Kurondedzera nokumirira muImba yaVamiririri ishongwe dzehwaro dzehurumende yeUnited States. Uhu hurongwa hunosarudza kuti zvisarudzo zvevagari vemo zvinopesvedzera sei kuumbwa kwomutemo wehurumende uye kuti hurumende makumi mashanu dzinogoverwa sei muimba yomutemo wenyika. Kunzwisiswa kwakajeka kwemiitiro iyi kunopa nzwisiso yokuti hurumende inoshanda sei pahwaro hwezuva nezuva uye, zvinokosha zvikuru, kuti vagari vemo vamwe navamwe vanogona kutora rutivi sei mugadziriro yedemocracy kuti vaite kuti manzwi avo anzwike. Imba yavamiririri, inoumbwa seka vanhu, inoshanda pasi pemitemo nezvivako zvakananga zvakachinja mumazana maviri emakore. Nyaya inopa kuputsika kwakananga kuti vamiriririke sei, kuti varonde, uye kuumba sei mitemo inodzora rudzi rwacho.

Kusarudzwa Kunoitwa Vamiririri

Mitezo yeNzvimbo yaVamiririri inosarudzwa zvakananga navavhoti vanogara muruwa rumwe norumwe rwehurumende. Kusafanana navatenzi vedare rimwe nerimwe. Vakasarudzwa pakuvamba nedzimba dzehurumende, mitezo yeImba nguva dzose yave iri pasi pekunangidzira kusarudza navanhu. Iyi gadziriro yakanga iri nedonzo: maFramers of the Constitution ada kuti Imba icharatidzira zvakakurumbira nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura rimwe bazi ripi neripi rehurumende. Hurumende imwe neimwe inokamurwa kuva nhamba yemaruwa esangano akavakirwa pavagari vemo vayo, uye ruwa rumwe norumwe runosarira mumiririri mumwe. Nyika ine vamiririri vazhinji, yakadai seCalifornia, ine maruwa makumi mashanu namaviri, nenzvimbo ine vamiririri vashomanene, sewavaWayo, inongova bedzi paruwa rukuru.

Maruwa uye Kuda Kufadza kweCongress

Muitiro wokuparadzanisa zvigaro pakati penyika unonzi kugoverana. Pashure pekuverenga vanhu kwegore negore kumwe nokumwe kunoitiswa neU.S. Censurence Bureau, zvigaro 435 muImba zvinoiswa pachena pakati penyika dzinotsamira pakuchinjana kwevagari vomunyika. Manyika akura muvagari vemo pakati pevamwe angawana zvigaro, nepo nyika dzakura zvishoma kana kuti kurasikirwa nevagari vemo kungarasikirwa nezvigaro. Uku kuyera uku inzira yakakomba yokuvimbisa kuti mufananidzo unoramba uri pakati pevanhu veAmerica. Muhurumende imwe neimwe, mutoro wokukwevera miganhu yeruwa ungawira kudiviso regovertio, kunzvimbo dzinodzorwa nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo seMagariro eKoracy, izvo zvinorambidza kusarura muruvarati. Mumwe, mutemo mumwe unoumbwa neDare gurusa renhau reAmerica [F.] mudare rimwe nerimwe, unonzi kuti:[10]

Vanofanira Kushanda Muhofisi

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza zvikwaniriso zvitatu zvikuru zvokubatira muImba: mumiriri anofanira kuva ane makore anenge makumi maviri namashanu okukura, anofanira kuva mugari weUnited States kwaanenge makore manomwe, uye anofanira kuva mugari wehurumende umo vanosarudzwa. Nepo pasina chinodikanwa chapamutemo nokuda kwezvikamu zvakati zvoruwa, gamuchidzanwa uye kubatira kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoraira kuti vamiririri vararame mukati kana kuti pedyo noruwa rwavanobatira. Izvi zvikwaniriso izvi zviduku namaune, zvichiratidzira chishuvo chavamiririri kuchengeta Imba vanowanika kuvagari vemowo zvavo. Kupfuura izvi zvinodikanwa zvemitemo, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika namasangano makuru anoisa zvikwarati, kubatanidza zvikwanidzo zvavo vamene, ruzivo rwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kurongedzero namasangano.

