Kushaikwa kwemvura yakachena kuri kuwedzera munyika yose, kuchikonzerwa nokuwedzera kwevagari vemo, kudiwa kwezvokurima, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Mukupindura, miitiro yezvokutengeserana yomumvura yakatanga sechishandiso chakaoma kugovera mvura nenzira inobudirira. Iyi gadziriro inoita kuti kutenga nokutengesa kodzero dzemvura dzigone kuenzana nokuda kuri kutsigira kutengwa nokushandiswa. Zvisinei, kubudirira kwemisika yemvura kunotsamira pakudzikamisa kuvimbika kwakasimba kunodzivirira mhoteredzo yakapoteredza nokuwana nzira inoenzana. Nyaya ino ino inoongorora kushanduka kwegadziriro dzemisika yemvura, nzira dzokushandisa, mitoo yokushandisa, uye zvinetso zvinobatanidzwa nokugadzirwa kwayo.

Kunzwisisa Michina Inotengeswa Mumvura

Misika yemvura inoshanda kupfurikidza nokutanga maruramiro akarondedzerwa zvakajeka okushandisa mvura kubva kumanyuko akati. Iyi maruramiro anogona kuchinjwa, kurendwa, kana kuti kutengeswa pakati pemapati, kuchitanga sundo yezvemari nokuda kwavashandisi kuti vachengetedze mvura kana kuti vagamuchire kuvandudziko dzinoshanda. Nheyo iri pasi apa ndeyokuti mvura (jere) inobatwa nenzira yetsika dzinoshandiswa nevose (acquires mutengo unoratidza kushaikwa kwayo, inokurudzira kugoverwa kwemitengo yayo yakakwirira zvikurusa. Kusvika kwomusika kunopesana nenzvimbo inodzorwa, uko zvisarudzo zvinoitwa namasangano ehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kacho inoguma nokuparadzirwa kwayo.

Mubasa, misika yemvura inoda hwaro hwekodzero dzinomanikidzirwa. Pasina kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwapamutemo, vatengi navatengesi havagoni kugona kutengesa nenzira yokuvimba, uye vabetseri havagoni kutyira mari yokutsigira mabasa okuchengetedza. Naizvozvo Hurumende dzakawanda dzakasundwa kuronga kodzero dzemvura kupfurikidza nemvumo kana kuti marezenisi anoratidzira mavhoriyamu, zvinhu zvinokosha, uye migariro. Kodzero idzi dzinoparadzaniswa nouninyime, dzichibvumira kushambadzwa padziri dzoga. Somuenzaniso, kumavirira kweUnited States, dzidziso yapambwa inobvumira kutengwa nokutengeswa kwadzo dzemvura kuti dzitengwe nokutengwa chero bedzi dzisingakuvadzi vamwe vashandirwi kana kuti mhoteredzo.

Misika yemvura inotsamirawo pakuyera nokuongorora. Kubvisa mvura kunofanira kuiswa mitaro, kutengeserana kunyorwa, uye kushandiswa kutevedzerwa kudzivisa kuteverwa kusingabvumirwi. Nhamba mumichina inoyera, michina inokwevera mvura mumvura iri kuvandudza kuoneka nokuderedza ndyiko. Sezvo iyi mitoo yezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu yemvura inowedzera, inotanga bviro dzezvokutengeserana zvomunharaunda nedzemichero.

Marudzi Ezvitoro Zvemvura

Misika yemvura inogona kuiswa panzvimbo imwe chete yakavakirwa parudzi rwezvinhu zvinotengeswa. Mhando dzinozivikanwa navose zvikurusa dzinobatanidza misika yekodzero dzemvura, misika yemvura yakanaka, uye zvikuva zvokutengesa zvinoyamura kutsinhana.

Misika Yekodzero Dzemvura

Mumisika iyi, chinhu chinozivikanwa zviri pamutemo kodzero yokubvisa mvura yakawanda munguva yakarondedzerwa. Kodzero dzinogona kuva zvechigarire (kutengeswa zvakanaka) kana kuti kwekanguva). Misika yekodzero dzemvura yakapararira munzvimbo dzine mutemo wemvura wakura, zvakadai seMuryray-Darling Basin, Chile, uye mativi eUnited States. Transactions inowanzoda kutenderwa nedare rinodzora kuti riva nechokwadi chokuti kuchinjwa kwacho hakukanganisi vashandisi varipo kana kuti mhoteredzo yemhoteredzo. Misika iyi inoita kuti varimi vagone kutengesa mari inosara kumariro yomuraunzi mirwi yeguta mukati mhizha, inogovera chishandiso chinochinja kuti idzore kushaiwa tsvinda.

