Mutezo Wechigumi Negumi: Chivako Chokutama uye Mutemo Wakafanira

Mutezo we14th Amendment kuUnited States unomira seimwe yegadziriro dzinotevera zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Yakasimbiswa muna 1868 mukati meChinjo, pakutanga yakanga yakaitirwa kuchengetedza maruramiro avanhu vachangobva kusunungurwa, asi mutauro wayo wakabvumikisa kuva mukuru zvikuru. Nhasi, kuchinja kwemiitiro yokubuda kwehurumende uye mitoo inodikanwa nenzira idzo vapanguro vavo vasingagoni kufungidzira. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti mashoko makuru e 145 Demendementism anonyorwa sei na— The Acimetic Proces Clausle, naSy Claus Claus &mdase; inoenderera mberi kurondedzera pamutemo nzvimbo yavatamiki vapangi uye chiremera chehurumende pamusoro pokupinda munyika.

Kugadziriswa kwacho kunoshanda kwete bedzi kuvagari vemo asi ku "munhu upi noupi" muUnited States. Uyu mutauro unobatanidza wakabvumira matare kutambanudzira dziviriro dzinokosha dzebumbiro remitemo kuvanhu, kubatanidza vatami vasina kunyorwa, vagari vemo vechigarire, uye vapi navapi vevhiza. Kunzwisisa kuti Ivhu reMitemo ye145 inoshanda sei mumugariro wokubuda munyika kunokosha kuvanachiremba vepamutemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye munhu upi noupi anoitira hanya nekodzero dzevagari vemo munguva yekurukurirano huru pamusoro pemiitiro yokupinda munyika.

Zvakaitika Kare Uye Chinangwa Chepakutanga

Mutezo weKinai We Amendment wakaitwa pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, parutivi peHarpnerment yechi 13th (iyo yakabvisa uranda) neFirefence yechi 15 (iyo yakarambidza kusarura dzinza muvhota). Chikamu 1 cheMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo Yechigumi Nemitatu ine zvikamu zvitatu zvinotsoropodza:

  • [ Holy Holy Holy Famiship Claus: Vanhu vose vakaberekerwa kana vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vari pasi poumambo hwayo, vagari veUnited States neveHurumende mavanogara.
  • [ Chiratidzo Chakafanira Claus: Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kusimbisa mutemo upi noupi uchavhara ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari veUnited States; uyewo Hurumende ipi neipi haisati ichizonyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.
  • [ Kudzivirira kwakaenzana Claus: "Hakuna munhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo anoramba dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.

Reconson Congress yakaronga izvi gadziriro dzokukurira Mabumbiro eMitemo yeBlack nemimwe mitemo yehurumende inodzorwa yaitsvaka kuchengeta gadziriro yokuzviisa pasi kwedzinza pashure pokuvambwa. Dare Gurusa rakapa mavambo kugadziridzwa kwakamanikana muzviitiko zvakadai se Kukwidza kweNyumba [1873] uye [FLT] Pneblev v. Ferguson (18666]), asi zana rechi20 rakaona kukura kunoshamisa kwokusvika kwayo, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzekodzero dzavagari vemo, utsotsi, uye mutemo wokutama.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nokutama: Ndiani Anodzivirirwa?

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana Claus kunoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icha "kudzorwa nomunhu upi noupi mukati morugaro rwayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo". Chitsama chamashoko "munhu upi noupi" chakafara noune. Mu YWIK [[ [1886], Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti dziviriro yeSupreme Protection Claus inoshanda kuvanhu vose, pasinei zvapo nomugariro wougari hwemo. Mhaka yaibatanidza San Francisco yairaira yaitsaura vashanyi vechiChina, uye Dare rakatonga kuti dziviriro dzeRendero yeKinnezirefu yeFireliti Creaces haingorengerwi kuvanhu vose.

Kudzivirira Kunoenzana Nokutama

Nepo hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chikuru pamusoro pokutama, Applime Protection Claus inoisa ganhuriro dzine revo pamitemo ine chokuita nokupinda munyika. Dare rakashandisa chitsama chokuparadza mitemo yokusarura iyo inodenha vatami yakavakirwa parudzi, dzinza, kana kuti mugariro wokutama.