Muitiro Wokutakurika

Muitiro wokuvhota nokuda kweSarudzo yeNzvimbo inodzorwa nemubatanidzwa wemitemo yehurumende nehurumende. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa chiremera pamusoro pe "nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo" weSarudzo yedare. Congress yagadza mutemo wokuva nechokwadi chokuti maruramiro okuvhota. PaMusi weEconst, ndiwo musi weChipiri wokutanga pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muNovember makore ane nhamba, vavhotera vanovhotera nokuda kwezvikamu zvavo zvinodiwa muruwa rwavo. Mutengi mukuru anogamuchira mavhoti akawanda muruwa irworwo anowana chigaro. Uyu mutoo mukuru unozivikanwa sevoruzhinji kana kuti wokutanga wedare renyika. Mugadziriro inopfuuresa, hapana kuvhotera kana pasina kuva navazhinji; mubatanidzwa neboka guru rezviito zvamatongeri. Anowanzowana zviito zviviri zvikuru uye anobudisa nhevedzano, masangano makuru.

Kunyoresa Nokuzivikanwa

Zvinodikanwa zvokunyoresa zvinosiana nehurumende, asi nyika dzose dzinoisa mipimo mikuru yokusasarura: vavhoti vanofanira kuva vagari vemo veU.S. vanofanira kuva namakore ane gumi namasere paZuva rorusarudzo, uye vanofanira kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda vavhoti kunyoresa nenhambo chaiyo pamberi pevhoti, nepo dzimwe dzichipazve mvumo imwe cheteyo yokunyoresa. National Voter Religion Act ya1993, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kacho inofanira kuva inobvumirwa kunyoreswa nokubvumira vagari vemo kuti vanyorese pakunyoresa kana kuti kuvandudza rezinesi yomutyairi. Kuwedzera, kutaura kuti zvinopa kunyoresa paIndaneti, uko kwakaderedzazve mhinganidzo kutora mhosho. Pasinei zvapo izvi zviedza, mamiriyoni evaAmerica vanopfuura kunyorwa nokusarira zviri nyore kuti vapfuudze kunyore nokuwedzera kunyoresa.

Zuva Rechisarudzo Nokubharutswa

Pazuva reSarudzo, vavhoti vanoenda kunzvimbo dzokuvhota dzinosarudzwa mukati memazuru avo. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, kuvhota kwokukurumidza kwakakudza zvikuru. Kuvhota kwokukurumidza kunobvumira vagari vemo kuvhota mumunhu pamberi poMusi wokusarudza, uye kuvhota tsamba, kunozivikanwawo sokuvhota, kunogonesa vavhoti kuti vagamuchire ndokudzorera nokudzosa nokutumira tsamba. Kuvhota 2020 kwakaona wewedzero inoshamisa mukuvhota mutsamba nemhaka yedenda reCHOVHO, uye nyika dzakawanda dzakaita chinjo idzodzo zechigarire chifocho. Kuchengeteka, kubatanidza kusaina nhevedzano kweposi negadziriro. Kuvhota, nguva imwe chete kurongwa kunoverengwa pamwerotezo, uye migumisiro inogamuchirwa nevakuru vakuru vehurumende. Rusarudzo rwakagadzwa somumiriri wedare reBallo. Rusaro rwaJanuary

Mufananidzo Netapuro Yawo

Kumirira muImba kunovimbisa kuti fariro dzakasiyana- siyana dzavanhu veAmerica dzinoratidzirwa mumutemo wehurumende. Nemhaka yokuti maruwa akavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo, nharaunda dzine vagari vazhinji dzine pesvedzero huru zvikuru muImba. Iyi gadziriro inowirirana inorongedzerwa kudzikamisa simba pakati penyika nepo ichiva nechokwadi chokuti inzwi romugari mumwe nomumwe rinova noukoshi hwakafanana mumiitiro yemitemo. Zvisinei, mufananidzo haisi nhauwo zvayo yenhamba. Inobatanidzawo rudzi rwebasa rechienzi, kugamuchirwa kwavamiririri kuzvinhu zvomunzvimbomo, uye mano enzanga okutsigira zvinodikanwa zvavo mukati memariro dzorudzi. Vamiririri vanochengeta mahofisi avo mumaruwa avo, DC., uye vanoshandisa vashandi kugadzirisa nhau dzezvirongwa zvakadai sebetsero dzenzanga, uye kushandira kushandira kushandira kufambidzana kwemibatanidzwa.

