Sumo

1787 Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadzira hurumende yemasimba akaganhurirwa, inoronga apo inochengeta chimwe chiremera chose kuhurumende navanhu. Kwamazana maviri amakore gare gare, miganhu chaiyo yeboka iroro inoramba ichikakavanwa zvikuru. Zvikamu zviviri zvinodudzira mamiriro ezvinhu(mavambo nehurumende) (akava musimboti wemhedziso dzemitemo yazvino uno yejurisprudency. Chechi yeOrry inopa mutoo wokunzwisisa nawo mashoko ose eMitemo yeMitemo yakavakirwa parevo yayo yavose pakushandiswa kwechibvumirano. Federalism inopa nheyo inoganhuriro inoganhurira simba renyika yorudzi. Apo matare anoshandisa kurangarira kwapakuvamba, kazhinji kazhinji anosvika pamhedziso dzinosimbisa miganhuro yehurumende. Nyaya iyi inonzvera sei kuti mabhiripi maviri anorondedzera ukama hwavo, uye kupfuurira kubatana kwomutemo weAmerica mutemo weAmerica.

Kunzwisisa Kutanga

Mavambo Nemiitiro

Chirevo chorudzidziso chakabuda serondedzero yakasiana yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 20, zvikurukuru mukupindura chiito chinofungidzirwa cheWarren neBurger Courts. Chitendero charo chehwaro ndechokuti revo yeBumbiro remitemo inofanira kutsigiswa kunzwisiso apo gadziriro imwe neimwe yaigamuchirwa. Vatsigiri vapakuvamba, vakadai saAttorney General Edwin Meese III naJaji Robert Bork, vakataura kuti revo yakatsidzira rondedzero yedare rehurumende panzvimbo pokudavirira. Mutongi Antonin Scalia akava murevereri werondedzero inopesvedzera zvikurusa, achiomerera kuti Tsition haisi rugwaro rupenyu asi runobatanidza pamutemo.

Revo Yavanhu Vose Yopakuvamba Yakapindwa Mungozi

Murangariro wekare unoda kukamukana kuva zvikoro zvikuru zviviri. Chokutanga, donzo remavambo, inotsvaka kuwanazve vavariro dzinofungwa dzeFramers neratifiers. Vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza ikoku kunogona kuva kwakaoma apo chinyorwa chinenge chiri chiduku kana kuti chisiri chapamutemo. Chechipiri, [[FLT:] revo yavanhu vose yemviro yemviro yetepose yezita [[FLT:], inobvunza kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yacho angave akanzwisisa rugwaro kureva. Mutongi Scalia akatsigira iyi, achipikisa kuti inodzivisa njodzi dzokuvhima nokuda kwevavariro dzakavanzika. Nhasi, vatongi vazhinjisaidzwa nanyanzvi vanofarira revo revo, iro rinooneka mumifungo yavose [FLCPN][5][5][5][5]

Pesvedzero Yenguva Ino Pamatare

Kurerekera kumunhu mumwe chete kwakabva papfungwa inopesana kuenda kurondedzero huru paDare guru. Vatongi Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gormoth, Brett Kavahaugh, naAmy Coney Barrett vose vanorondedzera vamene savatangi muchimiro chakati. Mirangariro yavo nguva dzose inonongedzera revo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro remitemo kudzvinyirira simba rehurumende. Pesvedzero inooneka mumativi akawanda: muitiro woutsotsi, kutaura kwakasununguka, kuparadza masimba, uye zvikurukuru chibvumirano. Dare razvino rave riri simba rinosunda shure kwezvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi iyo inoganhurira chiremera chehurumende ndokudzorera maruramiro ehurumende.

Kunzwisisa Kurwira Nyika

Kugadzirwa Kwenhau

Federalism haisi murairo wezvamatongerwe enyika chete; igwema. Kukakavadzana kwemitemo kwakavakirwa pamachengetere euchangamire hwehurumende apo inoumba hurumende yakasimba zvikuru. Tenuth Amendment yakaita zvakajeka kuti masimba asina kupiwa kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika, anochengeterwa nyika nenzira inowirirana, kana kuti kuvanhu. Mhaka yapakuvamba, zvikurukuru [[FLD:] MCulloch v. Maryland, inobvuma masimba makuru ehurumende asi anorevererwawo nyika pakutera mitero yehurumende. Kusvikira kumazana 19 ne20 amakore, mutemo wedare rekare, zvikurukuru pakati penhambo dzakasimba guru renyika nerevombo renyika.