  • Plyler v. Doe[[FLT: 1] (1982): Dare rapamusoro reTexas rakaputsa mutemo wairamba dzidzo yavose yapachena kuvana vasina kunyorwa. Dare rakaramba kuti mutemo wakaputsa dziviriro yakaenzana Claus nemhaka yokuti wakaisa nduramo yekanganidzo paboka ravana vasingagoni kupiwa mutoro nokuda kwenzvimbo yavo yokupinda munyika.
  • Graham v. Richardson[FLT: 1] (1971): Dare rakatonga kuti Dare harigoni kuramba betsero dzegarikano kuvagari vemo vapamutemo vapamutemo pahwaro hwenzvimbo yavo yougari hwemo. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuti nhevedzano yakavakirwa parumwe rudzi inodzorwa zvikuru pasi peFequement Clause.
  • Alvarez v. City of New York [2025]: matare ehurumende nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikuru, akanzvera kana mitemo yomunzvimbomo yokuchengeta mutemo iyo inobatira pamwe nezviremera zvokubuda zvinoputsa dziviriro yakaenzana kupfurikidza nenzanga dzeLatino. Iyi mhaka inopfuurira kuedza miganhu yedisi.

Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva kuti kusarudzwa kwehurumende kunowanzobatanidzwa nefariro dzepamutemo dzehurumende, dzakadai sokudzora miganhu uye kudzika mitemo yokubuda kwevanhu. Asi apo kurongwa kwakadaro kunosundwa nerudzi kana kuti dzinza, kunofanira kuongororwa zvakasimba.

Kodzero Dzegadziriro Dzinofambwa Mukumanikidzwa Kushanda

Dare reBase Claus rinopa kuti pasava nomunhu achanyimwa "upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo." Mumamiriro okupinda munyika, ichi chitsama chave chiri chishandiso chine simba chokudzivirira vanhu vakatarisana nokusungwa, kudzingwa, uye zvimwe zviito zvokudzika mutemo.

Kufambira Mberi Kunofanira Kuitwa Mukufambira Mberi

Kubviswa kwenhau ndekwechienzi, kwete kwetsotsi, asi kunogona kuguma nemiuyo yakakomba kubatanidza kuparadzana kwechigarire nemhuri, kurasikirwa nokurarama, uye kunyange kuvadziko yomuviri. Dare Rapamusorosa rakaramba richidavira kuti mazamu mumiitiro yokubvisa ane kodzero yomuitiro wokuzvikweretesa [.

  • [[FOL:0] Notice: Vanhu vanofanira kugamuchira ziviso yakakwana yepomero dzavanopomerwa nenguva nenzvimbo zvokunzwa.
  • [[FT:0] Kunzwa: Vanofanira kuva nomukana wokupa ufakazi, kudana zvapupu, uye zvapupu zvakaipa zveauramine pamberi pomutsigiri asingasaruri.
  • [[FOLT:0] Counsel: Nepo hurumende isingadiwi kugovera ratidziro yapamutemo yapachena, vasingashandisi mari vane kodzero yemitemo yokuripira zano pandyiko yavo vamene.
  • Appal[: Vanofanira kuva nebanza rine revo rokukwidza zvisarudzo zvakaipa kuBoka reImmiggation Appeals uye, muzvimwe zvinoitika, kudare rehurumende.

Chinoitika chechiratidzo Mathews v. Elditridge (76) yakatanga nzvero yakadzikama nokuda kwokusarudza muitiro wakafanira: matare anoyera fariro yomunhu oga yakatapurwa, ngozi yokunyimwa kwezvikanganiso mumiitiro iripo, uye fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka nemari. Kunzvera uku kunoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu okubuda nokusaenda kunze kwenyika, kunyange zvazvo mapango anowanzorebesa muganhu muyamuko yedziviriro dzemitezo inoremadza.

Kuronga Zvauchaita uye Zvaunofanira Kuita

Kuchengetwa kwokupinzwa munyika ndiimwe nharaunda umo itiro hanya dzomuitiro dzakakomba. Hurumende inogona kuvharira kusavharira kubviswa kuri kumirira kubviswa, uye mudzimwe nhambo kwenhambo refu. Dare Rapamusoro rakaganhurira chiremera chehurumende chokuchengeta pasina kutongwa:

  • Zadvydas v. Davis[[FLT: 1] (2001): Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende haigoni kudzosa kudzokera kunyika yako kwenguva dzose asi haigoni kudzorerwa. Pashure pemwedzi mitanhatu yokusungwa, hurumende inofanira kugovera ufakazi hwokuti kubviswa kunofanira kufanofanotaurwa.
  • . (2003): Dare rakatsigira kusungwa kwapamutemo nokuda kwemhosva dzakati dzisiri dzetsotsi mukati mokubviswa kwenhau, asi bedzi kana kusungwa kwacho kuri kupfupi ndokusungirirwa kudonzo chairo romutemo.
  • Rodriguez v. Robbins (9 Trans, 2013) uye nhau dzakatevera dzakatanga kuti kusapinda muusungwa hwakarefu zvine maruramiro okunzwana uko hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa kuti injodzi yendege kana kuti ngozi kunzanga.

