Kuwana mashoko ehurumende ichero ukoshi hwekudzora kwehurumende, kupa vagari vemo simba rokunzvera zviito zvavatungamiriri vavo, kutora rutivi mune revo mukurukurirano dzemitemo, uye kuita kuti masangano avanhu azvida kuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, kodzero yokuziva haina kutsarukana. Iripo mudzikamo yakakomba nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvokuvanza, zvakadai sokudzivirira kuchengeteka kwerudzi, kuva woga, uye mabasa okuchengeta mutemo. Vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vakaroorana, vanonzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro yepamutemo inovimbisa kusvika uye ganhuriro dzinobvumirwa pakusvika ikoko zvinokosha kuendesa kumitengo yehurumende. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakakwana mitemo inokosha, kusava nemhosva dzinonyanya, matanho anoshanda okukumbira mashoko, uye zvinetso zvinoramba zvichioneka nhasi.

Nheyo Yenhau Yehurumende Yakazaruka

Kuedza kwehurumende kwazvino uno kuoneka kwakawana simba pakati pezana ramakore rechi20, kwasundwa neitiro hanya pamusoro pesimba rehurumende risingadzorwi nedikanwo yokutarisira vanhu. MuUnited States, chiratidzo Freedom of Information Act (FIA) yakasainwa mumutemo muna 1966, kuvamba chinyorwa chapamutemo chokuti zvinyorwa zvesangano rehurumende zvinofanira kuva zvinosvikwa kuvanhu kunze kwokunge zvasunungurwa zvakananga. Ichi chakanga chiri chinjo huru kubva ku "inodikanwa-kuziva" tsika, kuchiitsiva ne "right-rever-zing" chivako. Zvisinei, FOIA haina kubuda muchinhu chisina chinhu; chakanga chiri mugumo wamakore okunzwa nokushamba kwedare uye kubuda kweboka.

Kutevera FOIA, Hurumende inopfuudza zvinyorwa zvayo imene muSunnice Act (1976) Ufakazi hwakatambanudzwa kumuitiro wokuita chisarudzo chimene, kuchida kuti misangano yamasangano ehurumende akawanda ive yakazarukira vanhu. Panzvimbo yavose, hurumende imwe neimwe pakupedzisira yakapfuudza mapepa ayo amene akazaruka uye mitemo yemisangano inonongedzera kwairi se "mitemo inosimukiridzwa" --kugadzira gadziriro yakavhara yamaruramiro avose okuwana munyika yose. Iyi mitemo yose inomirira musengwano kunheyo iyo hurumende inofanira kushanda pachena, asi inobatanidzawo nokungwarira basa remaoko kuti idzivirire fariro dzavose dzinokwikwidzana.

Mitemo Mikuru Inodzora Kuwanika Kwavose

Kunzwisisa zvishandiso zvikuru zvapamutemo zvinovimbisa kupinda ndiro nhano yokutanga kukushandisa maruramiro iwayo nenzira inobudirira. Nepo gadziriro yehurumende iri chisanozivikanwa zvikuru, mitemo yehurumende neyomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji inodzora zvinyorwa zvinoshanda zvikurusa kuupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo.

Rusununguko Rwemashoko Muitiro (FOIA)

FOIA inoshanda kumasangano ose ebazu makuru ehurumende yeUnited States. Inopa munhu upi noupi , kana kuti kwete, maruramiro okukumbira makopi ezvinyorwa zvesangano, achiva nokusaregeredzwa kupfumbamwe uye marefu matatu. Hurumende dzinofanira kupindura kumikumbiro mukati mamazuva 20 ebhizimisi (nekufutunurwa kunobvira), uye dzinodikanwa kuzivisa nenzira inoitwa mapoka akati amashoko, zvakadai semifungo yokupedzisira namashoko emitemo, mapepa ehurumende, uye mapepa anowanzokumbirwa pasi peFOIA. .[FLT:]

Hurumende Muchiito cheSunshine

Uyu mutemo unovimbisa kuti vanhu vanogona kuchengeta kuronga kwemitumbi yomubatanidzwa yehurumende, zvakadai seSaucial and Exchange Commission kana kuti Federal Commissions. Misangano inofanira kuziviswa panenge vhiki imwe pachine nguva mberi, uye masangano anofanira kudikanwa kupa purogiramu dzavose. Kune kuregererwa kwakafanana neyamuFOIA, kubvumira marusando akavharwa nokuda kwenhau dzakafanana nechengeteko yenyika kana kuti zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi, asi masangano anofanira kururamisa pachena chikonzero nei musangano uchivharwa. Chisarudzo cheFinbo chinosimbisa donzo iro dare rinofanira kuitwa pachena.

