Mugadziriro yapamutemo, ufakazi ndihwo hunokosha nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anobatira mhaka padzinovakwa uye kusarudzwa. Kunyange mugakava pakati pamapoka avanhu voga kana kuti murwiri wemhosva nehurumende, kuungana, kunzvera, uye kupiwa kwoufakazi zvinosarudza muuyo. Kunzwisisa kuti ufakazi hunounganidzwa ndokushandiswa mumhaka dzavagari vemo nedzisiri vapamutemo kunokosha sei nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoshandisa nzira dzapamutemo nezvapupu kunyanzvi dzemitemo uye vanhu vose. Mitemo inodzora inoumbwa kuvimbisa kururama, kuvimbika, uye kurondwa kwezvokwadi, asi inosiana nenzira inosanotsamira parudzi rwenhau. Nyaya ino inogovera, zvinodzo dzinoshandiswa kuunganidzira, mipimo yavose vamabhinya, uye denho dzinomuka muzvose zviri zviviri utsotsi.

Ufakazi Hwakawanda

Uchapupu huri mumapoka akawanda, humwe nohumwe hune mavara nemitemo zvakasiyana - siyana zvokusakwanisa kuzivikanwa.

Uchapupu Hunoratidza Kuti Mwari Anoda

Ufakazi hwokuongorora hunobatanidza kutaura kwakaitwa nezvapupu zvinopikirwa, mungava mudare kana kuti zvimwe kupfurikidza nokuzvipinza. Kunobatanidza ufakazi hwakananga pamusoro peizvo chapupu chakacherekedza somunhu oga, pamwe chete nemirangariro yenyanzvi. Kujeka, yeuko, uye fungidziro dzinobvira zvinhu zvakaoma izvo vatongi namatare anoyera apo vanonzvera ufakazi hufakazi.

Uchapupu Hwepamagwaro

Ufakazi hupi nohupi hwezvinyorwa kana kuti hwakarekodwa hunobatanidza zvinhu zvipi nezvipi zvinonyorwa kana kuti zvakarekodwa, zvakadai semasv, tsamba, marekodhi ezvokurapa, mabhii ebhizimisi, uye magwaro ehurumende. Kuti zvive zvinoshanda, magwaro anofanira kubvumwa (sezvineiwo), kupfurikidza nokuratidza kuti ndizvo izvo mutsigiri anotaura kuti. Mutemo wakanakisisa (Kutonga kweFederal kweEvidence 1002) unoda kunyorwa kana kuti kunyorwa kutepfenyura kubvumikisa zviri mukati mawo kutoti kutoti kushandisika.

Uchapupu Hwokunyama

Uchapupu hwezvinhu zvinooneka (kana kuti chaizvoizvo) hunosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita basa chairo muzviitiko zviri munyaya ino), somuenzaniso, chombo, chipfeko, kusimudza minwe, kana kuti chinhu chinonzi chakakonzera kukuvara. Ufakazi hwokunyama kazhinji kazhinji hune simba nemhaka yokuti hunogona kupiwa pakuongorora kwesayenzi uye kazhinji kazhinji hunorangarirwa sechinangwa.

Uchapupu Hunoratidza

Ufakazi hunoratidzirwa zvinhu zvokuratidzira, zvakadai semifananidzo, mepu, machati, mifananidzo, kana kuti mifananidzo yekombiyuta, zvinoshandiswa kubetsera mushandi weidi kunzwisisa humwe ufakazi. hahusati huri mutsivi woufakazi huduku asi hunobetsera mukujekesa maidi akaoma.

Uchapupu Hwemadhigirii

Ufakazi hwemakombiyuta, mafoni, madhirowa akasimba, kuchengetera mapfumo, makombiyuta, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemagetsi zvinoshandiswa pakukurukurirana.

Uchapupu Hunokosha

Ufakazi hwakaoma hahubvumiri zvakananga idi asi hunobvumira munhu weidi kurangarira idi iroro mumigariro yakapoteredza.