Dual Federalism neBooperative Federalism

Muenzaniso wegamuchidzanwa we wehurumende yakaganhurira kusvika kweKirasi inofungidzirwa kuti ichengete masimba ehurumende nechiito chehurumende. Dare Rapamusorosoro mu Cases-Imbay[ [1873] [183]) yakaganhurira kusvika kweKirentement ye 1450 Demendement kuchengetedza masimba ehurumende. New Defilterss transfectism yehurumende [[[FLT:]], pasi pemibato yehurumende yehurumende nerevoti inoshanda pamwe chete kugovera purogiramu, kazhinji kazhinji nemipimo yemubatanidzwa wenyika. Macase akafanana [FLT] v.[FLD] FFFT][57] [192]

Kuchinja Kwemagariro Avanhu Azvino Uno

Chifo cha United States v. Lopez (1995), Dare guru rakapazve simba rehurumende kupfurikidza nokuda batano huru kukutengeserana kwehurumende pamberi peCongress ingadzora mubato usiri wemari. [[FLT:]] . United States (1997), Dare rakaderedza mutemo wehurumende unoraira vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, richiita kuti Pentelligement yeTenti irege kunyoresa kunyoreswa kwakadaro. [[FLT:]] Nationalgatest of Independent . [5]

Kuwiriraniswa Kwoumwari Noukuru

Rugwaro, Chivako, uye Revo Yapakuvamba

Chibvumirano cheTenth Amendment chinogoverana musengwa wakafanana kurugwaro nechimiro zveBumbiro reMitemo. Mutoo weChinyorwa cheChinyorwa unotarira kurevo yorugwaro sezvarwainzwisiswa apo rwakatenderwa. Federalism inobuda zvakananga murugwaro irworwo: Chikamu Inoronga masimba eCongress, Tenth Amendment inochengeta zvakasara, uye Hurumende ye1453 inodzika miganhuro yakaganhurirwa pahurumende. Kunzvera kwepakuvamba kweChambengedzero yeChommerce Clausle, somuenzaniso, kunobvunza kana “commerce pakati pedzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka” muna 1787 yakabatanidza kugadzira, kurima, kana kuti mibato yomunzvimbomo yakachena. Nhau inokarakadza zvakasimba kuti hakuna. Naizvozvo, vatongi vazhinji venhau vanogumisa kuti Hurumende dzinoputsa kushambadza pamutemo apo inodzorwa mubatanidzwa nomugariro womunzvimbomo womunzvimbomo.

Nheyo Dzinokosha Dzinobatanidza Vaviri

Zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvinobuda mumharadzano. Nhamba inoda kuti mutemo wose wehurumende uwane tsigiro musimba rakati. Anti commandring[ inodzivisa Congress kumanikidza matare ehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru kuti ashandise zvirongwa zvehurumende. shoo youtongi yezviwiro yehurumende inodudza kubva kusututi dzemunhu oga mudare renyika isati yavapo mudare rapamutemo. [[FLT:] Factedrition presectiontion [[FLT]] inova] inovarasairwa kana mutemo usingagari mumunda.

Zviratidzo Panzvimbo Yakawirirana Nenzvimbo

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Nyaya yacho yakabatanidza mutemo wehurumende uchiita kuti ive mhaka kuva nepfuti pedyo nechikoro. Hurumende yakataura kuti kuva nepfuti munzvimbo dzezvikoro kwakatapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwepasi penyika kupfurikidza nokuwedzera ndyiko dzeinishuwarenzi nokuderedza kubudirira kwedzidzo. Dare, muchisarudzo cha5-4, rakaramba kurangarira ikoko. Chirevo chikuru cheRehnquist chakasimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo rinoronga masimba akaganhurirwa uye kuti mubato wenhau wakanga usina kuva nomugariro wakananga wemari. Murangariro wakatsamira zvikuru pakunzwisisa nhau dzenhau, usingarevi kuti maFreframendi Claus Claus aice aice aingasvika bedzi “chiko. uye kwete mibato yose ingatapura nomutoo usina kunanga. [FLT:] Llez] wakanga ari nhau yokutanga chifo chibviro chePromende chenyika itsva kuti idzosososososo chenyika yose. [FLT]

Kuprintaz v. United States (1997)