Hurumende Yakazarura Mashoko uye Mitemo Yemisangano

Hurumende imwe neimwe ine mativi ayo amene eFOIA neSunshine Act, kazhinji kazhinji namazita akasiyana (g., California Public Records Act, Texas Public Information Act). Iyi mitemo inodzora kusvika kuzvinyorwa nemisangano yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza mahofisi amapurisa, mabhodhirowa echikoro, uye madare emisionare. Ukuru nesimba reiyi mitemo zvinosiana zvikuru; dzimwe nyika dzine dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru nedzinoregeredzwa dzakamanikidzika, nepo dzimwe dzine kuvharara kwakafara kana kuti kudzika kwadzikwa. Dare reRhudom yeR.

Miganhu Pakuwana: Kusunungurwa uye Kupererwa Nemhosva

Kusawirirana pakati pokuvanza uye kusununguka kunooneka zvikuru mukusazvidzora kunobvumira masangano kunyima mashoko. Kunzwisisa izvi ganhuriro kunokosha kuti vakumbiri vatarisire kariro nezvikumbiro zvebasa.

Kuchengeteka Kwenyika uye Kushandiswa Kwedzimwe Nyika

Mabhuku anoregeredza anonyanyoiswa murusando rwakakodzera nokuda kwefariro yedziviriro yenyika kana kuti muitiro wokumwe. Uku kuhesvurwa (Kusunungurwa 1 pasi peFOIA) kunobvumira masangano kudzivirira mashoko ayo, kana akaziviswa, angagona kutarisirwa nenzira ine mufungo kuparira kuvadziko kuchengeteko yenyika. Gadziriro yokuronga iyo imene yave iri nhau yekurukurirano inopfuurira, navatsoropodzi vachipikisa kuti kunyanyoumbwa kwemacomputerscrates kana kuti kundika kwemiitiro kunodzivisa kunyadziswa kwapamhosho.

Kuva Woga

Nhongonya 6 (yavashandi namafaira ezvokurapa) uye Kusunungurwa 7(C) (nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvokushandisa mutemo izvo zvingaumba kuvhozhokera kusina kufanira kwezvakavanzika zvomunhu oga) zvinodzivirira kuvandika kwavanhu. Makambani anofanira kudzikamisa fariro yavose mukuziviswa nefariro yakavanzika yomunhu anobatanidzwa. Ichochi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunzvera kwechokwadi, uye vakumbiri vanogona kusimbisa chinoitika chavo kupfurikidza nokusimbisa fariro yavose yakajeka yapachena (yakadai sokufumura kusazvibata kwehurumende) uko kunokurira itiro hanya dzakavanzika.

Kunzvera Kunosimbiswa Nomutemo

Kuregeredzwa kwomutemo kwakafara: zvinobvumira masangano kunyima zvinyorwa izvo zvinogona kudzongonyedza zviitiko zvokuedza, kunyima munhu kodzero yokutonga kwakarurama, kuzivisa manyuko akavanzika, kuzivisa unyanzvi hwokunzvera, kana kuti kuisa mungozi chengeteko yavashandi vanochengeta mutemo. Uku kusava norusununguko kunowanzokumbirwa kuramba kusvika kumitengo yedare ramapurisa, kunzvera kwenhau dzomukati, uye zvinyorwa zvetsorororo zvinopfuurira. Zvisinei, kana kunzvera kwangopfigwa, dzimwe dzedziviriro idzi dzingaderera.

