Kuchinja Kunoita Zvinhu Munyika

Zuva nezuva, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa mukati medzimbahwe ramasangano akadai seEnvironmental Protection Agency kana kuti Secureties and Exchange Commission zvine tapuro yakananga pakotsekano yako, mari yako, uye mhepo zvaunofema. Masangano aya anotungamirira masangano ehurumende anokosha anoumbwa nezviito zvemitemo kuti atarisire uye achengetedze mitemo mumapoka akati ezvemari uye nzanga. Kunzwisisa kuti masangano aya anoshanda sei uye kuti chiremera chawo chinoshanda sei hachisi chingori chishandiso chedzidzo yedzidzo; ibasa rinoshanda nokuda kwevatungamiriri vebhizimisi, vatengesi, vatengesi, vazvo mari, uye vagari vemo vakaziviswa.

Iyi nzira inogovera kuongororwa kune udzame kwamasangano anodzora, manyuko esimba rawo, vagadziri venzira yaanopesvedzera nayo maindasitiri, uye icho nguva yemberi ine nokuda kwokudzora munyika inowedzera kuva yakaoma.

Mavambo Nechinangwa Chokutungamirira

Masangano anodzora haasati aripo asina chinhu. iwo akagadzwa zvawo neCongress kuti apedze kundikano dzakati dzezvokutengeserana kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvavose izvo chikamu chavanhu kana kuti matare egamuchidzanwa akashongedzerwa zvisina kurongeka kubata. Chisiko chavo chinobva mukuziva kukuru kuti mativi akati oupenyu hwazvino uno anoda nyanzvi, nguva dzose, uye kutarisirwa.

Fariro Yavanhu Vose

Kururamisa kukuru kwesangano rinotungamirira kudzivirira kufarira kwevanhu.

  • Kushata kwokutengesa:[[FLT: 1] Ikoku kunobatanidza kudzora mamonomone omuzvarirwo (sezvisingashandisiwi), kuranga zvakashata zvokunze (zvakadai sokushatisa), uye kutarisira mashoko (kunoziva zvikuru mumwe munhu ari mubhizimisi kupfuura mumwe, zvakadai somukushambadzira chikwereti).
  • Kubudisa Savene neUtano: Zvirongwa zvakafanana neFood and Drug Administration (FDA) uye Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) zvakagadza mipimo yapamutemo yokudzivisa kuvadziko muzvinhu nenzvimbo dzebasa.
  • Kuedza makwikwi Akanaka: Federal Trade Commission (FTC) neBato reRuramisiro (DOJ) Basa rokudzivisa kubatanidzwa kwemakwikwi uye miitiro yebhizimisi zvingakuvadza vatengi.
  • Kudzivirira Manyuko Avose: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inodzivirira mhepo, mvura, uye nyika nokuda kwebetsero yavose.

Zviitiko Zvenhau Mukukura Kwesimba Rokutungamirira

Kuchinja - chinja kwemagariro evanhu muUnited States kwakavakwa nemafungu, rimwe nerimwe richikonzerwa nenjodzi dzakati, masangano enzanga, kana kuti kuchinjwa kwekugadzira zvinhu.