Misika Yemvura Yakanaka

Misika yemvura yakanaka, inozivikanwawo semapurogiramu emvura anoshambadzira, anonatsa kushatisa panzvimbo peuwandu. Mugadziriro idzi, mudzori anoisa chikepisi pakubudisa zvinhu zvinovhota (mutoo, nitrogen, phosphorus) mumuviri wemvura. Nheyo dzeshati dzinoderedza kushatisa kwemutengo wakaderera dzinogamuchira zvikwereti zveboka rimwe nerimwe rokuderedza kushatisa. Vanogona kutengesa izvi kumamwe manyuko anotarisana nendyiko dzinopfuudzira, zvichibvumira kuparadzwa kwetsvina yose zvayo kusangana nemutengo. Mienzaniso yakatanhamara inobatanidza Nyuza Trading Program muCheapake mvura inobviswa naLong program yeFir Nichorate. Iyi misika inoshatsiridza mumite yetsvina, maza, uye kudzora kwemvura.

Mvura Inoyerera

Kuchinjana kwakarongwa kunogovera nzvimbo inoonekwa uye isina kwayakarerekera yokutenga nokutengesa kodzero dzemvura. Mapurasitiki anogona kuva uriri hwokuchinjana kana kuti misika yemagetsi. Nasdaq Veles California Water Index, inotangwa muna 2018, inoshanda sechitsama chemari yokuona zvibvumirano zvemvura muCentral Valley yeCalifornia. Nenzira yakafanana, Water Exchange (Wateraxform) uye nzvimbo dzepaIndaneti dzemvura dzinopfavisa kutengeserana kupfurikidza navatengi, kuisa zvibvumirano, uye kuparadzira mashoko emusika. Maburi aya anosimudzira kushambadza, anoderedza ndyiko, uye anotsigira kuwanikwa kwemari, achiita kuti mvura iwirirane chokuita nguva chaiyo yokugoverwa uye mamiriro ezvinhu.

Kuchinja Kwezvitoro Zvemvura

Zvirongwa zvinobudirira zvokudzora zvinokurukura nezvenzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana: kurondedzera uye kudzivirira kodzero dzezvinhu, kuongorora kutengeserana uye kushandiswa, kuisa miganhu yokuchengetedza, uye kuvimbisa kuti mapoka asina mari haasiyiwi.

Kuronga Kodzero Dzezvinhu Zvakajeka

Mitumbi inodzorwa inofanira kurondedzera kodzero dzemvura nenzira yakachengeteka, inofambiswa, uye inotamiswa. Ikoku kunowanzobatanidza maruramiro akavakirwa pakushandiswa kwenhau, kudirana kwemipimo yemhoteredzo. Mumiitiro mizhinji, maruramiro anobudiswa serezinisi nenhambo dzinovambira pamakore mashomanene kusvikira kuidzo. Mitemo yakajeka yokuvandudza, kugadziridza, uye kurasikirwa inodikanwa kudzivisa kuisa fungidziro uye kubvumira gadziridzo mukuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu emvura.

Kuongorora Kushandiswa Kwemvura Nemabasa Ebhizimisi

Vadzori vanoda mashoko akakwana pakuchera mvura, kudzosera, uye kuendesa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kushuma kwechikwaniriso, kuvhura, uye nzvimbo. MuCalifornia, State Water Resources Control Board inochengeta shopu yekodzero dzemvura paIndaneti uye inoda mvumo nokuda kwechinjo dzakawanda muchinangwa kana kuti nzvimbo yokushandisa. Bureau of Meteorology yeAustralia inobudisa mishumo yegore negore yemascall, mitengo, uye basa rokutengesa. Pasina kujeka, misika inotaputira zvinhu, inotaputirwa kumashoko, isiri yemari, uye inonyengera.