Dare rakati vanhu vakachengetwa vasina chikwereti vane kodzero yokutarisirwa zvakakwana mune zvokurapa, vanodzivirirwa pamasimba masimba, uye vanokwanisa kuwana zvinhu zvepamutemo. Kusakendenga kwezvinodiwa zvezvokurapa zvakakomba mukuchengetwa kwevanhu vanobuda munyika dzinogona kuita kuti pave nemhosva.

Kuberekwa Wakakodzera: Kuva Mugari Womunyika

Zvichida hapana rutivi rweKineth Amendment rwave rwuchikwikwidzwa zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura. Chikamu chinotaura kuti "vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikirwa muUnited States, uye vanodzorwa nechiremera chayo, vagari veUnited States." Iyi nheyo youdangwe, inozivikanwa se solili [kurudyi], yave iri rutivi rwomutemo weAmerica chifo chokuvakwa kweGaramendement ye14.

Kufamba kweAreka yeWong Kim

Dare rapamusoro rakadudzira nenzira yakananga Cinturityship Claus mu United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898). Nhau yacho yaibatanidza murume akaberekerwa muSan Francisco kuvabereki veChina avo vakanga vari vagari venguva dzose vapamutemo asi vakanga vasingakwaniriswi nokuda kwokuva vagari vemo vemo pasi peChinese Exclusion Act. Dare raidavira kuti Wong Kim Ark akanga ari mugari weU.S, nemhaka yokuti akaberekwa muUnited States uye pasi pomutemo wayo. Chisarudzoso chakavamba kuti kuberekwa paU.S. Ivhu rinogamuro, nechisingori bedzi chishoma nokuda kwavana vamaruwa, vavengi, uye mitezo yedzinza yeAborist American (inodzonge yateverwa gare gare gare).

Zvinetso Zvokuberekwa Nazvo

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, vamwe vamiririri vezvamatongerwe enyika vakakarakadza kubvisa kana kuti kuganhurira kuva mugari wemo wevana vasina kunyorwa. Zvikarakadzo izvi zvakatarisana nokurambwa kwapasi pose nenyanzvi dzebumbiro remitemo, idzo dzinopikisa kuti rugwaro rwakajeka rweChiganhu chaClaus Claus uye kupfuura zana ramakore rezana rezana rezana rinovimbisa kuva mugari wemo wenhaka nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi akaberekerwa muU.S., pasinei zvapo nechimiro chokuva mugari wemo chavabereki vavo. Dare rapamusoro harina kutongokurukura zvakananga kana vana vavatami vasina kunyorwa, asi kufunga [[FLT:]] kwaWang Kim Arks [[FLT: 1] inokarakadza zvakasimba] kuti. Nhambudzo dzokushandura uku kugona kudiridza mutemo kana kuti kugadziriswazve kwedare guru redare.

Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare Dzinokanganisa Mutemo Wokuchinja Wegumi Negumi

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvinokosha zveDare Gurusa zvakarondedzera kuti Ivhu Revhuramisiti Yegumi Negumi Rinoshanda sei mumamiriro ezvinhu okutama:

  • Fong Yue Ting v. United States[FLT: [1] (193): Dare rakatsigira chiremera chehurumende yehurumende chokudzinga zvisati zviri zvigaro, rinobata kudzingwa senhau yehurumende isina kudzorwa nedziviriro dzematsotsi. Mhaka iyi yakasimbisa dzidziso ye "simba retsorororo", inopa Congress nechiremera chakafara pakutama. Dzidziso yacho yave ichiparadzwa munguva inopfuvura asi inoganhurira muitiro wakafanira.
  • Wing Wing v. United States[[FLT: 1] (196): Dare rakataura kuti vasingarangariri zvirango zvoutsotsi nokuda kwokuputswa kwokupinda munyika vane kodzero yokutonga dare redare rinobetsera dare uye dzimwe dziviriro dzematsotsi. Iyi mhaka yakawana musiano wakakomba pakati pokudzingwa kwevagari vemo nechirango choutsotsi.
  • Kwock Jan Fat v. White (1920) uye Ngumbo yeFing Ho v. White[ [1922]): Iyi nhau dzakazivisa kuti vagari vemo vasiri vaiti veU.S. vanopiwa kodzero yokutongwa pamberi pokudzingwa, sokushairwa kwougari hwemo humene inoreva fariro inokosha yerusununguko.
  • triridges v. Wixon (1945): Dare rakachinja murayiro wokudzingwa mukurwisana nomutsigiri wavashandi, richitaura kuti hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa kudzingwa kupfurikidza noufakazi hwakajeka, husingarevika, uye hunopwisa ufakazi — mupimo unoratidzira itiro hanya yakafanira.
  • INS v (2001]) (Dare rakataura kuti Suspension Claus (Nhamba I, Chikamu 9) yakabatanidzwa nenheyo dzakakodzera dzinodzivisa Congress kudzivisa kubvisa kuhwirudzurwa kwose kwokutora kwemirairo yokuendesa nokuda kwavamwe vasiri vapamberi.

