafanana, uye kuhwirudzurwa kwamaoko kwamarobhoti ane mifungo mizhinji kunogona kuva kwakarongwa.

Kuvhota kwokuona kunoshandiswa zvikuru muUnited States namativi eEurope. National Institute of Direfect and Technology (NIST) inobudisa [[FLT: 0] mitsetse yokuedza nokuisa uori [[[FLT: 1] yeidzi gadziriro kuti ichengete ururami.

4. Kubudisa Mazango paIndaneti

Kuvhota paIndaneti (kumwe kunonzi e-votion kana kuti vhoti paIndaneti) vanobvumira kuti vasaidze mavhoti marefu vachishandisa kombiyuta kana app. Nyika dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira Estonia, dzakashandisa kuvhota paIndaneti muvhoti dzenyika. MuEstonia, inenge hafu yevhoti dzose inovhoterwa paIndaneti, zvichiva negadziriro inovakirwa kuti ive yechokwadi.

Mashandiro Aunoita

Vavhoti vanozvipupurira vamene vachishandisa maID eminutary (sezvirevo, makadhi ezviziviso zvemagetsi enyika) kana kuti kusimbisa kwemativi maviri. Vanowana chiteshi chakachengeteka, vanoita zvisarudzo zvavo, uye vanobudisa vhoti yakavanzika. Vhoti inochengetwa pasitima iri kure kutozosvikira shoo yavharwa, ipapo yakanyorwa yakarekodwa. Masangano mazhinji anogadzira rigiti inovhara kuti vavhoti vagone kusimbisa kuti bracolot yakanyorwa zvakarurama.

Betsero Dzokubudisa Mashoko paInternet

  • [[FFL:0] Kuwana nokuwana: Majeni anogona kutora rutivi kubva kunzvimbo ipi neipi nebatano yeInternet, kubvisa kufamba, nguva dzokumirira, uye rwisano dzinorongwa. Ikoku kwakabatanidzwa newedzedzero dzine mwero mugadziriro dzendege.
  • Mari yakachengetwa: Nokufamba kwenguva, kuvhota kunoderedza mutengo wokudhinda, wokufambisa, uye wokuvhota nzvimbo.
  • Kumhanya kwemiuyo: kumhanya kunobuda pakarepo, uye miuyo inogona kubudiswa nokukurumidza apo kuvhota kunopera.
  • Kuwedzera kwokuzvinzwisisa: varavi vescreen, maresitorendi, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinobatsira zvinogona kubatanidzwa pachikuva.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzokubudisa Indaneti

  • Utsanana: Kuvhota paIndaneti kunokudza zvikuru pamusoro pedenho. Malware pamakambani okuvhota, denho dzephishi, kurambwa kwevhozhokero dze-service, uye kuvhotera kwesikufambisa zvinogona kubvumiranisa pane zvisina kufanira perero. Cybersecurity ne Infrastrust Security Agency (CISA) yakataura kuti kuvhotera kwapanuro hakuna kuchengeteka zvakakwana nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvehurumende panguva ino ([] michero yehurumende ]).
  • Chikamu cheDigital: Mitemo isingawaniki yakavimbika yeInternet kana kuti kurava nokunyora kwemichina inobviswa, ingagona kubvisa misha, vakwegura, uye vashanyi vakaderera vanowanwa.
  • Rack yeburi retsono dzapachivande vimbiso: Majekiseni anorashwa kubva mumudziyo womunhu oga anogona kumanikidzirwa kana kuti kutengeswa nomuvhoti(a kuputswa kwechakavanzika chetsoro.
  • [ denho dzemakombiyuta akaoma kunzwisisa:[[FT:1] Inoda kuhwirudzurwa kwounyanzvi, asi kunzvera kwavose kwakaoma nemhaka yebumbiro remitemo remitemo renyika uye kuoma kwegadziriro.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinonetsa, kuvhota paInternet kunoramba kuri nzvimbo inoshingaira yokunzvera. Zvikoro zvenyika zveSayenzi, Engineering, uye Medicine [[FL:1] zvakada mitemo yakakomba zvikuru yokuvhara pamberi pokugamuchirwa kwakapararira.

5. Matsamba Mukubudisa (Kubudisa Maziro)

Kuvhota patsamba, pane dzimwe nguva kunonzi kuvhota, kunobvumira vagari vemo kugamuchira bhoti nepositi, kuipedza vari kumba, uye kuidzorera pamusha. Uyu mutoo wakakura mukukurumbira, zvikurukuru mukati medenda reCOVID, kunyange zvazvo wave uchishandiswa kwamakumi amakore munyika dzakadai seOregon, Washington, uye Colorado, umo sarudzo dzose dzinoitwa zvikurukuru neposi.