Uchapupu Hwesayenzi Nohwekare

Ufakazi hwesayenzi hunobatanidza DNA, kunzvera ropa, kunzvera ropa, mishumo yechepfu yetsaona. Kusaoneka kwoufakazi hwesayenzi muU.S. matare ehurumende anodzorwa ne Daubert mupimo (Federal Rulage of Epidence 702], unoda dare kuti rishande somuchengeti wesuo, kuvimbisa kuti uchapupu ihwohwo hune unyanzvi hwakavakirwa pamitoo nenheyo zvakavimbika. matare mazhinji enyika anotevera mupimo [[FLT:]] FLT] [FT]]

Kuunganidza Uchapupu Mumhosva Dzeutsotsi

Nzira dzinoshandiswa dzinoita kuti pave nemitemo inorambidza kuongorora kwematsotsi zvikurukuru ibasa revanotarisira kuchengetwa kwemitemo, kusanganisira mapurisa, FBI, DEA, uye mamwe masangano ehurumende uye ehurumende.

Kuongorora Nokupindura Kwokutanga

Kana mhaka yangoshumwa bedzi, vakuru vakuru vanosvika panzvimbo yacho, vakachengeteka nharaunda, uye vanotanga kunzvera kwokutanga. Vanobvunzurudza vanyajambwa nezvipupuri, vanonyora chiono namapikicha, uye vanounganidza ufakazi husingadzoreki isati yashata. Mhinduro yokutanga inogadza hwaro hwenhau yose (hwuru) utsotsi padanho rino hunogona kubvumiranisa pane imwe nguva ufakazi.

Kutsvaka Nokushaya Chokuita

Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kazhinji kazhinji kuwana murairo wokunzvera wakavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira pamberi pokunzvera musha womunhu, motokari, kana kuti imwe nharaunda yapachivande. Chibvumikiso chinofanira kurondedzera nechakananga nzvimbo inoda kutsvakwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Zvikamu zvinobatanidza bvumirano, migariro inopfuudzwa (sezviro, kuronda kukuru kana kuti kuparadza kwapedyo kwoufakazi), murangariro wakajeka, tsvaka chinoitika chokusunga, uye chisipo chemotokari. Ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweGaramisiro yeChina hunganzi huve husingatsiviki mumutemo wokubvisa, kunyange zvazvo kusingawiriraniswi semutemo wakanaka wekutenda uripo.

Kubvunzurudza uye Kutaura

Kubvunzurudzwa kwevanonyumwira, kuchengetwa kana kuti zvimwe, kunofanira kuwirirana nePendekosti yeshanu neyechitanhatu. Miranda inonyevera kuti “mutambo wokunyarara ” (jekiseni) kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara uye kodzero yegweta (inodiwa pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero yokupiwa. Kutaura kwakaitwa pasina kumanikidzwa, nokumanikidzwa kana kuti kunyengetedzwa kusina kufanira, hakunzwisisiki. Kubvunzurudza kwedare inzvimbo yakakwirira apo kureurura kwenhema kwakaitika, mativi mazhinji kwazvo anoda kunyorwa kwemichina yenhau yebvunzurudzo yose.

Kunzvera Kwechifo Chomutoo

Ufakazi chaihwo hunounganidzwa muzviono zvoutsotsi hunotumirwa kumarabhoritari outsotsi nokuda kwokunzvera. Zvidzidzo zveForensic zvinowanzobatanidza DNAprofilifing, kuenzanisa mafinitime, kunzvera marato, zvizivikanwo zvezvombo, makemikari emirimo, uye magirabhu. Kuvimbwa kwemitoo iyi kwakanzverwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura, kuchitungamirira kugadziridza sayenzi yezvesayenzi. National Academy of Sciences nemimwe mitumbi yakakurudzira fundo dzapamutemo nemitoo yokudzivisa zvitendero zvisina kururama.