  • Nguva inofambira mberi (plate 1800 - mavambo a1900): Iyi nhambo yakava nokuumbwa kwamasangano makuru okutungamirira ehurumende okutanga, kubatanidza Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Commission (IC) muna 1887 kudzora zvitima zvenjanji neFDA muna 1906 pashure pokushatiriswa kwavanhu pamusoro pezvokudya zvisina njodzi nemirimo.
  • [[FLT: 0] New Deal (1930s): Mumhinduro kuKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt utarisiri hwehurumende hwakakudza zvikuru nyika yehurumende. Iyi nhambo yakabereka Sacurities and Exchange Commission (SEC) kutarisira Wall Street, Federal Commission (FC) kudzora redhinariyo neterevhizheni, uye National Labor Relation Board (NLRB) kudzivirira maruramiro avashandi okuronga.
  • New Social Regation (1960s-1970s): Kuputika kwemitemo yedziviriro yemhoteredzo neyomutengi kwakatungamirira kukusikwa kweEPA muna 1970, OSSA muna 1970, uye Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) muna 1972. Masangano aya akanangidzira zvishoma pamabasa chaiwo uye panhau dzakafara zvikuru dzakadai sezvinoshatisa shatiso nenjodzi dzebasa.
  • The Modern Era (2000s-Presente): Njodzi dzemari (Entron) nenjodzi yemari ya2008 zvakatungamirira kumitumbi mitsva inodzorwa namasimba akakudziridzwa, zvakadai sePublic Company Accounting Oversing Board (PAOB) neConsumer Financial Protection Bureaunior Bureaunior (CFPB). Zeretage iri kusunda mabhii kuti adzo kuti ashande namashoko, miraunzi, uye simba reBig Tech.

Kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika

Chikamu chinorondedzera chemasangano akawanda anotonga kuzvimirira kwawo kubva kuna Purezidhendi. Apo Purezidhendi anogadza utungamiriri hwawo, ava vakuru vakuru vanogona kubviswa bedzi "kuitira donzo" (mutoo, kuregeredza basa kana kuti kusadzorwa), kwete bedzi nokuda kwokusawirirana kwemitemo. Iyi gadziriro inodzivirira masangano kubva mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yenguva pfupi, inoabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamirayiro yezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nemitemo. Zvisinei, inomutsawo mibvunzo yokuzvidavirira kwedemocracy, sezvo aya masangano anoshandisa simba rinokosha pasina kusarudzwa zvakananga.

Kushandiswa Kwesimba Rokutungamirira: Kutonga, Kumanikidza, uye Kuderedza

Simba resangano rinodzora rinowanzorondedzerwa serinobatanidza mabasa amativi ose matatu ehurumende.Izvi imhaka yokuti masangano anogona kugadzira mitemo (inodzvinyirira), kuigombedzera (inodzvinyirira), uye kutonga kuputswa kwemitemo (ject). Kunzwisisa simba iri rinofambisa zvinhu kunokosha kukunzwisisa pesvedzero yavo.

Kuita Rutongeso: Simba Rokuvaka Mutemo Unobatanidza

Iwaya zvimwe manyuko anokosha zvikurusa esimba resangano. Munsi meAdministrative Procedure Act (APA), masangano anogona kubudisa mirau ine simba romutemo. Muitiro unozivikanwa zvikurusa ndi " kugadzira utongi hweice-communic."

  1. Hurumende yakatemwa: Sangano racho rinobudisa Ziviso yokuitwa kwomutemo (NPRM) mu REBS] REBS[, richitsanangura chiremera chapamutemo uye rinoita kuti mutemo uteererwe.
  2. Picture Tsitsi: Sangano rinozarura nhambo yetsinhiro dzavose (mukureva mazuva 30-60) umo munhu upi noupi kana kuti sangano rinogona kubudisa zvibvumikiso zvakanyorwa, mashoko, uye mirangariro. Iri ipfundo rakakomba nokuda kwokupesvedzera kweindasitiri uye kushambadzira vanhu vose.
  3. Kutonga kworuzha: Sangano rinohwirudzura tsinhiro, rinoita chinjo, uye rinobudisa Mutemo wokupedzisira. Uyu mutemo unobudiswa mu Code yeMitemo yeFederal[[FLT]] uye rinova jokisi rapamutemo.

Kupfurikidza neiyi nzira, masangano zvikurukuru ano "zadzikisa udzame" hwemitemo yakafara yakapiwa neCongress. Somuenzaniso, Congress yakapasa Clease Air Act, asi EPA inotema miganhu chaiyoiyo yezvinoshatisa zvimwe zvakadai sesulfur dioxide kana kuti ozone.

