Ukama pakati perusununguko rwemashoko (FOI) nemitemo yehurumende yokuona napanei inoita fandesheni yehurumende yazvino uno. Iyi gadziriro yapamutemo inopa simba vagari vemo kukumbira nokuwana mapepa anoitirwa namasangano avose, nokudaro kuchigonesa kurukurirano yavose yakaziviswa, utariri, uye kuzvidavirira. Nepo nheyo dziri seri kwemitemo yeFOI dzichizivikanwa munyika yose, kushandiswa kwadzo kunosiyana zvikuru, uye denho dzinokosha dzinopfuurira. Kunzwisisa iyi migwagwa inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofarira basa rakazaruka uye kuti nzanga dzinogona sei kusimbisa kuzvidavirira munhambo inowedzera.

Kunzwisisa Rusununguko Rwemitemo Yemashoko

Freedom of Information (FOI) inopa vanhu kodzero yepamutemo yokuwana mashoko anenge apiwa nemasangano ehurumende, kutoti kana mashoko acho akapinda pasi pekusada kunyoreswa zvakananga. Kutanga aitwa neSweden muna 1766, mitemo yeFOI yakapararira kunyika dzinopfuura 120. Pfungwa huru ndeyokuti mashoko ehurumende ndeevanhu, uye vagari vemo havafaniri kururamisa chikumbiro chavo chokuwana mashoko. Zvinhu zvinokosha zvinozivikanwa nehurumende dzakawanda dzeFOI zvinosanganisira kusununguka, mhinduro yakasarudzwa, nguva dzokutarisira dzakazvimirira, uye kukumbira nokuda kwokuramba zvikumbiro.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau

Musangano wazvino uno weFOI wakawana simba pashure peHondo yeNyika II, United States ichipfuudza Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) muna 1966. Iri mutemo wakava muenzaniso wedzimwe hurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Ma 1990 akaona kugamuchirwa kweFOI muEastern Europe neLatin America sorutivi rwechinjo huru dzedemocracy. Muma 2000, nyika dzakafanana neIndia (Kuda Kuda Kuda Kuda Kure, 2005) uye Mexico (Federal Translarency and Accespix to Public Government Information Ratect, 2002) dzakatanga zvirongwa zvinokusimbisa kujeka kwamarudzi ari kusimukira.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwenyika Yose

Pasinei zvapo nevavariro dzinozivikanwa, mitemo yeFOI inosiana zvikuru muukuru nokuchengetwa. Mamwe marudzi, akadai seSweden, anoisa kodzero yokuwana magwaro ehurumende mubumbiro remitemo rawo. Dzimwe dzinotsamira pamirairo yakaganhurirwa. Ukuru hwekusapinda kwakasianawo: chengeteko yorudzi, kuvandika kwomunhu oga, uye muitiro wokubvisa mirangariro ndewechokwadi, asi kududzira kwavo kunogona kuva kwakafara kana kuti kutetepa. Nyika dzakadai seNew Zealand neFinland kazhinji kazhinji dzinodudzwa nokuda kwokuva vasingapindirwi nokuchengetedzwa kwakasimba, nepo vamwe vanotarisanawo nokutsoropodza nokuda kwokuvanza chakaipa.

Basa Rokuva Nomutsaungudzano Kwehurumende

Kujeka kwehurumende kunonongedzera kukusununguka uko zviremera zvehurumende zvinobata nhau dzazvo, zvinogoverana miitiro yokuita zvisarudzo, uye zvinogovera kunyorwa kwezvinyorwa. Inheyo huru yokuzvidavirira kwehurumende nemhaka yokuti inobvumira vagari vemo, vatori venhau, uye masangano enzanga avagari vemo kuongorora zviito zvehurumende, kufumura kusazvibata, uye kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo munharo dzemitemo.