Mu Printz, Dare rakataura Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, iyo yaida kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende nevehurumende vadzoresei vatengi vepfuti. Hurumende yakataura kuti Congress yaigona kuraira vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende senzira yokushandisa mutemo wehurumende. Murangariro wavazhinji wehurumende Scalia waidavira kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni “mutongi” mukuru wehurumende kuti vashandise mapurogiramu ehurumende. Kurangarira kwakanga kwapakuvamba: chirongwa cheBumbiro reMitemo remitemo, sokunzwisiswa paratisition, hakuna kubvumirawo kunyoreswa kwakadaro. Muitiro wenhau neFoderation Page. [FLT:] printact]

[ Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202)

Nyaya yacho yakadenha murairo weAffordble Care Act wemunhu oga unoda kuti vaAmerica vazhinjisa vatenge inishuwarenzi youtano. Hurumende yakataura kuti murairo wakanga uri kushandiswa kwapamutemo kwesimba reChommerce Clause nemhaka yokuti chisarudzo chokusatenga inishuwarenzi chakanga chine miuyo mikuru yezvemari. Chisarudzo chaMutongi mukuru Roberts chakaramba murangariro iwoyo, achirangarira kuti Commerce Claus anogovera simba rokudzora kutengeserana kuripo, kwete kumanikidza vanhu kupinda mubhizimisi munzvimbo yokutanga. Roberts akavimba nenzwisiso yenhau yaClause uye yakatanhamara pakati pebasa rokutungamirira nokusashanda nesimba rokubhadhadha. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbiswazve kuti masimba anoronga ane ganhuriro chaiyoiyo uye kuti Dare harigoni kukudza chiremera charo nemhaka yokuti chinetso chorudzi rwose.

[[[NHAU] Murphy v. NCAA (2017)

Murairo wakaputsa Professional and Amaterator Sports Protection Act (PASPA), iyo inorambidza kubvumira kubhejera kwemitambo. Dare raidavira kuti PASPA inoraira mitemo yenyika kupfurikidza nokuimanikidza kuchengeta zvirambidzo munzvimbo. Murangariro waAlito wakashandisa gadziriro inorwisana nomurairo kubva Primpz uye [[FLT:] ne[FLT] New York. United States. Murangariro wacho wakasimbiswa murugwaro nakunzwisisa kwapakuvamba: muganhu unopa masimba akaganhurirwa, uye mamiriro ezvinhu eGeneongedzero yemitemo hausi kudzivirira.

New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022]

Nepo isati iri nhau yehurumende yehurumende mupfungwa yakamanikana, Bruen inoratidzira kuti mitoo yemavambo yaishandiswa sei panzvimbo pezvo nechiremera chehurumende. Dare rakazivisa kuti kunzvera kweChipiri kweGaramende kunofanira “kusimbiswa mukunzwisisa kwenhau kwekodzero yokutakura zvombo.] Voruzhinji vakaramba zvakananga kunzvera kwapashoma nenzvimbo pamashoko nebvunzo dzenhau. Chisarudzo chakadzika pasi pechidziro cheNew York inovanza kutakura hurumende inovanza, kurangarira kuti hurumende haigoni kuida “chisakafanira pamutemo. Nemhaka yakadaro haina kuvapo pakuvamba. [FLT:] BruB] panzvimbo panzvimbo payo. [FLT]

Kure, Kushanda Muchiuto, uye Nhau Dzapashure

Tarisira Kuchengetedza Utano Hwako

Affordlable Care Act inoramba iri nhambo inoyera. Pashure pa NFIB v. Sebelius, masangano akashandisa masimba awo akachengetwa kutanga tsinhano dzeinishuwarenzi, madzoro, uye kuedza mishonga. Nharo dzechinjo dzinorwisana nemhesvedzeri dzehurumende dzinopfuurira kuoneka mukuvhozhokera paMidhiyabhorosi, nhomba dzinoraira, uye miraudzo yetelehealth. matare epasi anoshandisa [[FLT:] LT] uye [FLT] [FLT:] .Sbelus anoramba kudzorwa kwesimba rinooneka kushaiwa miraudzo.