Kumanikidzwa: Simba Rokuongorora Nokuranga

Kuva nechiremera chokunzvera nokuranga kusawirirana kunopa masangano kuruma kwawo kwokukurumidza. masimba okumanikidza anobatanidza:

  • Kunzvera nokuongorora:[[FLT]] Vaoshi veOSHH vanogona kupinda munzvimbo dzebasa pasina ziviso. FDA inogona kunzvera nzvimbo dzokugadzira. SEC inogona kunzvera mafemu.
  • Subpoenas neCivil Investigative Relations (CIDs): Zvirongwa zvakafanana neFTC neSEC zvinogona kusunda kubudiswa kwezvinyorwa nouchapupu kuitisa nzvero.
  • [[FOLT:0] Tsamba dzemari: Zvirongwa zvinogona kubvisa faindi inokosha nokuda kwokuputswa. SEC neDOJ zvinogona kuronda kurashwa kwemhindu pamwe nezvirango. EPA inogona makambani akaisvonaka mamirioni amadhora pazuva nokuda kwokuputswa kunopfuurira kwemitemo yemhoteredzo.
  • [[FLT: 0] . FC inogona kubvisa rezinesi rerefu renhepfenyuro. FDA inogona kumisa raisensi yomugadziri wemirimo. Kumabhizimisi, uyu unogona kuva mutongo worufu wesangano.

Kushurikidza: Simba Rokutonga

Apo sangano rinopomera kambani kana kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe kuputswa, mhaka yacho inowanzonzwika musangano racho rimene neMutongi woMutemo (ALJ). Iri dare romukati inyanzvi mundima yakananga. ALJs inonzwa ufakazi ndokubudisa zvisarudzo zvokutanga. Nepo izvi zvisarudzo zvinogona kukwidzwa zvakatanhamara kugadziriro yedare rehurumende, chisarudzo chokutanga chinowanzova noukoshi hukuru nemhaka younyanzvi hwaro hwezvounyanzvi uye matare edzidzori dzenguva dzimwe nguva anopa kududziro dzemitemo yavo vamene (dzidziso yapamutemo inozivikanwa se CHEvron[F:]], iyo inoitwa panguva ino kucherekedzwa kukuru kweDare Gurusalvertioti).

Kukwezva Kwepesvedzero Inodzorwa Pamaindasitiri

Masangano anodzora anopesvedzera munenge muchikamu chiri chose chemari.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemari

Rudzi urwu rwemitemo runoreva nezvemitengo yebhizimisi, mitengo, uye mabhizimisi.

  • FC:[ inoronga kurukurirano dzamarudzi ose neredhiyo, terevhizheni, tayela, satellite, uye tambo.
  • FERC: Federal Energy Reguratory Commission inodzora kupfuudzwa kwemagetsi, gasi romusikirwo, uye oiri mumativi ose.
  • C: Misika yehangemunisi, inoda kuti makambani avose azivise mashoko emari kudzivisa unyengeri uye kuva nechokwadi chokuona.

Kugadziridza Munzanga

Rudzi urwu rwemitemo runovavarira kudzivirira vanhu panjodzi dzakafara dzenzanga, pasinei zvapo neindasitiri.

  • EPA: inobvisa zvinobudiswa mumafekitari nemotokari, inoraira kucheneswa kwenzvimbo dzine tsvina ine ngozi, uye inogadza mipimo nokuda kwemvura inonwiwa.
  • OSHA: Vashandirwi vanoda kugovera nzvimbo yebasa isina ngozi dzinozivikanwa ndokugadza mipimo chaiyo yekotsekano nokuda kwokuvaka, kugadzira, uye mamwe maindasitiri.
  • [[FDA:0] FDA: inosimbisa kukotsekana nokushanda kwemirimo, zvishandiso zvokurapa, uye mugove wezvokudya zvenyika.