Zvakavanzika Zvebhizimisi Namashoko Ezvokutengeserana

Nhamba 4 inodzivirira mashoko ebhizimisi echipameso ayo kambani yakagovera kuhurumende. Anowanzoshandiswa kudzivirira mashoko ezvokudzivirira, akadai semishonga kana kuti mifananidzo yezvemari, kubva kuvakwikwidzi.

Muitiro Wokuderedza Kukura

Nhamba 5 inodzivirira magwaro esangano omukati anoratidza kurangarira kufanosarudza, zvakadai semabasa okunyora, rumbidzo, uye pfungwa. Chinangwa ndechokukurudzira kukurukurirana zvakajeka uye kutsinhana pfungwa pachena pakati pevashandi vemasangano pasina kutya kuongororwa nevanhu vasati vasvika. Zvikurukuru, kusava nerusununguko uku hakushandi kumashoko echokwadi kana kuti zvisarudzo zvesangano zvokupedzisira, zvinofanira kuziviswa.

Dzimwe Tsumo

Kunzwisisa kubudiswa kwemasangano emasangano ezvemari kunobatsira vakumbiri kudzivisa kusava nezvinangwa zvisina kunaka uye kuvandudza kuongorora kwavo kuti varambe vachiongorora zvinyorwa zvingangobudiswa.

Kukumbira: Nhungamiro Nenzira Imwe Neimwe

Kunyange zvazvo muitiro wacho ungaita seunotyisa, kukumbira mashoko pasi peFOIA kana kuti mutemo wehurumende wokuona zviri pachena kwakananga kana wangoziva nhano dzacho.

  1. Kuratidzira sangano rakarurama. Mazita eFederal akapararira mumazana emasangano namasangano maduku. Shandisa FIA.gov kuwana onano yakarurama. Kana uchida zvinyorwa zvehurumende, nzvera mumiririri mukuru wehofisi yehurumende kana kuti website yedhipatimendi.
  2. Nyora chikumbiro chakajeka, chakananga. Tsanangura marekodhi aunoda muudzame hwakakwana uhwo mushandi wesangano anogona kuawana. Dzivisa mutauro usina kujeka se “zvinyorwa zvose pamusoro paX.” Panzvimbo pezvo, dudza mitsara yemisi, mitsetse yepepa, manyorero, uye mazita kana kuti zvinoitika. Kana usina chokwadi, tanga nechikumbiro chakafara ndokuinatsa.
  3. [ batanidza chikumbiro muchinyorwa. Masangano mazhinjisa anogamuchira tsamba kana kuti kuzviisa pasi paIndaneti, asi mamwe achiri kuda tsamba chaiyo. Batanidza mashoko ako efoni uye cherechedza kuti uri kuita chikumbiro cheFOIA.
  4. Tsvaka mhinduro. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kubvuma risiti ndokugovera nhamba inonyorwa. Mutemo unoda kutsunga mukati mamazuva 20 ebhizimisi, asi zvikumbiro zvakaoma zvingatora nguva refu. Kana sangano racho rikakundikana kupindura munguva, une zvikonzero zvokukwirira kana kuti kunyora dare.
  5. Gadzirira mari. FOIA zvikumbiro zvingava nemibhadharo nokuda kwenguva yokutsvaka nekukopa, asi mibhadharo inowanzopinzwa nokuda kwavakumbiri vanoratidzira kuti mashoko acho anobatira fariro yavose. Unogona kukumbira muripo pakutanga.
  6. Kuramba. Kana sangano rikanyima marekodhi kana kuti mari yakanyanyowandirwa, unogona kunyora chikumbiro chokutarisira. Kana izvozvo zvikakundikana, ungatsvaka hwirudzuro mudare rehurumende. Masangano akafanana ne [ Dare reRecurecult Office ne National Security Arch [

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa Muchivande cheHurumende

Pasinei zvapo negadziriro yapamutemo, kuwana kuodza mwoyo kunowanzova hondo inokwira mudenga.