Iyi nhau inoratidzira musoro usingachinji: Dare Gurusa rakaziva simba rehurumende rakafara pamusoro pokutama, asi rakaomererawo kuti vasingagari mukati meUnited States vanochengeta maruramiro makuru ebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru maruramiro okushandisa muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana.

Zvirongwa Zvenguva Ino uye Mibvunzo Isingapedzi

Nhau dzinoverengeka dzazvino dzinosimbisa kushanda kunopfuurira kwechinjo yacho:

Kumanikidzwa Kupinda Munyika Nehurumende uye Kutama

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, dzimwe nyika nenharaunda dzakagadza mitemo yakagadzirirwa kubetsera kuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika, nepo dzimwe dzakagamuchira "mitemo yebatira pamwe inoganhura. Dare rakumbira Ecumelt Protection Claus ku mitemo yehurumende iyo inotsaura pahwaro hwedzinza kana kuti rudzi. Somuenzaniso, SB 1070 (2070) yakabviswa nemhaka yokuti yakaparira gadziriro umo mapurisa omunzvimbomo angagona kuisa mapurisa emo mumitemo munzira idzo dzinokwidza dziviriro dzakafanana. Dare rapamusorosoro mu [FLT:] Arbatoma. [2] United States [FLT] [FLT]]

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Nokudzingwa

Hurumende yakashandisa nenzira inowedzera kubvisa kusingadzorwi nokuda kwavabati vakabatwa pedyo nemuganhu. Iyi miitiro inogovera dziviriro duku yetsika uye iganhurira kudzokororwa kwedare. Masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo akadenha kubviswa kwakarongwa pazvikonzero zvakafanira, achisimbisa kuti inonyima vanhu kunzwa kune revo vasati vabviswa. Kutarisira kwaBiden kwakawedzerwa kupfuudza chiremera chokubvisa chakagadzirirwa muna 2023, uye kupfuudzira kunoenderera mberi pamusoro pokuti nzira idzi dzokutonga dzinozadzika zvinodikanwa zvakafanira apo dzinoshandiswa kuvanhu vamwe navamwe vangava norutyo rwakarurama rwechitambudzo kana kuti kutaura kwapamutemo kuti rudzikinuro.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kugadzirwa Kwemvura, uye Kuitwa Kwakakodzera

Unyanzvi hutsva, kubatanidza kuziva chiso, kugoverana kwemasaini, uye kufanofungidzira maarufabheti, zviri kuiswa mugadziriro yokuita kuti vanhu vatame. Izvi midziyo zviri kusimudzira mutoo wazvinoumba uye mibvunzo yakaenzana yokudzivirira. Somuenzaniso, kana algorith disc isati iri mireza yokusungisa yakavakirwa pamashoko asina kukwana kana kuti akashata, munhu wacho ane kodzero yokudenha kururama kwemitemo yemitemo here? Matare ari kungovamba bedzi kurwisana nemibvunzo iyi, asi chipikirwa cheKinend Amend Rendement chekudzora retsikano yokururama uye kubatwa kwakaenzana sezvingabvira zvichabatira segadziriro huru yemitemo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kugara Mumusha Mukati mekuongorora Kunenge Kuchiitika

Dambudziko racho rakasimbisa gadziriro yakafanira muchengetedzo yokupinda munyika mukusabereka. Vasingapindi vakatarisana nenjodzi dzakawedzerwa dzehosha, kuganhurirwa kwokurapwa, uye ganhuriro pakushanyira kwapamutemo. Kupomera kunoverengeka kwakasimbisa kuti kupfuurira kusungwa mukati medenda kwakaputsa kodzero dzakafanira, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavanhu vane migariro yeutano. Matare akapa mitemo yakavhengana, nokurayira kuti vatapirwe vane ngozi uye vamwe varevedzere kururamisiro yehurumende. Iyi nhau inosimbisa ukoshi hwokunzvera kwakafanira apo chiremera chehurumende chokutama chinorwisana nefariro huru.