Pesvedzero pabhizimisi ihuru. Makambani anofanira kuisa zviwanikwa zvakakura ku --kurovha zvikwata zvapamutemo, kushandisa gadziriro dzokuronga, uye kuchinja miitiro yokushanda kuti asvitse mipimo. Ndyiko yokuteerera inopesana nengozi yokusashanda icherekedzo huru yenhamba huru yegadziriro ipi neipi yebasa.

Masangano Anodzora Zvinhu Zvikuru uye Simba Rawo Renyika Chairo

Kuti inzwisise zvizere simba ramasangano anotungamirira, inobetsera kutarira mienzaniso chaiyo nezviito zvavo chaizvo.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Simba muChiito: Simba reEPA rokugadza mipimo yemhepo yamarudzi (NAAQS) nokuda kwetsvina yakamanikidzira maindasitiri ose kushandirazve mabasa awo okugadzira. Komishinanyo yacho inogonawo kubudisa zvirango zvehurumende zvokuchenesa, kunongedzera kuzvinoitika kuDOJ nokuda kweutsotsi, uye fashoni dzebiko inogona kupinda mumakumi amamirioni amadhora. Mu makore okuwedzera., EPA yave iri pakati pehondo dzapamutemo pamusoro pechiremera chayo kudzora magasi evhu pasi pemhepo inopisa pasi peMuchadenga.

Zvokudya Nemirimo (FDA)

scope: Inotarisa pamusoro pekotsekano yezvokudya, mirimo, zvishandiso zvokurapa, zvizoro, uye zvinogadzirwa nefodya.

Simba muChiito: Hapana murimo mutsva unogona kutengeswa muUnited States pasina FDA. Uyu muitiro, unobatanidza nhano dzakawanda dzemiedzo yezvokurapa, unogona kudyira mabhiriyoni emadhora uye kutora makore gumi. Simba resangano racho rokutendera kana kuti kuramba zvinodhaka ipesvedzero yakananga uye inokurira muindasitiri yemishonga. FDA ine chiremera chokuyeuka zvokudya zvakasvibiswa, kubvisa tendero yemupiki inowanwa kuva isina kuchengeteka, uye inonzvera chinenge nzvimbo chipi nechipi chinobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemishonga inodzorwa.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

cope: inodzivirira vatengi vehurumende nemitemo inodzivisa kuvimbisana. Basa reFTC kudzivirira vatengi nokusimudzira makwikwi.

Simba muChiito:[[FTC:1] FTC inogona kudenha kuti inodavira kuti icha "deredza nokuderedza makwikwi," simba rakashandiswa munguva pfupi yapfuura kudenha nenzira yokudenha kubata muBig Tech, rezvoutano, uye mamwe masangano. Inomanikidzirawo mitemo mukurwisana nemiitiro isina kururama kana kuti inonyengera, inoparira mumabasa makuru mukurwisana nekambani dzokushambadzira kwenhema, mapepa, uye kuputsa zvakavanzika. FTC inogona kutora makambani mudare renyika kuti awane mitero, nyaradzo yemari, uye kunyange kubvisa miuyo yemiuyo yakaipa, sezvinoonwa mu [FLT:] zviitiko zvikuru zvinorwisana nekombiyuta.[FLT]

Occutation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Specience: inovimbisa migariro yokushanda yakakotsekana uye yakasimba nokuda kwavashandi kupfurikidza nokugadza nokusimbisa mipimo.

Simba muChiito: Vatarisiri vanozviisa pasi veOSH vanogona kuitisa kunzverwa kwebasa pasina ziviso. Apo kuputswa kunowanwa, sangano rinogona kubudisa ratidziro ndokukarakadza zvirango. Nokuda kwokuputsa kwamaune kana kuti kunodzokororwa kunoparira rufu rwomushandi, OSHA inogona kurumbidza kupiwa mhaka yeutsotsi kuDOJ. Sango re "General Duty Clausle" rinoda vashandirwi kugovera nzvimbo yebasa yapachena, murairo wakafara unobvumira OSHA kubuda kubuda mungozi dzinobva mumipimo yakajekerwa.