Kuronga Miganhu Yokudzivisa Kunyanyoshandisa

Misika yemvura inonaya inotsamira pachikepisi pahwerengedzo inowirirana nokuwanika kwezviwanikwa zvakareba. Caps dzinogadzirwa nemifananidzo inogadzirwa nemvura inoiswa mumvura inogadzirwa nezvinofanotaurwa nemwaka, zviitiko zvemamiriro okunze, uye zvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo. MuMurray-Darling Basin, Australia inoisa muganhu wekutora kwavose – Diversion Limic - inodzokororwa nguva nenguva. Makambani anoshanda mukati mekepisi, naizvozvo mabhizimisi haawedzedzeri kushandiswa kwakakwana. Uku kudzivirira “kushandiswa kwezvisaririra zvezvinozivikanwa" uye kuvimbisa kuti zvinodikanwa zvokufamba kwemhoteredzo zvinoremekedzwa.

Kutenderera Kwezvinogara Zvakatipoteredza Kunochengetwa

Imwe yengozi hurusa dzokutengesa mvura ndeyokuti inogona kupedza mvura inoyerera murwizi inodikanwa nokuda kwemhoteredzo dzemvura, mhatsa, uye nhandaro. Gadziriro zhinji dzinoisa parutivi mvura yakawanda nokuda kwezvinangwa zvemhoteredzo isingagoni kushambadzwa. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzinoparirawo “kuvimba kwemvura yendangariro kuipira mari." Kutenga maruramiro emvura ndokuidzorera kunzizizi, kana kuti dzinoraira kuti chikamu chemvura inotengeserwa chirambe chiri murwizi. Somuenzaniso, Deschutes River Basin, inotamiswa pakutakura kuchengetedza nzvimbo yokugara hove. Izvi zvitako zvinobetsera kuwirirana nokushanda kwemari nenzvimbo yakapoteredza.

Matambudziko Okumutsidzira

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzazvo dzinobvira, misika yemvura inotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira. Kushambadzira kwevatambi vakuru kunogona kukanganisa mitengo nokuderedza kuwanika kwevanoshandisa mwero muduku. Kusaenzana ndeimwe itiro hanya: varimi vakapfuma kana masangano angawana mvura pandyiko dzenzanga dzomumaruwa, mapoka emo, kana kuti vagari vemo vakaderera. Kuwedzera, njodzi dzemhoteredzo yezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo dzingasabatwa zvizere mumitengo yemisika. Somuenzaniso, kutengesa kodzero dzemvura dzomumatunhu ane mvura pamusoro pemvura kunogona kutungamirira kukuderera kusina kukuvara kwenzivara dzenzizi nedziva. Mitemo inodzo inodzorwa inobatanidza mumibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa, nhambo, uye kuchinja kunokosha kubvisa nhau idzi.

Betsero Dzokushambadza Kwemvura

Kana ikaiswa mumitengo yemvura inopa betsero dzinoverengeka kuganhuriro yakananga. Dzinogona kuderedza ndyiko yemari yokusanaya kwemvura kupfurikidza nokuisa mvura mumitengo ine ukoshi hwakakwirira zvikurusa hwemitengo yemari kana kuti mugove weguta. Kuchengeteka kunoiswa mungozi nemhaka yokuti vashandisi vanogona kuwana mhindu kukodzero dzemvura dzisina kushandiswa. Misika yemvura inogonawo kusimudzira kuvandudzwa, sezvo vanoshandisa mari inotengiswa mukudiridza mvura zvakanaka, kubvisa mutengo, kana kuti kugadzirwa kwemvura kuti vasunungure kodzero dzokutengesa. MuColoradorado River, somuenzaniso, marekodhirosa echinguvana kubva kuvashandisi vemiridzirimo kuti vadzore mari yemikoro kuiswa mumapurasitiringi kuti vabatsire kudzivisa zviteko zvekurumidziro zvengozi apo varimi vanochekesa.

Kupfuurirazve, misika yemvura inogovera zviratidzo zvemitengo izvo zvinoratidzira kushaikwa kwemari, zvichikurudzira kurongwa kwenguva refu. Vachengeteri vemari mugadziriro dzemvura, zvakadai sematura kana kuti nzvimbo dzokurapa, vanogona kushandisa mitengo yemisika kuyera kushanda kwezvirongwa. Kuoneka kwemashoko anobudiswa kunotsigirawo kunzvera nokunzvera, vachibetsera vadzoresi kugadziridza mitoo yavo nokufamba kwenguva.