Betsero Dzokuva Nomutsetse

  • Vimba naMasimba:[[FT:1] Vagari vemo vane bviro huru yokuvimba nehurumende dzakazaruka pamusoro pemibato yavo nezvisarudzo. Zviratidzo zvokujeka kuti vakuru vakuru havana chinhu chokuvanza uye vanoda kuongororwa.
  • Uori hunobviswa: Apo zvibvumirano zvehurumende, bhajeti, uye mibato zvinowanika pachena, mikana yepfumbamuromo nokusashandiswa kwemari yakaderedzwa. Nhambudzo dzemashoko dzakabatanidzwa nemwero yakaderera yeuori munyika dzakadai seGeorgia neEstonia.
  • Kuona chitarisiko kwakagadziridzwa: Kunogonesa kuratidzira basa uye kubvumira vagari vemo, uko kunogona kuparira kupiwa kwebasa kuri nani. Somuenzaniso, kubudisa kuedza kwechikoro kwemhando dzemitauro nemwero yetapuro yechipatara kunopa simba nzanga kuraira vandudziko.
  • Kutora rutivi: Vagari vemo vakadzidziswa vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kupinda mukubvunza pachena, kutsinhira pamusoro pemirau inokarakadzwa, uye vhoti panhau dzakaoma. Kuoneka kunodikanwa nokuda kwoutongi hunosarudzwa navanhu.

Kujeka Kunopfuura FOI

Nepo mitemo yeFOI iri chishandiso chikuru, kujeka kunobatanidzawo kuzivisa, misangano yakazaruka, kunyoresa, rwisano yemirau inofarirwa, uye dziviriro dzeridzo. Rudzo rwokuvanza runoda mibato mizhinji inoshanda pamwe chete. FOI inobatira sechinhu chakarurama, asi pasina matanho anowirirana, inogona kuva muitiro unonyandura, unononoka panzvimbo petsika yokusununguka.

Nheyo Huru dzeFOI Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Nheyo dzinoverengeka dzinotungamirira kushandiswa kunobudirira kwemitemo yeFOI netsananguro dzakafara zvikuru dzokuona.Idzi nheyo dzinobetsera kujekesa kodzero nemisengwa zvezvose zviri zviviri hurumende navagari vemo.

  • Hurumende dzinofanira kutanga nerangariro yokuti mashoko ose anofanira kusvika. Kusunungurwa kunofanira kurondedzerwa zvishoma uye kuitirwa fariro yavose kupfupi kupfuura apo kuzivisa kunobatira zvakanaka zvikuru.
  • Dhayiswo inopa miganhu: Panzvimbo pokumirira zvikumbiro, masangano anofanira kubudisa nguva dzose mashoko makuru akadai sebhajeti, mabhajeti, zvibvumirano, uye magwaro emitemo. Ikoku kunoderedza mutoro pavakumbiri uye kunowedzera kushanda zvakanaka.
  • Vagari vemo vanofanira kuziva: havafaniri kudikanwa kuratidza fariro chaiyo kana kuti kudikanwa kwokuwana mashoko. Ruramisiro ndeyemunhu ari wose, kwete bedzi avo vanotapurwa zvakananga nechisarudzo.
  • Kugamuchira kwenguva: Kunonoka kunosekesa ukoshi hwamashoko. Mitemo yeFOI inofanira kuraira nguva ine mufungo (mazuva anowanzosvika 20-30 anoshanda) newedzero bedzi nokuda kwemigariro yechienzi. Mitumbi yezvigaro inofanira kunzvera kuteererwa.
  • Afford Access: Fees hadzifaniri kuva mhinganidzo. Mitemo mizhinji inobvumira kunzvera kwapachena magwaro paIndaneti uye kubhadhara bedzi nguva yokubereka kana kuti kunzvera muzvinoitika zvakaoma. Vawaiver nokuda kwezvishuvo zvavose vatendi vanozivikanwa.
  • Inicism Review: Kuramba kuwanikwa kunofanira kuva kunokwezverwa kumuviri wakazvimirira" wakadai somumiriri wemashoko kana kuti ombudsman(panze pesangano rakaita kuramba. Kuhwirudzura kunofanirawo kuvapo sechisarudzo chokupedzisira.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nemitemo yeFOI uye Kuona Miti

Pasinei zvapo nokugamuchirwa kwakapararira kwemitemo yeFOI, mhinganidzo huru dzinoganhurira tapuro yadzo.Idzi denho dzinovambira pamabudiro apamutemo uye kudzivisa kwehurumende zvinhu zvetsika nezvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunyanyisa

Hurumende dzingasatendera mapoka makuru amashoko, akadai se "chengeteko yamarudzi ose," "kuviga zvakavanzika," kana kuti "kurukurirano dzehurumende," pasina ruramiso yakakomba. Apo kusunungurwa kunoshatiswa, dzinogona kudzivirira kusazvibata pamberi pavanhu. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa kutaura kwechengeteko yorudzi kuvanza kushatiswa kwamaruramiro avanhu kana kuti ushati.