Ubati Ushe uye Basa Rokuchinjana (SEC)

shope: inodzosa misika yemari, kubatanidza mitengo yemari, vatengi vemari, vatengi vemari, uye makambani avose.

Simba muChiito: SEC inoraira kuziviswa kukuru kwemari (10-K, 10-Q) uko makambani avanhu anofanira kunyora zvinyorwa, kuvimbisa kuti varongei varongi. Kukamuranisa kwaro kunzvera nokupa mhaka mukati, kunyengera, uye kutengesa. Bhetiko rinogona kumanikidza chirango chavagari vemo, kudzorera mari kukuvadziko, uye mabhawa kubva mukubatira savakuru vakuru vakuru vekambani kana kuti vatungamiriri. Kutonga kwarongedzerwa kwazvino uno panzvimbo dzinotengwa nechengedzerwa njodzi dzinoratidza kusvika kwaro.

Komisheni Yekurukurirano Yamatunhu (FCC)

scope: inoronga interstate nekurukurirano dzamarudzi ose neredhiyo, terevhizheni, waya, satellite, uye tambo.

Simba muChiito: FC inodzora kudzorwa nokugoverwa kwemikoto yeredhiyo, chibudiso chavose chine muganhu. Ikoku kunopa simba guru pavaredhisi, vatakuri vemichina, uye vashambadzi veSatellite. Inogona kubvisa marezenisi, kuisa fashoni nokuda kwemitemo yokusadzora kana kuti kudzorwa kwemitengo, uye kugadza mitemo yakafanana nokusatora rutivi kwenethi, uko kunoraira kuti vashandiri vebasa reInternet vanofanira kurapata.

Kudzika Nzvimbo Yokutungamirira: Kushandira Pamwe, Zvinetso, uye Miitiro Yakanakisisa

Mabhizimisi anoona kuti mamiriro ezvinhu okufambisa zvinhu anenge akaoma uye anowanzochinja - chinja.

Kuvaka Tsika Yokushandira Pamwe

Kubvuma kunoshanda kunodhura kupfuura dziviriro. Purogiramu yokuteerera yakasimba inobatanidza:

  • [[[FFL:0] Chibvumirano chemari: "Kubva kumusoro" kwakakomba. Kudzora kunofanira kuratidzira kuzvipira kumufambiro wetsika nokuteerera pamutemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Comment [[FLT]] Zivikanwo yenguva dzose nenzvero yengozi dzokudzorwa dzakati kuindasitiri nokushanda.
  • [[[Nhamba: 0] zvinyorwa zvinojeka, zvinosvikwa zvinoonesa mufambiro unodikanwa nemiitiro.
  • [ Kurovedza nekurukurirano: Dzidzo inopfuurira nokuda kwavashandi pamwero yose pamisengwa yavo yokutungamirira.
  • Masangano okuziva kuputswa kungabvira asati ava nhau huru.
  • [ Kushuma uye Kupindura:[[FLT: 1] Michina yokuti vashandi vashuma itiro hanya (maburi anokurumidza) uye gadziriro yakajeka yokunzvera nokupedza nhau.

Migumisiro Yokusabvumirana

Ngozi dzokukundikana kuita zvinodiwa zvokutungamirira dzakakomba.

  • [ Tsamba dzezvemari: Tsvimbo dzakanaka dzinogona kuvambira pazviuru kusvikira kumabhiriyoni amadhora.
  • Kushata kwokushanda:[[FLT: 1] Kushayiswa simba kwokuvhiya, kurangarirwa kwezvigadzirwa, kana kuti kurasikirwa nerezenisi rokushandisa.
  • Kukuvadza kwapakarepo: Zviito zvokuita kuti mapurisa ashaye ruvimbo pamutengi uye chivimbo.
  • remaminisita eCorpotary:[ vakuru vakuru navatungamiriri vanogona kutarisana nepomero dzehurumende kana kuti kunyange dzoutsotsi nokuda kwokuputsa mitemo nenzira yokuziva.