Mhedziso Yegumi Negumi Neviri Nenguva Yemberi Yomutemo Wokubvisa

Dare re14th Amendment rinoramba riri gwaro mhenyu mumutemo wokupinda munyika. Mutauro waro wakafara —"on," "dziviriro yakaenzana," "Nzira yokufa yomutemo" — inopa matare kuchinjika kuti apindure kumigariro mitsva apo anenge achidzivirira mipimo yebumbiro remitemo. Sezvo United States inopfuurira kukurukura muitiro wokupinda munyika, kugadziriswa kuchabatira zvose zviri zviviri sedziviriro nokuda kwamaruramiro omunhu oga uye gadziriro yokuyera pamutemo kwechiito chehurumende.

Zvinowanzoitika zvakasiyana - siyana zvingaumba nguva yemberi yeMitemo yeKinayi yokudzora kutama:

  • Kupa mhaka kwokuputswa kwokupinda munyika[[FLT: 1]: Sezvo mhaka dzakawanda dzokupinda munyika dzinotongwa nenzira youtsotsi, matare achada kujekesa dziviriro dzetsika dzinoshanda pamharadzano dzomutemo woutsotsi nokupinda munyika.
  • Ungwaru hwokugadzira uye kuita zvisarudzo zvakarongwa nemunhu [: Apo masangano okubuda munyika anoshandisa maatomu kuti aite zvisarudzo pamusoro pomusungo, chisungo, uye kubviswa, Gwero Claus kungada ujene, kururama, uye mukana une revo wokudenha zvinyorwa zvealgorithism.
  • Kutama kwakafanira [[[FLT: 1]]: Sezvo chinjo yemamiriro okunze ichibvisa nzvimbo dzamamirioni avanhu, mibvunzo pamusoro poudangwe, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye muitiro wakafanira wavatami venzvimbo dzokunze uchava unowedzera kudzvinyirira.
  • Kuda kuenda kunyika nokuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika: Kukakavadzana pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende pamusoro pokutama kuchapfuurira kuparira rwisano, neFegime Protection Claus ichishanda secherekedzo pamitemo yehurumende inosarura vasati vari vagari vemo.

Nokuda kwavarapi vapamutemo, kunzwisisa kushandiswa kweKineth Amendment munhau dzokupinda munyika hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo. Chinodikanwa chinoshanda. Kungava kumirira mutengi mukubviswa kwenhau, kudenha chisarudzo chokusungwa, kana kuti kutsigira chinjo yemitemo, kugadziriswa kunopa zvibvumikiso zvapamutemo zvehwaro zvinodzivirira chiremera chomunhu oga neruramisiro.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve kwedudziro yapamutemo yeKinformation ye14, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute yedatement yechiNgezi . Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu [[FLT:] Plyler v. Doe (1982] anoramba ari mumwe wemiitiro inokosha zvikurusa yeFold Estem Claus ekutamira, uye murangariro wakazara unowanika kupfurikidza ne [[FLT:] project] Project[FL:[FL:5]]]]. Nhengedzero yenhau pamusoro pechigati, [FLT]], [FLT]] naMarimesvomswomu anopa rugwaro rwapakuvamba nakare rwapakuvamba][Foctive.[5]

mhedziso

Chibvumirano che14th Amendment hausi mutemo wokutama, asi chazova chinhu chinokosha chomutemo wokubuda kweAmerica. Chipikirwa chacho chedziviriro yakaenzana chinovimbisa kuti mitemo yokutama haigoni kushandiswa semotokari yetsarudzo yedzinza kana kuti yedzinza. Kudzivirira kwayo kwakafanira kunovimbisa kuti vanhu vakanangana nesimba rinotyisa remichina inoendeswa kunobatwa nenzira yakarurama. Uye mashoko ayo okuva mugari wemo anovimbisa kuti kuberekwa pavhu reAmerica kunopa kodzero hurusa yokuva.

Sezvo muitiro wokubuda munyika unopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka, Ivhu reMitemo rechigumi namana richaramba riri chirambidzo chinokosha pasimba rehurumende nedziviriro nokuda kwekodzero dzomunhu oga. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa gadziriro yapamutemo inodzora kutama muUnited States, ngwariro kuKinneth Amendment Amendment haisati iri inosarudzwa nechisarudzo — inokosha. Rugwaro rweAmendimendment, nhau, uye kududzirwa kwedare zvichapfuurira kuumba kodzero dzavanhu vose vari muUnited States, vagari vemo navasati vari vagari vegore.