Zvinyorwa Nekunonoka

Masangano eFoIA anogamuchira mazana ezviuru zvezvikumbiro zveFOIA gore negore, zvichitungamirira kuzvinonyorwa zvinokosha. Zvimwe zvikumbiro zvinotora makore kuti zviitwe. COVID-19 yakaderedza kunonoka uku sezvo masangano aichinjirwa kubasa riri kure. Nhamburiko dzokuchinja FOIA Development Act ya2016, dzakatsvaka kutaura kunzi kudzokera kumashure kupfurikidza nokukurudzira kuzivisa uye kuraira masangano kushandisa kusununguka, asi fambiro mberi inoramba isina kururama.

Kungwara Kwakawanda uye Kufurirwa Kwakawanda

Masangano ane uchenjeri hwakati kuti mukududzira kwaanoita kuhesvurwa, uye mamwe akapomerwa kukumbira kusunungurwa kuvanza kusazvibata kana kuti kudzivisa kukwenudzwa. Somuenzaniso, ropafadzo yokuita zvinhu nenzira inobvisa rusununguko (Kusunungurwa 5) yakashandiswa kudzivisa maemail ane mashoko echokwadi. Matare akadzongonyedza muzvinoitika zvakati, asi kukumbira kushatisa kunodhura uye kunopedza nguva.

Kushaya Kungwarirwa Nevanhu

Vagari vemo vakawanda havazivi kuti vane kodzero yokukumbira marekodhi ehurumende. Nzvero ya2019 yakaitwa neAssociated Press yakawana kuti inenge hafu bedzi yavaAmerica ndiyo yakanga yambonzwa nezveFOIA. Uku kusaziva kunoreva kuti mamiriyoni ezvinyorwa zvinokosha anoramba asina kurambwa, uye achizvidavirira. Vadzidzisi nevanyori venhau vane basa rinokosha rokuita mukuparadzira zivo pamusoro pekodzero idzi.

Kunzwa Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Neropafadzo Yechiremera

Zvikumbiro zvinobatanidza zvisarudzo zvemiitiro yenzvimbo yakakwirira kana kuti zviito zvinomutsa nharo zvinowanzotarisana nechirambidzo chikuru. Chiremera chinodzorwa nedare chekukwanisa kunyima mashoko kuDare nematare(*) chingagona kugadzira rusvingo kupoteredza Imba yeWhite. Kunyange zvazvo kusati kuri kubvumirwa kwemitemo pasi peFOIA, kunogona kunonotsa kana kuti kutadzisa kuwana zvinyorwa zvinokosha zvikurusa nokuda kwoutariri. Kuoma kwebazu revakuru vakuru uye vatsigiri vanona kunowanzoita muhondo dzedare pamusoro pezvikumbiro nezvikumbiro zvedare.

Basa ReJournalism uye Kurava

Vatori venhau namasangano anotarira zviripo zvinoramba zviri vashandisi veFOIA nemitemo yokuona nehurumende. Havakumbiri bedzi magwaro asi vanoisawo simba rokuita kuti maruramiro avanhu azive. National Security Arch[, somuenzaniso, vakashandisa FOIA kuzivisa mamirioni ezvinyorwa zvehurumende, kuumba nzwisiso yapachena yenhau yeReumainfection nomuitiro wokumwe nyika. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare reNational Security Archive for Freedom of the Press[FLT] rinogovera zviwirome uye rinoita gadziriro yomubatanidzwa weFOAIAIIIIIIIIGOGO kudzivirira maruramiro enhau.

Mapoka asingapinduri se anoratidzira Hurumende inotsigira mitemo yakasimba zvikuru yokuona nokuzviisa kwemitemo yemitemo. Nhamburiko dzavo dzakatungamirira kukuvandudzazve, zvakadai sokuitwa kweHofisi yeRuzivo rweHurumende (OGIS), iyo inogovera mabasa okubetsera kubetsera vakumbiri veFOIA namasangano kupedza nharo pasina kupfupikisana. Masangano aya anotsamira pakuvimbisana kwavagariwo vemo vawo zvavo ne(kunyoresa, kuisa zvikumbiro, uye kuisa zvikumbiro zvavo zveFOIA zvikumbiro.)