Mienzaniso Yamarudzi Ose Yemisika Yemvura

Australia – Murray-Basin

Australia inorangarirwa zvikuru semutungamiriri mukugadzirwa kwemisika yemvura, zvikurukuru muMurray-Darling Basin. Chifo cha1990, maruramiro emvura akabviswa munyika uye anoshambadzwa zvizere mukati meda. Gadziriro inoshanda pasi pegadziriro inowirirana yenyika negadziriro yakazvimirira nemubatanidzwa weMurray-Darling Basin Authority. Mavhoriyamu eTrading akakwirira, uye mitengo yemvura inoita chimwe chinhu nesimba kumigariro yokusanaya kwemvura. Basin Plan, yakaitwa muna 2012, inobatanidza muganhu unodzoreka unodzorwa nemvura yakapoteredza nyika. Zvinetsoro, kubatanidza zvinetso pamusoro petako panzanga uye kuoma kwemigariro munyika dzakawanda, asi kupfuurira kwemisika mukati medzo mukati medzo yemvura yakakomba.

Chile

Chile yakatanga musika mukuru wekodzero dzemvura pashure peKire ya1981, yakabvumira kodzero dzemvura dzakavanzika, dzisingaperi, uye dzinotengeserwa. Musika wakagonesa kuchinjwa kubva pakurima kuenda kukushandisa migodhi nemaguta, uye wakakurudzira kuiswa kwenzvimbo dzemvura. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura nezvendyiko huru dzenzanga nemhoteredzo: varimi vemo vakawana mari shoma uye nzanga dzemo dzakarasikirwa nokuwana mvura, uye kuderera kwerwizi kwakaitika mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Chilean inosimbisa kukosha kwedziviriro dzemitezo inodzorwa nokusatarisirwa zvakasimba, mauto emisika anogona kuisa kusarura muganhu wenzanga nekuvadziko yakapoteredza.

United States – Western States

Misika yemvura muU.S. inoshanda mumitemo yehurumende. California yaona kufarira kukura kwenzvimbo nemisika inodiwa. Chirongwa cheCalifornia WaterFix chakakarakadza gadziriro yokutakurwa nokuzvidira, nepo Sustable Grhwater Management Act (SGMA) inotungamirira nzvimbo kunzvimbo dzinogoverwa mvura yapasi mumisika. Oregon Water Trust yakagadzira mvura inodziya nokuda kwokudzorerwa kwemvura. Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi, kuoma kwemitemo, mutengo wakakwirira, uye kushaikwa kwemite yemitengo munharaunda dzakawanda kunopfuurira kuganhurira kufambiswa kwemisika. Nhano dzemisi yemisi yemisi yemisika yemisika, sepurogiramu yeReclameation’s, zvirongwa zvokutsigira kugadziridza mvura dzemvura dzenguva ino.

South Africa – Kuchinja Kwemvura

South Africa yakaedza kugadzira misika yemvura sorutivi rwekugoverwa kwemvura huru kunoitwa kuti pave nokugadziridza kusaenzana kwenhau. National Water Act ya1998 inobvumira kuti kushandisa mvura marezesi okutengesa, atenderwe. Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kwave kuchinonoka, uye Water Trading Trading Coom ichiri kubvisa. Zvidzidzo zvinokosha zvinosanganisira kudiwa kwokuisa zvinodikanwa zvinokosha zvemunhu nemhoteredzo, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti nzanga dzakaderedzwa dzine simba rokuita rutivi mumisika. Nhamburiko dzokubatanidza kutengesa mvura nechinjo yenyika dzinoratidzira kugadzirwa kwekodzero dzemvura neruramisiro yenzanga.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Nezvirongwa Zvitsva

Chizvarwa chemisika yemvura inotevera chingaumbwa noruzivo rwemichina, kusava nechokwadi kwemamiriro okunze, uye kuwedzera kuzivikanwa kwemvura sekodzero dzevanhu. Mirangariro yemanzwiro, kuongorora masetiraneti, uye zvibvumirano zvemichina yakasiyana - siyana yezvikepe zvinogona kubvumira vatengesi, kuderedza utsotsi, uye kugovera uwandu hwenguva chaiyo. Somuenzaniso, kutanga kwakaita seWatropolis nePhos kuri kutanga zviteshi zvinobatanidza IoT nesoftware dzokutengesa, zvichibvumira vanoshandisa kutengesa kodzero dzemvura munguva chaiyo.