Mutemo Wemhoteredzo

Clean Water Act yave iri nhau inodzokororwa yehurumende yapakuvamba. Mu Sackett v. EPA (2023), Dare Gurusa rakapfupikisa rondedzero ye “mvura dzeUnited States,” yakabata kuti Act inofukidza bedzi nzvimbo dzapasi dzinova nebatano yetsika kumvura dzinogara. Mutongi Alito’s conflicence neous recustoms anoratidzira nheyo dzose dziri mbiri dzemavambo kupfurikidza nokuganhurira muganhu wehurumende yeUnited States, seinonzwisiswa muna 1972, yaigona kubatanidza zvakanaka. Vatsigiri vemhoteredzo vanoshuva kuti zviremera zvakadaro zvenyika inochengeterwa nyika nenyika kuti zvishandiswe, nepo nepo zvinochengeta masimba ehurumende.

Kodzero Dzepfuti Nouchangamire Hwehurumende

Chisarudzo Bruen chakamutsa denho inodokuva mutemo wose wehurumende wokudzora pfuti. Matare epasi anofanira zvino kubatanidzwa mukunzvera kwenhau kuti aone kana ganhuriro iri “yokunangana negamuchidzanwa renhau rorudzi remitemo yepfuti.” Kubvunza ikoko kunowanzoda vatongi vehurumende kunzvera mitemo yenyika kubva kunhambo yokuvamba. Dzimwe nyika dzakapindura kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo isingabvumirwi, dzichisimbisa chiremera chadzo dzimene pasi peSatempisi yeChipiri. Muuyo isimba rakaoma apo kuranga kwapakuvamba hurumende asi inochengeta simba guru rokurondedzera hurumende dzadzora yadzo vamene inodzorwa.

COVID-19 Federalism

Dambudziko racho rakaparira miraidzo youtano yavose iyo yakavhara mabhizimisi, kuungana kwakaganhurirwa, uye mirayiro yokuvhara. Nyika dzakashanda pasi pamasimba adzo echipurisa egamuchidzanwa. CDC yakashandisa CDC kuisa mitongo yokudzinga pamutemo nemitemo yebasa. Dare Rapamusoro rakakurira kubviswa kweCDC panzvimbo dzapakuvamba, richiita kuti sangano risave nesimba rehurumende uye kuti simba rakadaro ripfuure kupfuura masimba ehurumende akarongwa. Nyika dzakachengeta mutoro mukuru nokuda kwoutano hwavose, kunyange zvazvo Dare mu Tandon v. Newsom [201] ichiitawo kuti muganhuro yehurumende inorwisana nokunamata kworudzidziso. Izvi zvinoratidzira kuti nzira yapakuvamba idzorerwe apo nzira yehurumende inobvumira chiito chomutemo chavanhu vose pahurumende.

Kutsoropodza Nekupomera

Tsinhiro dzapakuvamba dzehurumende hadzina kusino tsoropodzo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti revo yavanhu yapakuvamba ya “commerce” yakanga yakakura kupfuura zvinotaura vatangi vazvino uno, uye kuti vaFrames vakada kuti Commerce Claus ave mupi wesimba rakasimba. Vamwe vanotaura kuti unani hwehurumende humene hwakashanduka pashure peNew Deal uye kuti Bumbiro reMitemo reChirevo rakaumbwa nemutemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, dzimwe dzinochengeta kuti revo yapakuvamba ndeyechokwadi apo inoshandiswa kudenho dzazvino uno sechinjo yemamiriro okunze kana kuti mamiriro okunze echimbichimbichi. Idzi dzinosimbisa dzidzo chinopfuurira nekurukurirano. Kunyange zvakadaro, Dare razvino uno rakatonge rakagamuchira murangariro wokuti rekare rezvirevo yakanakisisa kumitezoro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

mhedziso

Kupindirana kwemitemo yemavambo nehurumende muhumwe hwazvino uno kunomirira mutoo unowirirana uye unopesvedzera kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Chechi inopa mutoo wokurava nawo mashoko eBumbiro remitemo sezvayakanzwisiswa parati. Federalism inopa miganhu yemiganhu inoiswa norugwaro. Pamwe chete, inobudisa jurispradence inodzivisa simba rehurumende, mativi ehurumende, uye inoramba kuti marongedzero apakuvamba anofanira kururamiswa nechiremera chebumbiro remitemo chakajeka. Zviidzo zvinobva [[FLT: 0]] Riopez ku [FLT:] kuti [FLT] BB2] [FLT] [FF:] [FLT] [5] inova] inoramba kudzorwa kwamakumi amakumi amakore anotonga.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Pedersion yegumi paCongress.gov; [[FLT:]Cornell Information Institute on Expository ; uye mirangariro yechiratidzo mu [[FLT:] Lopez[ uye Printz].