Kumirira Kuitwa Kwezvirevo uye Kumirira Vanhu

Nheyo yokuyera yakasimbiswa muchivako cheImba. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoraira kuti zvigaro zvigoverwa pakati penyika maererano nenhamba dzazvo, kuverenga nhamba yose yevanhu vakasununguka uye kubvisa vaIndia vasingabhadhari. Nokufamba kwenguva, mutoo wokugoverana kwakarongwa, uye nzira yazvino uno inozivikanwa semasvomhu akaenzana. Nzira iyi inogovera zvigaro kuti zvive munyika nenzira inoderedza kusiyana kwemisiyano pakati penyika mbiri. Pasinei zvapo neiyi mitengodzi, mwero yokusaenzana hakudzivisiki nemhaka yokuti nhamba yose yezvigaro inomiswa pa 435 uye vanhu havagoni kupatsanwa zvakakwana. Chikamu choruwa chinenge 760 000, asi nharaunda inosiyana zvikuru. Nyika dzakawanda, seTercialm, uye nyika dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo dzichina vamiririri, nyika dzakawanda, dzakafanana neAlaska, dzinongova dzinongova nemheveri dzedaro:

Kudzikamiswa Kwesimba Pakati Penyika

Kubatanidzwa pakati peImba neDare kunoparira dzikamo yesimba inodzivirira zvose zviri zviviri nyika dzine vanhu vakawanda uye dzine vanhu vashoma. MuImba, nyika huru dzine pesvedzero huru nemhaka yokuti dzine mavhoti akawanda. MuDare, hurumende imwe neimwe ine mavhoti maviri chaiwoiwo, pasinei zvapo navanhu, kupa hurumende duku simba risina kuenzana mukamuri iroro. Iyi gadziriro yakabatanidza kubvumiranisa Virginia Plan, iyo yakada kuratidzirwa kwavagari vemo mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, uye New Jersey Plan, iyo yakada kuti imiririre zvakafanana. Kubvumirana kukuru kwa 1787 kwakapedza gakavarati kupfurikidza nokuita kuti Imba yakavakirwa pavagari vemo uye Dare rakavakirwa pakuenzana. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti mutemo unofanira kutsigira vanhu vazhinji (se vari vaviri vanomirirwa muImba uye vazhinji venyika (se vanomiteve inomirirwa nomutemo) isati yava dare rinotonga.

Nhau Yokupa Kodzero Mumba

Nhau yekodzero dzokuvhota uye kumirira muImba inhau yokuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uye kurwisa kunopfuurira. Apo Bumbiro reMitemo rakasimbiswa muna 1788, maruramiro okuvhota akaganhurirwa kuvachena, varidzi vezvinhu vavarume. Mumazana amakore apfuura, kugadziriswa kwemitemo yepamutemo nemutemo zvakabvisa miganhu yakavakirwa parudzi, vatano, uye mugariro wemari. Chibvumirano che155, chakabvumirwa muna 1870, chakarambidza kurambwa kwevhoti yakavakirwa parudzi, asi chakada kudokuva zana ramakore rechiito nechirwiso chemitemo kuti chitsigire chipikirwa ichocho. Despiration yechigumi namapfumbamwe, inotenderwa muna 1920, yakawedzerwa kuvakadzi. Chibvumirano cheRekodzero cha1970 chakanga chiri chiitwa chiziviso chikuru icho chakarambidza miitiro yokunyoresa pamutemo sebvunzo uye kutarisirwa kwehurumende kusarura munhau yenhau inopfuutswa.

Kukura Kwenguva Yapera

Kukura kwemitsetse kwakaperekedzwa nechinjo mumamirire a 1960 anogoverwa nokumanikidzirwa. Voting Rights Act ya1956, pamwe chete nokugadziridzwa kwayo, zvinoda kuti maruwa ashandiswe nenzira isingaregi simba rokuvhota redzinza kana kuti mutauro muduku. Mufungo we "munhu mumwe, vhoti," watangwa muma1960, unoda kuti maruwa ari mukati mehurumende ave nechiverengero chakafanana. Iyi nheyo yakashandiswa kumaruwa mu [FLT: 0]. Kunyange zvazvo zvichiramba zviri pamutemo, vasandersry. [[FLT: 1] [1] [1944] [1] [magame])) uye kudzoro yemitemo yemitemo mu [FFOLT:] inoparira murairo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mitemo inotookero inoparira budiriro miteko yemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwemiteveri. Mitevero mikuru inoto yemitemo inopfuudzo inopfumisa , inopfupikisa zvikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwemia.