Kubatanidzwa Negadziriro Yacho

Mabhizimisi haasi masangano anongoda kuvimbisana, kusanganisira kupa tsinhiro pamitemo inokarakadzwa, kukumbira masangano kuti ape mitemo mitsva kana kuti anorasa, uye kubatanidzwa mumasangano ezvokutengeserana anomiririra zvinhu zvebhizimisi pamberi pevatungamiriri vemabhizimisi.

Kutsoropodza uye Kuitirana Nharo Pasimba Rokutungamirira

Masangano anotungamirira anoramba achiitirana nharo mune zvematongerwo enyika uye mudzidzo.

  • Kubatwa kwemitemo: Tsigiro yokuti masangano, nokufamba kwenguva, angauya kuzobatira fariro dzeindasitiri dzimene dzaanofungidzirwa kudzora, panzvimbo pefariro yavanhu.
  • Mutoro wemari: Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ndyiko inowedzerwa yemirau inodzivisa kukura kwezvemari, inoderedza kutangwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, uye inokuita kwakaomera mabhizimisi maduku kukwikwidza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kukwira uye Kufambira mberi: Tsitsiro dzokuti masangano anodarika mirairo yawo yemisangano (nhau huru mukunzverwa kweDare Gurusa yeMibvunzo Mikuru yeChitendero) uye kuti miitiro yavo yomukati haisati yave nedziviriro dzakafanira dzedare regamuchidzanwa.

Nguva Yemberi Yokudzorerwa

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvine simba zviri kuumba kushanduka - shanduka kwazvo.

  • Masangano eDigital Frontier: Masangano anotsvaka kukunda nhano dzechinjo yoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Nhau dzakafanana nokuvandika kwemadata (nemifungo seForting yeGDPR yeEurope inogadza mienzaniso), ungwaru hwokugadzira, misika yemisika yemagariro, uye murairo wezvikamu zvemagariro enhau zvenzanga zviri pamberi. FTC, SEC, uye chishandiso chitsva chezvakavanzika chehurumende chehurumende yehurumende zvinobatanidzwa zvikuru.
  • Mipimo yenzvimbo neESG: Enviro yenzanga, Social, uye Governance (EG) iri kuvambira pazviito zvokuzvidira kuenda kuzvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa. Kutonga kwekuzivisa mugariro wokunze kweSEC muenzaniso unokosha, kumanikidzira makambani avanhu kuzvidavirira uye kushuma ngozi dzawo dzinobatanidzwa nemamiriro okunze.
  • Kuisa nokudzosera pasi kweBross-Border: Zvinetso zvizhinji zvokudzosera pamutemo zviri muchisiko. Zvirongwa zvinobatira pamwe nenzira inowedzera kugura miganhu kupedza nhau dzakadai sokuisa mari mumaoko, kufambisa mashoko, uye kudzikamisa kutsigira kuvimbika kwamarudzi ose. Kambani inoshanda pasi pose inofanira kudzora basa rehurumende dzinodzosera mativi ose dzinorwisana.

mhedziso

Masangano anodzora rutivi rwechigarire uye rune simba rwenzvimbo yazvino uno inodzora. Anowana chiremera chawo mumabasa avose anokosha avanoita (8) kundikano dzezvokutengeserana, kudzivirira utano nekotsekano, uye kuvimbisa makwikwi akarurama. Nepo ukuru nemitoo yesimba rawo zvichidzorwa nekurukurirano huru, basa razvo sechinhu chikuru chokushandisa muitiro wavose munyika yakaoma sezvingabvira richakura, kwete kuderera.

Kumabhizimisi nevanhuwo zvavo zvakafanana, kuremekedza chiremera chemasangano aya, kunzwisisa vagadziri vemitemo yavo nokudzikamisa mitemo, uye kushingaira kutungamirira zvinhu zvinokosha kuti vabudirire muzana remakore rechi21.