Mashandiro Aunoita

Vavhoti vanonyoreswa, kazhinji kazhinji vane bhotoroti rapamutemo, emvuropu yakavanzika yomukati, mvuro yokunze yakatsikirirwa nezita romuvhoti nebharokodhi, uye miraidzo. Muvhoti anoratidzira chivhoti, anoisa mumvuropo yakavandika, anochiisa mukati mehamvuropu yokudzosera, anoisa chiratidzo cheaffidavit panze, uye anoitumira kana kuti anoidonhedza mubhokisi revori. Pariti, vakuru vakuru vesaro vanosimbisa chisaini chinorwisana nechinyorwa chokunyoresa chomuvhotera pamberi pokugadzirwa.

Betsero Dzokuparadzira Matsamba

  • Yakanakira zvikuru: Vaongorori vanogona kunzvera uye nhau panguva yavo vamene pasina ganhuriro dzamaawa enzvimbo dzokuvhota.
  • [[[FT:0] Nguva yokurangarira: Kuva neroti mumazuva kana kuti mavhiki nguva isati yaita nguva inobvumira kuita chisarudzo chokungwarira.
  • Yakaderedza ngozi youtano hwavanhu: Kuvhota matsamba kunobvisa nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzakatsvikinyidzana, kuchideredza kupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira.
  • Chinyorwa chenhetembo: United States neposi yose inoshuma gutsikano huru yevhoti uye nguva dzose kukwirira kwakakwirira. Mukuwirirana ne Conference of State Legislatures, mwero yetsoropodzo mukuvhota tsamba yakaderera zvikuru.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzokuparadzira Matsamba

  • Mazai okunonotsa basa reposita: Kuderera kweProto kungadzivisa marobhoti kusvika kana kuti kudzoserwa panguva. Maroti apera kazhinji kazhinji haaverengeki.
  • .Ballot kushatisa: Kupinda kwetsamba dzakaputirwa kana kuti dzakaputirwa ingozi yefungidziro, kunyange zvazvo zvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvisingawanzoitiki. Kuchengeteka kwechikafu nokuda kwokudonhedza mabhokisi kwakakomba.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Kusaina denho dzechokwadi: Chisaini chakafanana chinogona kuparira mavhoti kurambwa. Vamwe vavhoti vane chinetso chokugovera siginicha dzisingachinjiki, uye muitiro wacho unogona kubvisa vavhoti vapamutemo pasina mutoo wokurapa.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Nhengo dzechivande: Mitezo yemhuri kana kuti vatarisiri vangadzvinyirira kana kuti kucherekedza kuti muvhoti anoisa sei muvhoti wavo pamusha.
  • Ndyiko dzakakwirira zvikuru dzokutarisira: Kudhinda, posita, uye kugadzirwa (kubatanidza kusaina uchokwadi, kuzarura, kunzvera) kunogona kuva kunodhura zvikuru kupfuura muvhota pahwaro hwevhoti.

Kuvhota tsamba zvino inzvimbo huru kudzoro resarudzo mumavhoriyamu akawanda. U.S. EFUMENT Application Commission inogovera miitiro yakanakisisa nokuda kwegadziriro yeposi yeforoma necheni yecheni yecheni.

6. Kurukurirano Yechisarudzo Yakatsikirirwa (RCV)

Kuvhota kwakakomba kunozivikanwawo sekuvhota kwapakarepo (IRV) igadziriro umo vavhoti vanosarudzwa munhevedzano yedanho. Kana pasina muvhoti wokutanga, muvhoti wokutanga anowana mavhoti mashomanene zvikurusa anosarudzwa anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinodzoserwa kuchisarudzo chechipiri. Iyi muitiro unodzokororwa kutozosvikira muvhoti mumwe anodarika chikumbaridzo chikuru.

Mashandiro Aunoita

Pabhoti, vavhoti vanoona ndaza yavada kufunda ndokugovera nhamba yedenderedzwa kune mumwe nomumwe (mutoo, 1, 2, 3). Vanogona kusarudza kuva vazhinji kana kuti vashomanene sezvavanoda. Kudzorwa kunopfuurira mumakori: kutanga, verenga mavhoti ose okutanga. Kana mutengi akagamuchira anopfuura 50%, vanowina. Kana zvisina kudaro, bvisa mutsigiri nevhoti shomanene. Nokuda kwevota mumwe nomumwe uyo akanga ane mubekisi akabviswa sechisarudzo chokutanga, vhotera inotamisirwa kumuvhotera anotevera achiri munhangeri. Mavhotera anopfuurira kusvikira muwinhiki abuda.