Basa Reimba Pakunyora Mitemo

Imba yavamiriri inoita basa guru mumuitiro wokuita mutemo. Zvikwereti zvose zvemari zvinofanira kuvamba muImba, simba rinopa pesvedzero huru pamusoro pemari inotengwa nemutero wehurumende. Imba inewo simba rimwe rokudzosa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi navatongi venyika. Kunze kweaya masimba akazara, Imba inotora rutivi mumuitiro wetsika dzemitemo kupfurikidza nokurangarira zvikwereti, kukwikwidziridza mativi, uye kuvhotera panzvimbo yokupedzisira. Mubati weImba, uyo anosarudzwa nebato guru, anoshandisa chiremera chakasimba pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemitemo yemitemo, kubatanidza simba rokuronga kurukurirano dzouriri uye kugovera mitero kumatare. Chirango chirango chinowanzova chakasimba zvikuru muImba kupfuura mudare, sezvo kutungamirira kukurusarudzo pamusoro porusa rwenguva dzose. Chirongwa ichi chibvumidzo chapamutemo chinoitwawo kuti chive chaita kuti chibvire mamirirono.

Matare Nekuzvidira

Basa guru reImba rinoitwa mumatare, ayo ari mapoka maduku emitezo anonzvera nzvimbo dzakati dzemiitiro, dzakadai sekurima, mabasa ane zvombo, simba, kana kuti dare. Kune matare makumi maviri akamira muImba, ane chiremera pamarudzi emitemo. Matare anotonga anoitwa. Kana matare echikwata anobata kunyange nhau dzakarongwa. Kana mutengi akatangwa, unonongedzerwa kudare rakakodzera, uko ringaiswa chiratidzo, kugadziriswa, kana kuti kuurawa. Vanzwi veDare vanobvumira mitezo kubvunza zvapupu, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru, nyanzvi, uye varevereri. Iyi gadziriro yematare anogonesa imba kuita kuti pave nourongwa hukuru hwemitemo. Zvisinei, vatsoropote kuti dare rigone kuvawo bhodhodhoro, sedare rine simba rinogona kushora mitongo. Vatongi vakawanda vanobvumira kuti vadzore mabasa okutungamirira vadzore matare akawanda.

Musiyano Pakati Peimba Nedare

Kunzwisisa Imba inoda kunzwisisa kuti inosiana sei neDare. Mitezo miviri yeDare yakagadzirirwa kukwanisana apo inomirira fariro dzakasiyana. Imba yacho yakakura, nemitezo 435 inovhota inobatira mashoko emakore maviri, ichiita kuti inzwe zvakanaka zvikuru kumurangariro wavose. Dare rine mitezo 100 inoshanda pamashoko egore matanhatu, ichigovera kupfuurira kukuru zvikuru nemurangariro wakareba. Mitezo yedzimba inomirira maruwa maduku enyika, nepo vasatakuri vemitengi vanomirira nyika dzose. Uku kusiyana muurefumende hunoreva kuti vamiririri vedare vanowanzova vanonangidzira kunanga panhau dzehurumende, nepo mitezo yeImba iri inowirirana zvikuru nezvinowirirana nezvinodzorwa zvomunzvimbomo. Dare rinewo masimba akasiana, sezvo vadzoronge vachisimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi uye kubatanidzwa mumitengo yemari inova inova inova inovarira kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kuvaka. Zviwiriranwa zvemari zvinototo kuti vashake kuva vadzorwi vanoshanda pamwe chete, uye kuti vashande mabazu ose ari ose ari maviri kuti vaite.

Kukohwa Nokugadziridza

Kukohwa nokuisazve miganhu miitiro inovimbisa kuti zvigaro zvepaimba zvakamira pamwe nokuchinja kwevagari vemo. Makore gumi oga oga, pashure pokunge kuverengwa kwavanhu kwapera, zvigaro 435 muImba zvakaiswa pachena pakati penyika. Nyika dzakakura muvagari vemo dzingawana zvigaro, nepo nyika dzarasikirwa navanhu dzingarasikirwa nezvigaro. Kana hurumende yangoziva kuti zvigaro zvayakaita, dare rinokweva miganhu yeruwa rumwe norumwe. Iri basa nderezvamatongerwe enyika, uye rave riri nhau yegakava rakakura munhau yose yeAmerica. Ganhuriro dzinoda kuti maruwa asakweverwa nesimba rokuvhotera vanhu vashoma. Kudzivirira kunoda kuti maruwa ave nemapoka akaenzana. Kupfuura nyika idzi, kuungana kunoitwa kuti kudzivirira kwakapararira kudzivirira boka radzorere muruwa rwadzoro kana kuti kudzivirira maruwa.