Kugadzira Zvinhu Nemagetsi

Nokuwedzera kwoutsotsi hwemichina, kuchengetwa kwemitemo kunoshandisa nenzira inowedzera zvibvumikiso zvokunzvera zvemakombiyuta neserura, marekodhi anobva mushongwe dzemasero (CSLI), uye kunyange kugarwa kwenzvimbo kunofanira kuzivisa zvishandiso pedyo nezviono zvoutsotsi. Kushandisa runhare kunoda mupimo wakakwirira zvikuru. "Tit III weOmnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act" uye inofanira kubvumirwa nomutongi pakuratidzwa kwechisakiso chokuti utsotsi hwakati huri kuitwa. Kuchinja kwapamutemo mumichina inoshandiswa kunoda kugadziridzwa kwenguva dzose.

Ufakazi Hwemitsetse Nekutemwa Kwayo

Kuzivikanwa kwapupuri kunogona kuva kune simba asi hakuvimbiki. Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kutevera miitiro yakanakisisa: utarisiri wemapofu maviri (mukuru mukuru anoitisa nhevedzano haazivi kuti ndiani ari anonyumwira wacho), kudzivisa tsinhiro dzinokarakadza, uye kunyorwa kwomuitiro wacho. Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rakarangarira kuti miitiro inokarakadza inoputsa muitiro unokarakadza kana ichiita bviro huru yokushatiswa.

Kuunganidza Ufakazi Mumhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Mukutonga kwehurumende, kuungana kwoufakazi kunosundwa zvikurukuru namasangano amene kupfurikidza nomuitiro wetsika unonzi kuwana, unodzorwa neFederal Miles of Civil Procediture (mudare rehurumende) nemitemo yakafanana. Nharidzano ndeyokudzivisa kushamiswa pakutongwa ndokubvumira rutivi rumwe norumwe kugadzirira nhau yacho.

Zvishandiso Zvokuwana

Kuongorora kunosanganisira maturusi anoverengeka anoshandiswa nemagweta kuti awane uchapupu kubva kune vamwe vanhu uye kumativi matatu:

  • [[FORT:0] Mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko, inowanzoganhurirwa kumakumi matatu (mudare rehurumende).
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokubudiswa kwaManyoro: Zvinodikanwa nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvakatemwa kana kuti mashoko akachengetwa pakombiyuta (ESI). Uyu ndiwo mutoo mukuru wokuwana nawo ufakazi hwechinyorwa.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokubvumira: Tsitsi idzo mumwe munhu anofanira kubvuma kana kuti kuramba; kubvumira kunogona kudirana.
  • [[[FOLT:0] Miganhu:[ Chipupuriro cheMiromo chinoitwa mumhiko kunze kwedare, pamberi pomutori wenhau wedare. Magweta anobvumira magweta kunzvera zivo yechapupu nechikiyiro muuchapupu.
  • [[FULT:0] Subpoenas:[ mirairo yapamutemo inoraira zvisipo kuti zvibudise magwaro kana kuti kupupurira pakuchengetwa.
  • [ Kunzvera kwendangariro nendangariro: Muzvinoitika zvekuvadziko yomunhu oga, mubato ungadikanwa kuzviisa kunzvero yokuzvimirira yezvokurapa (IME).

E-mvuro

Kuwanwa kwehurumende kwazvino uno kunobatanidza zvitsama zvikuru zvamashoko akachengetwa pakombiyuta. Kufukidzwa kunoda vanhu kuti vazive, vachengetedze, vaunganidze, uye vabudise ESI. Federal Pages of Civil Procedure yakagadziridzwa kuwiriranisa kuwiriraniswa kwa(kukura kwokuwana kunofanira kuva kwakaenzana nezvinodikanwa zvenhau yacho, kurangarira chitsama mugakava, ukoshi hwenhau, uye pfuma yepati. Santictions nokuda kwokukundikana kuchengetedza ESI (kupesana) inogona kuva yakakomba, kubatanidza mirayiridzo yenhau kana kuti kurambwa kwakananga.

Kuwana Nyanzvi

Zvapupu zvinopasa zvinofanira kuziviswa, uye mishumo yazvo inofanira kuva nemashoko akakwana emirangariro yose, hwaro nezvikonzero zvavo, mashoko anorangarirwa, uye zvikwaniriso zvenyanzvi. Vatsigiri vangabvisa ipapo nyanzvi. Daubert basa rokuchengeta masuo rinowanzoitwa mukati mokuwana, namafambiro okubvisa ufakazi hwenyanzvi pamberi pokutongwa.