Mirangariro Yenyika Yose Yokuti Vanhu Vose Vachawana

United States haisati iri yoga mukupesana nedzikamo pakati pokuvanza. Nyika dzinopfuura 120 dzakagamuchira chimiro chakati chorusununguko rwomutemo wemashoko, chakafuridzirwa nemienzaniso inobva Sweden (iyo yakaita mutemo wokutanga wenyika muna 1766 neUnited States. Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kunosiyana zvikuru. Munyika dzakawanda, kudzikamisa kusingashandi, uye ushati hunoita kuti mitemo isashanda. United Nations yakagamuchira kusvika kumashoko serudyi rwomunhu, uye masangano akafanana [[FLT: 0] 19 na[FLT:] .[FLT]

Zvibvumirano zvemarudzi akawanda, zvakadai se CM] Croonant mukurwisana noUori, zvinoda zvibvumirano kuti pave nechokwadi chokuwana mashoko. Zvibvumirano zveruwa, zvakadai se .Indaneti Model Law on Acces to Public Information[[FLT]]], zvinogovera nzira yezvirongwa izvi zvamarudzi ose zvinopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha zvokuvandudza kujekanya muUnited States, zvikurukuru pamusoro pekuzviito zvokuzvimirira.

Kudzidzisa Kuona Zvinhu Zvakati mbei

Vadzidzisi vane mukana wakasimba wokudzidzisa chizvarwa chinotevera nzira yokushandisa nayo kodzero dzavo ndokunzvera nokungwarira kuvanza hurumende.

  • Shandisa fundo chaidzoidzo dzenhau dzenyika. Hlola FOIA zvikumbiro zvakakurumbira izvo zvakafumura kubatanidzwa kweCIA mukumukira kunze kwenyika, mhinduro yehurumende kunjodzi yemvura yeFlint, kana kuti kushandiswa kwemakamera emuviri nemapurisa. Kurukurai zvose kubudirira neganhuriro.
  • [ vhura mutoo wekukumbira. Vadzidzi vakaita kuti tsamba yeFOIA inyore kusangano chairoiro( somuenzaniso), vachikumbira mafabheti pamusoro pemipimo yezvokudya zvemasikati kana kuti nhamba dzoutsotsi dzomunzvimbomo(icho zvinonzvera mhinduro. Iri jambwa ramaoko rinonatsa mutoo uye rinovaka unyanzvi hunoshanda.
  • inoratidzira dzikamo yemipimo. Ronga kurukurirano pamusoro pe apo kuvanza kunoruramiswa: chengeteko yenyika. utariri, kuvandika kwavanhu. Kuzvidavirira kwavose, kurangarira kwomukati. Kunyandura vadzidzi kujekesera nzvimbo.
  • Basa remichina yemadhigirii. Nguva yemitauro yakaparira denho itsva dzokuona nechemo yakanyorwa nevakuru vakuru kudzivisa mitemo yezvinyorwa(*) asiwo zvishandiso zvitsva, kubatanidza zviteshi zvemikoto yavose neFOIA zvicherwa se Mackrock [.

mhedziso

Kuwana mashoko kwavose hachisi chipo chinopiwa nehurumende; ikodzero kuti vagari vemo vanofanira kutaura nokushingaira uye kudzivirira. Mitemo inovimbisa kodzero iyi(FOIA, Sunshi Act, uye Hurumende yavo (kushandisa midziyo), asi inoshanda bedzi pakushandiswa. Kunyange zvazvo pane dzimwe nguva zvichikosha, zvinofanira kushandiswa zvishoma uye kuramba zvichiongororwa. Savadzidzisi, tinogona kushongedzera vadzidzi kwete nezivo yemitemo iyi bedzi asiwo nechido chokuda kuziva uye ushingi zvokubvunza mibvunzo, kutsvaka mapepa, uye kuoneka. Chirevo chehurumende inorevesairira kujeka chinoramba chiri chimwe chiya chine utano uye chiya. Nokunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri zvinobvira nokupinda pachena, tinogona kushanda kuhurumende iyo inoshanda zvirokwazvo sebhuku rakazaruka nokuda kwavagari vemo.