Kunonoka Nezvikamu Zveshure

Masangano akawanda eFOI anorwisana nenhamba dzakakwirira dzezvikumbiro nezviwanikwa zvakaganhurirwa. MuUnited States, masangano ehurumende akanga ane chinyorwa chezvikumbiro zvinomirira zvinopfuura 100 000 zviri kumirira mumakore achangobva kupfuura. Kukumbira kwapamhete kunononozekazve, kuchiita kuti FOI isashande zvikuru nokuda kwokushuma nhau kana kuti kunyora nhau kwakakomba nguva.

Kushaya Kuziva uye Kutadza Kushanda

Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vangasadzidziswa nezvemabasa eFOI uye vangapindura zvisina kukwana vasingazivi.

Chido Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kusununguka kunowanzoonekwa setyisidziro nevakuru vakuru vanopa mitoro. Pasina utungamiriri hwakasimba netsika yokuona zvakanaka, mitemo yeFOI ingava tsamba dzakafa.

Chengeteko Yorudzi Nemhindu

Kufunganya pamusoro pekuchengeteka kwapashure pe9/11 kwakatungamirira kukukura kwekuvanza muhurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Gadziriro dzemirarirano yezvisakiso zvinokamuranisa zvinodenha kushanda kweFOI. Kudzikamisa chengeteko nokuoneka kwapamberi pevhu kunoramba kuri kusagadzikana.

Nzvero Dzapanhau Dzokushandiswa Kunobudirira

Kuongorora mienzaniso yezvakaitika chaizvo kunoratidza kuti nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzakakunda sei matambudziko aya uye kuti dzakawana sei mukana wokuona zviri pachena.

Sweden

Sweden’s Freedom of the Press Act (1766) imutemo wokutanga wenyika weFOI. Inosimbisa kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yokuwana magwaro ehurumende uye inorambidza nyika kuisa kuvanza kupfuura kusunungurwa kwomutemo. Vagari vemo veSweden navanyori venhau nguva dzose vanowana chinhu chiri chose kubva mumaminiti edare kusvikira kutsamba dzehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Rubudiriro rwetsika yacho rwakavakirwa mumipimo yakasimba yetsika yokuvandamira uye munhu anozvimirira anobatira pasi.

United States

Freedom of Information Act yeUS yave iri chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwebumbiro renhau renhau refekitari. Kuwanwa kusingacherechedzwi kwakapfaviswa naFOIA kunobatanidza Pentagon Papers, mabasa okutambudza eutarisiri hweBush, uye anonzi "Kubvunza, Don’t Tell" kubvumirana. FAA zvikumbiro zvehurumende zvakafumura mapurogiramu okunzvera, kuputsa mhoteredzo, uye kupedza kwehondo mutezo wekudzoro. Zvisinei, tsika inotambura kubva kudzoro renguva dzose neringidzo, inoraira nokuda kwechinjo. FOIA Develoption Act ya 2016 yakasimbisa kurongwa kwokuvanza uye masangano anodikanwa kugamuchira "kuvadziko inotengwa" nokuda kwokusapinda mufambiri.

New Zealand

Act yeSangano reInformation (OIA) 1982 inoshanda kumasangano ose ehurumende uye inobatanidza nzvero huru yefariro yavose. New Zealand inorumbidzwa nokuda kwemwero yayo yakaderera yokuramba uye nguva dzokudavidza dzinobudirira. Nzvero dzekuzvimirira dzakaitwa neOmbudsman uye kuzivisa pawebsite dzehurumende zvakakuita muenzaniso. Chisarudzo cha 2010 chaOmbudsman chokubudisa mapepa edare pamuitiro wemigodhi wenhau unoitiranwa nharo yakaratidzira kusimba kwegadziriro yegadziriro yacho kunyange panhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinotapukira.