Kubvuma uye Kushandisa Ufakazi Mudare

Kana ufakazi hwangounganidzwa bedzi, kushandiswa kwahwo mudare kunotsamira pakuzadzika mitemo youfakazi / zvinotokosha Federal Rules of Evicence (FRE) mudare rehurumende nebumbiro remitemo rinowirirana. Mutsigiri anofanira kuratidza kushanda (FRE 401) uye kuti ukoshi hwokuwedzera hahusi hwakarerutswa zvikuru nokufungira mano akaipa, kuvhiringidzika, kana kuti kupambadzwa kwenguva (FRE 403). Kusashanda kunodawo kuva kwechokwadi, kusatendwa kwemanzwi, uye kuwirirana nemiraudzo yeropafadzo.

Kuteerera Nezvakunosiyanisa

Isay(an) Chitatiso chapabudiso chakapiwa kubvumikisa zvokwadi yenhau yacho chakataurwa kuti chaizivikanwa (Fre 802). Asi kune zvakawanda zvakasiiwa, zvakadai setsinhiro nokuda kwokurapa, zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, kutaura kwomufaro, uye mashoko anopesana nefariro. Tsvene yeizvi yave yakamira pamagamuchidzanwa apamutemo. Mumiitiro yapautsotsi, Clause (Ixth Amendment) inoisa dzimwe dziviriro: runyerekuvero runobva kumuderesa anobuda pakutonga kusingashandurwi kutoti kwaparikwa uye mukwirirwi akanga ane mukana wokutanga wekuti Claus ([FLD:][FLD]] [FLD]]

Uvatani Hwokuchengetwa Kwevabereki Vasina Kufanira

Kuti ufakazi huve husingachinjiki, mutsigiri anofanira kuratidza kuti ufakazi hauna kuchinjwa kana kuti kuchinjwa. Ikoku kunoda zvinyorwa zvomunhu ari wose akabata ufakazi, migariro yahwakachengetwa, uye kuchinjwa kupi nokupi. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, murovereri anofanira kushevedza zvapupu kuti vatange nhevedzano yekodzero yokuchengetwa kwemwana; muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo, mipimo yorumano mishomanene ingashanda (mt., zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi zvenheyo). Kuputsika muketani kungatapura uremu asi hakusati kuri hakwo kushata kutsakatikanwa kwoungwariro inotemwa.

Mutoro Woufakazi Nemipimo

Mutoro wechibvumikiso unosiana zvikuru pakati penhau dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi:

  • Nhau: Kukwirira mhaka kunofanira kubvumikisa chinhu chiri chose pasina panikiro ine mufungo. Uyu ndiwo mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa mugadziriro yapamutemo, unoratidzira miuyo yakakomba yokupwiswa.
  • Zvisarudzo zvechikori: Mutengi anowanzotakura mutoro woufakazi kupfurikidza nokufungisisa ufakazi(i.e, sezvinobvira zvikuru kuva hwechokwadi kupfuura kwete. zvimwe zvinotaura zvehurumende (mh., kubiridzira) zvinoda ufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa, mupimo wapakati wakakwirira zvikuru.

Nemhaka yemitoro yakasiyana, ufakazi hungava hwakakwana kukurira mumhaka yehurumende hungava husina kukwana kutsigira kutendwa kweutsotsi.

Kuratidzwa kwaJury

Vatambi vanoshandisa ufakazi kuudza vatongi nhau inowirirana. Ufakazi hwokuratidzira hunobetsera zvikurukuru nokuda kwemhaka dzakaoma. Vatongi vanoita zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvirambidzo (kuramba, runyerekupe, mibvunzo inotungamirira) mukati mokutonga. Mativi ose ari maviri anogona kuendesa rutongeso senhau yomutemo kana ufakazi husingasviki. Pashure pokutonga, vatongi vakavakirwa namaune paufakazi hunopiwa bedzi.