Betsero Dzechisarudzo Chakatsiga

  • Chirevo cheMitambo: Mukundi anotsigirwa /nako kupfurikidza nokutamiswa (nezvoruzhinji), achidzivisa muuyo unoparadza uye muzhinji navawiri vane 50%.
  • Kuzivisa nhimbe yakananga: Vatsigiri vane sundo yokukumbira kuvatsigiri vavakwikwidzi kuwana mavhoti echipiri, kuderedza denho dzakaipa.
  • Mhatsa hurusa inoda kuitwa: RCV inogona kuderedza mhinganidzo dzavada kutora chikamu chechitatu uye vakazvimirira, avo vanowanzokamura vhoti pasi pechinyakare.
  • Kuratidzira kwokupedzisira: Mavoter anogona kuratidzira nenzira yokutendeseka tsigiro nokuda kwomutsigiri akareba nepo achingopesvedzera muuyo wokupedzisira kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvokuvhara.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzokusarudza

  • Kutsiva:[ Vamwe vavhoti vanowana vhiringidzo yapanzvimbo, kuchitungamirira kuzvikanganiso zvokutamba kwakadai senzvimbo inotanhanwa kanoverengeka kana kuti kusvetuka nhamba. Dzidzo huru inodikanwa.
  • Kuverenga kwakaderera: Midungwe inoda kudzorwa kwenguva, zvikurukuru nezviverengero zvikuru zvevanoda kuverengwa. Kuverengwa kwamaoko kunonetesa.
  • masimba akavanzika: Zvinobvira kuti mudaviri akanga asiri chisarudzo chokutanga chavavhoti vazhinji kuwina nemhaka yokutamiswa kwavada kubviswa, uko kunogona kurangarira kuvanopesana.
  • Kuvhota kuchiripo: Majeri angaviga muvengi akasimba kupfurikidza nokuaisa pasi, kunyange zvazvo uyu muuyo uri kushatisa zvishoma kupfuura mumiitiro mizhinji.

RCV inoshandiswa mumativi akadai seMaine, Alaska, uye maguta anoverengeka eCalifornia. Sangano reFairvote vatsigiri nokuda kwokukura kwaro uye inogovera fundo dzine udzame pamusoro pokushandiswa.

7 mhedziso: Kusarudza Nzira Yakarurama Yenguva Yemberi

Hakune gadziriro yokuvhota yakakwana. Mutoo mumwe nomumwe unoratidzira kubviswa pakati pechengeteko, kupwitika, kumhanya, mutengo, uye chivimbo. Mapepa anopa kubhadharwa kusingaenzaniswi asi anotamburira nokumhanya nokuwana. Michina yemagetsi inogovera mitoo yokushandisa zvakanaka asi inoda kuchengeteka kukuru. Optical scan inovhura nzvimbo yapakati iyo nyanzvi zhinji dzinorumbidza. Kuvhota kunovimbisa kuvadziko asi kunomutsa mibvunzo yakakomba. Kuvhota kwamashoko kwakaratidza ukoshi mukuwedzera kutsarukana asi kuraira kungwarira. Kuvhota kunorayira kugadziridza kugadziridza asi kunzwisisa.

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye ruwa ruchida kuchinja, chizvarwa chinotevera chegadziriro dzokuvhota chingabatanidza zvinhu zvakanakisisa zvechimwe nechimwe: nzira dzepepa dzinosimbiswa nemwero wemichina, zvikwata zveshamwari nenhepfenyuro yakasimba, uye kutora rutivi pasina kurasikirwa nokuvanza. Vatungamiriri veEcostation vanofanira kuyera izvi zvikamu zvebhizimisi mumashoko azvo chaiwo, nguva dzose nechinangwa chokubatanidza muvhoti achichengetedza kuperera kwegadziriro yedemocracy.

Kusarudza kwatinoita maonere atinoita mashandiro anoita hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu pakupedzisira. Nokuramba tichidzidza, kukurukura, uye kuvandudza, tinogona kuita vhoti dzakachengeteka, dzisinganyanyi kuzivikanwa, uye dzinovimbwa nevagari vemo vose.