India

Masangano ehurumende anoona nezvezvikumbiro zvehurumende anopa kukwirira kwokukurumidza, uye mutemo wakakurudzira mutemo wakafanana muBangladesh, Nepal, neSri Lanka.

Mexico

Mexico’s Law of Transparency and Access to Public Information (2015) yakagadzira gadziriro yakasimba yokuona parusando. Mutemo unoraira kubudiswa kwemapoka anopfuura 80 emashoko ehurumende, kubva kumibhadharo kuenda kubvumirano. National Institute for Transparency, Acces to Information and Personal Data Protection (NAI) yakatungamirira zvakazvimirira kuzviisa zvipfeko pamasangano asingadi kushandira. Chirongwa ichi chakaparira kuderera kunzwisiswa kwouori.

Zvirongwa Zvokuita Kuti Kuona Zvinhu Kuve Kusingachinji Kupfurikidza Nemitemo yeFOI

Kuti dzigadzirise matambudziko ari pamusoro apa uye dziwedzere kukanganisa kunoita FOI, hurumende uye vanhu vanogona kushandisa mazano anoverengeka akabvumikiswa.

Kuchinja kwezvidhina

Kupa nokunyora FOI paI paIndaneti kukumbira kuderedza kunonoka uye miganhu yakaderera. Kuwanwa kwemashoko enguva dzose neIndaneti. "Majekiseni", mazakwatiranwa, mashandisiro, shoororo, . Kuwedzera kwemifungo uye uchenjeri hwokugadzirwa kunogona kubatsira masangano kuronga, kunyora, kunyora zviri pasi, uye kubudisa magwaro zvakanaka zvikuru apo anenge ari ega. Mitemo yemashoko inovimbisa kuti mashoko anobudiswa anokwanisa kuoneka uye anogona kugadziriswa.

Mishonga Inoita Kuti Pasave Nengozi

Pane kumirira zvikumbiro, masangano anofanira kubudisa mashoko anofadza vanhu. Mufananidzo we "Discoverence on Creation" wakagamuchirwa nedzimwe nyika dzeUS unoda kuti chinyorwa chipi nechipi chingakumbirwa chinyorwe paIndaneti nokukurumidza. Izvi zvinochengetedza zvinhu, zvinodzivirira, uye zvinoratidza kuzvipira kukutaura.

Kurovedza uye Kuvaka Muzinda

Vashandi vehurumende vanoda rovedzo yakakwana pamisengwa yeFOI, kubatanidza nzira yokuziva nayo kushaikwa kwemari, zvikumbiro zvebasa, uye zvikumbiro. Masangano enzanga yevagari vemo anofanira kushandira vagari vemo kuti vagadzirise sei zvikumbiro zvinobudirira uye kushandisa mashoko anowanwa. Kudzivirira kweWhistlever nemikoto yokushuma zvakakotsekana kupfurikidza nokukurudzira vatendi kuti vaende mberi.

Kutarisira Kwokuzvimirira

Bhuku remashoko rakasununguka rine simba rokunzvera zvichemo, kubudisa zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza, uye kuisa zvirango zvinokosha. Kubhadharwa nokudzivirirwa kwemasangano aya kunofanira kuvimbiswa.

Kuedza Kuzivisa Vanhu

Mazano ari nyore okutungamirira, epaIndaneti, uye ezvirongwa zvenzanga zvinogona kuchinja izvozvo. Kupinza FOI mudzidzo yechikoro uye purogiramu dzezvibvumirano zvehurumende inovaka tsika dzenguva refu dzehurumende yakasununguka.

Nguva Yemberi Yemitemo yeFOI uye Kuona Hurumende Zvakajeka

Zvimiro zvakasiana - siana zvichaumba mhindumupindu yorusununguko rwamashoko nokujeka mumakumi amakore ari kuuya.