Chimwe chirongwa ndechokubuda kwemisika yemvura yezvakatipoteredza, umo masangano ehurumende anotenga kodzero dzokuwedzera mvura inoyerera. Izvi zvinogona kubatanidzwa nokutengesa mvura zvakanaka kuti zviwane zvinangwa zvakawanda. MuColorado River Basin, “State Conservation Pierlot Program inobhadhara varimi kuti vaderedze mvura kwenguva pfupi, mvura yakachengetedzwa kuti ibatsire zvisikwa. Mienzaniso yakadaro yakagadzirwa neyavose inogona kukanganisa musiyano pakati pevatarisiri vemvura voga nevoruzhinji.

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze ichamanikidza misika yemvura kuchinjira kukuchinja kwakawanda. Zvisingawirirani zviri kuva zvakawandisa uye zvakakomba, nepo mafashamo angava makuru zvikuru. Misika inobatanidza zvibvumirano zvemberi, zvibvumirano zvemipimo, uye zvigadzirwa zveinishuwarenzi ingagona kubetsera vanoshandisa kukunda ngozi. Mukuwedzera, vadzori vangada kuisa maketi akapfava zvikuru ayo anochinja nemamiriro ezvinhu emvura, kubvumira kubuda kwechinguvana mukati mamakore akaoma uye miganhu yakaoma mukati mechitsigono chenguva refu yokuoma, chero bedzi kuchengetwa kwenguva refu kwazvinogara zvichisimbiswa.

Pakupedzisira, kune kurudziro inokura yokubatanidza misika yemvura nokuronga mitsvairo yakafara, kubatanidza kushandiswa kwenzvimbo, simba, uye kurima. Nexis yemvura inosvika kuziva kuti simba rinodikanwa kupomba nokurapa mvura, uye kuti mvura inoshandiswa nokuda kwechizvarwa chesimba rinopisa nemvura. Misika yemvura nemisika yamagetsi ingagona kuparira budiriro huru, zvikurukuru munzvimbo umo kupomba mvura pasi kuri chiteshi chikuru chesimba.

mhedziso

Mitoo yemisika yemvura inogovera tarisiro inovimbiswa, inotsigirwa nomusika yokudzora kushaikwa kwemvura. Nokubatanidza mutengo kumvura uye kugonesa kushambadza, iyi gadziriro inogona kuita kuti kuchengetedza, kuvandudza nhevedzano yezvemari ive nokuvandudza kugadziridza kugadzirwa kwemvura. Zvisinei, kubudirira kwavo kunotsamira pakuronga kwakasimba kusimbisa kodzero dzezvinhu, kuongorora, kufambiswa kwemabutiro enzvimbo, uye kudzivirira kufambika kwemhoteredzo. Zviitiko zveAustralia, Chile, United States, neSouth Africa zvinogona kugovera kubudirira uye kungwarira, zvichisimbisa kuti misikasave chikaro chemari. Pasi pokungwarira kugadzirwa nokudzorwa kwemitengo, zvinogona kuwedzera kusaenzana nokushatamisa mamiriro okunze. Sezvkufambira mberi nokuderera kwenzvimbo dzepasi, kutengeserana mvura zvichapfuurira kupa mabanza mabanza matsva okuchengetedza mvura, asi kana vagadziri vezve, kana vadzorevereverevedza, mamiriro enzanga enzanga.

Kuwedzera kurava, nzvera basa re [FLT] CD pamisika yemvura nerokugovera, [[FLT]] World Bank] reWorld World modeficing yemisika yemvura[[[FLT:]], uye [[FLT:]] Mirray-Durray Chiremera chemin[ nokuda kwemiitiro yakanakisisa. Zvidzidzo mumagazini zvakadai se [FLT:][F:]