Matambudziko Anounganidzwa Pauchapupu

Pasinei zvapo nemiitiro yokungwarira, ufakazi hwokuunganidza hunogovera zvinetso zvakawanda zvinogona kutapura miuyo yezvinoitika.

Miganhu Yepamutemo Nekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Mitemo inodzora kunzvera nokubvuta inogona kuganhurira ufakazi. Chirambidzo cheFourse Amendment pakunzvera kusina mufungo chinoda maruramiro okunzvera kwakawanda; ufakazi hunowanwa zvisiri pamutemo hungadziviswa. Ropafadzero yeFindrence mukurwisana nokuzvipa uchapupu. Muzvinoitika zvehurumende, chinyorwa chedzidziso yebasa neropafadzo yegweta zvinodzivirira zvinhu zvakati kuti zviwanikwe.

Kubvuma Uchapupu Nenhau Dzendangariro

Iyeuko yapupuri inoumbwa uye inoshatiswa kupfurikidza nemibvunzo inotungamirira, kuratidzirwa kwenhau, uye kupera kwenguva.

Misangano Yesayenzi Yemusikirwo

Mitambo yakawanda yemasvomhu yagara iripo yakadai semicroscope yebvudzi, kuruma zvikamu zvinoongorora, uye kuongorora midziyo yepfuti. FBI haina kukanganisa kwakakomba mumienzaniso yebvudzi. Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro zvino rinoda mipimo yorumano zvikuru nokuda kwoufakazi hwemhosva. Kubviswa kweDNA kwakaratidza nhau dzegadziriro yetsika dzinopfuurira kukurukurwa kupfurikidza nechinjo dzakadai seNational Commission on Forensic Science.

Uchapupu Hunoshamisa Hwemadhimoni

Ufakazi huzhinji hwemichina ($emails, mahwendefa, mametaf, metaf, shoo yegore inodzokororwa nokugadzirwa kunodhura. Mapati akaoma anoedza kuvanza kana kuparadza ufakazi hwemagetsi. Zvinorwisa kugadzira nokunatsiridza. Misengwa yokuchengetedza inoda kuti vanhu vabudise zviziviso zvepamutemo uye vadzivise kuvhara. Zvirango zvinodzorwa nedare zvazova zvinonyanyova zvinonetsa sezvo matare anosimbisa basa rokuchengeta EI.

Ndyiko Nemanyuko Zvakadzikama

Munhau dzose dziri mbiri dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi, vatsigiri vehurumende vanotakura zvinhu zvinorema vangashaiwa vaongorori. Vazvipiri vangasakwanisa kuwana zvinhu zvinodhura (zvakadai semari inochengetwa kana kuti mari inobhadharwa. Kuitwa kwematare kunogona kuisa ngwariro pakurasikirwa, uye matare angaganhurira kuwana mukuwirirana nenheyo yokubatana.

Kufungisisa Kwomuitiro

Vatengi vane mabasa etsika okuchengeta ufakazi, kudzivisa kupokana, uye vanodzivisa zvapupu zvinopa chiokomuhomwe kana kuti zvinotyisidzira.

mhedziso

Ufakazi ndihwo hunokosha hwenhau dzose dzedare. Kuvambira pakuungana kwokutanga kupfurikidza nokuchengetwa kwomutemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuwana kwavagari vemo, kusvikira kumipimo yakakomba yokusagona kumira nokupiwa kwokupedzisira kudare rinobetsera, nhano imwe neimwe inodzorwa nemitemo yakagadzirirwa kubvumikisa kuva yakarurama, kuvimbika, uye ruramisiro. Misiyano pakati penhau dzavagari vemo neutsotsi (_mutoro wenhau, mitoo yemitemo, uye dziviriro yemitemo, uye dziviriro dzemitemo zvinosarudza sei marutongeso ematare. $8) Sangano remitemo inofanira kupfuurira kuchinjikira kumarudzi matsva oufakazi nedenho. Kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwomutemo kunokosha nokuda kwomumwe munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kurangarira kuti matare azive sei mugumisiro wemakakatanho.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FOLT: 0] Mirairo yeUfakazi (Cernell LII) ne ABA E-Dificey Resources[.