Kuzaruka kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu

Ungwaru hwokugadzira, kudzidza michina, uye blockchain zvinopa bviro itsva dzokuzivisa nokujekeswa kwezvinyorwa zvehurumende. IB inogona kubetsera mukuziva mashoko akasarudzirwa, nepo zvibvumirano zvamanomano zvinogona kuvimbisa kuti mashoko anobudiswa panguva yakarongeka. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinofanira kudzivisa "kushamba kwokuvhura" --kubudisa chitarisiko chokujeka apo dzinovanza mashoko anotsoropodza kuseri kwemaarukirati akaoma kunzwisisa.

Kupedza Kariro Dzavanhu Vose

Zvizvarwa zviduku zvinorerwa pasocial network uye zvinogadziridzwa zvinokarira kusvika nokukurumidza kumashoko ehurumende. Kudikanwa kwe "kuoneka kwemifungo yepasi" kuchasunda hurumende kuva nemiitiro yakawanda inoshanda neyokuzivisa kwoushamwari. Chinjo yemamiriro okunze, utano hwavanhu, uye nhau dzamaruramiro avanhu zvichasunda kuraira kuwana mirangariro yemhoteredzo, mashoko ehosha, uye marekodhi emapurisa etsika dzisina kururama.

Mitemo Yenyika Yose Nokuzvidavirira

Masangano amarudzi ose akadai seOuble Government Prefeneship (OGP) neChibatanwa chaMarudzi zvino zvinotora rutivi muOGP, achiita gadziriro dzinosimbisa FOI nokutarisira. Kukwira kwemicheto yemuchinjikwa kunoda nhamburiko dzokuona pasi pose, zvakadai sezvinyoreso zvinobetsera zvemuridziyo nokutsinhana mashoko omutero.

Kudzikamisa Kuva Woga Nokusununguka

Kuwedzera kwemashoko emunhu oga anochengetwa nehurumende kunoparira kusawirirana pakati pekuona zvakanaka nekodzero dzokuva woga. Mitemo yeFOI inowedzera kuda kubatanidza nheyo dzemashoko dzinodzivirira, dzakadai sokuzivisa mashoko omunhu oga usati wabudiswa. Mitemo mitsva yakadai seGeneral Data Protection Regial (GDPR) yakapesvedzera kuti zviremera zvehurumende zvingabatanidza sei mashoko omunhu oga.

Kudzivisa Nokudzorera

Hadzisi zvimiro zvose zvendangariro zvakanaka, nokuti hurumende dzinotonga dziri kushandisa kunzvera kwemichina netyisidziro dzapamutemo kudzvinyirira kuoneka.Mune dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, vatungamiriri vehurumende dzinotonga vakadenha mitumbi yavanhu yakananga nemitemo yenhau.

mhedziso

Kupindirana kworusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko nekuoneka kwehurumende izvose zviri zviviri chirongwa chapamutemo noukoshi hwedemocracy. Mitemo yeFOI inogovera michina yetsika yokupinda muzvinyorwa zvinobatwa nehurumende, nepo kujeka kuri tsika yakafara yokusununguka inoita kuti mitemo iyoyo ive nerevo. Pamwe chete, inoita kuti vagari vagari vagone kuva nechiremera, kutora rutivi mukutonga, uye kuvimba namasangano avose.

Bva mitemo yoga haina kukwana. Kushanda FOI kunotsamira pamubatanidzwa wemitemo yakasimba, utarisiri hwakazvimirira, mari yakakwana, kuziva vanhu vose, uye kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nzvero inobva Sweden, United States, New Zealand, India, uye Mexico dzinoratidzira kuti budiriro inobvira, asiwo kuti zvinetso zvinoramba zviripo (kubva mukudzivisa kuchengeteka kwenyika kusingadzorwi. Sayenzi nekariro dzavose zvakapararira, hurumende dzinofanira kuramba dzichichinja miitiro yadzo yokuoneka kuti dziite zvinodiwa nevagari vemo vakadzidza. Kupfurikidza bedzi nenhamburiko inopfuudzira vimbiso yorusununguko rwemashoko inogona kuwanikwa zvizere, kuvimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba iri mushandi wavanhu uye kwete tenzi wavo.