Kuvhima Kwaro

Gerrymandering inzira yokushandisa miganhu yeruwa nokuda kwemhindu yezvamatongerwe enyika. Shoko rakavamba muna 1812 apo Gavhuna Elbridge Gerry weMassachusetts akasaina mutemo wakafanana nemuganhu. Nhasi, gerrymander itsika yakakomba inoyamurwa nemiganhu yekombiyuta. Parisan gergermerder inoitika apo mubato uri musimba rinokwevera maruwa kuti riwedzere nhamba yezvigaro. Dare guru rakakwirira rakati iwine, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokuisa vavhotera munhamba duku yemaruwa kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuaparadzira maruwa akawanda apo ari maruwa mashoma. Dare redzinza rinodzorwa nenzira igwema, iro rinobatanidza kuderedza nokusarira nokuwedzera simba revoko redzinza. Hurumende yedare guru repamusoro rinoita kuti rive rinowana kuti risarukire kuzivisa kazhinji kazhinji kachotoo, kunyange zvazvo matare asingangodzorwi kupfurikidza nokuwa kwavose.

Zvinetso Zviripo Iye Zvino Mukubudisa Mashoko uye Kumiririra

Sarudzo yeAmerica inotarisana nechiverengero chakati chedenho dzinokosha muzana ramakore makumi maviri nerekutanga. Muvhoti akaderera anovhota, zvikurukuru pakati pesarudzo, inoreva kuti vamiririri vazhinji vanosarudzwa nechikamu chiduku bedzi chavavhoti. Sarudzo ya2018 yapakati penguva yakaona inenge 50 muzana yavavhoti vakakodzera kuvhota, iyo yakanga iri yakakwirira zvikurusa kwepakati pemakore makumi maviri, asi yakaramba ichiri hafu yavaAmerica vakakodzera vari pamativi ose. Sarudzo, iyo ine kudzorwa kwakaderera, inogona kumutsa kugadzirwa kweNzvimborowo zvavo. Kudzorwa kwemhuri yeImba kune mifungo yavakanyanya. Kudzorwa kwemitemo yapamutemo, kubatanidza kurambwa kwevhoti, kubviswa kwevhotera, uye kuganhurirwa kwokukurumidza, kupfuurira kutapura nzanga dzenzanga duku neyamuteve. Kuchengeteka kune imwe funganyo yemifungo yemiteve yamarudzi anenge anenge anenge anenge anenge anenge avapo, kupesana nokuda kwezvipoteveri, kuti kushanyiri kushanyiri kushanyiri kusha

Kutanga Nokutsigira

Kuvandudza kuvhota nokuvimbisana kwehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ine utano. United States inononoka kutsigira mamwe marudzi akabudirira mukutora rutivi, uye mukaha wacho unoziviswa zvikurukuru pakati pavanhu vaduku navagari vashoma. Nhamburiko dzokuwedzera dzinobatanidza kunyoresa kwokuzvidira kwomuvhoti, kutambanudza kwapakuvamba, uye kuita kuti Zuva Rokuvhota rive zororo renyika. Dzimwe nyika dzive nokunyoresa kunyoresa, izvo zvinonyoresa vagari vemo kana vachishandira masangano ehurumende akabudirira. Vamwe vakatamira kuvhotarooti dzose dzemamail, idzo dzakaratidzwa kuwedzera kuva nomwero. Zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvinodzidzisa vadzidzi pamusoro pemagariro ehurumende nerevoti revhoti. Zvingabatsirawo kuvaka vamiririrwa kurapa, kupfurikidza nokuchinja kumwe kupfurikidza nokuchinja magariro echinzvimbo chenyika dzenyika dzeAmerica.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vanogona Kutora Nayo Rutivi Runobudirira

Kunzwisisa tsika iri nhanho yokutanga kutora rutivi rune revo. Vagari vanogona kuvhota mukusarudza kwose, kubatanidza maprim, maposta, uye marudzi omunzvimbomo, kwete bedzi sarudzo dzapurezidhendi. Vanogona kunyorera hofisi yavamiriri vavo kuti vataure mirangariro pamusoro pomutemo wakamira, kupinda misangano yehoro yeguta, uye kutora tsinhiro dzavo pamiraudzo. Vaya vanoda kupfuurira, kuzvipira nokuda kwechirongwa, kuzvipira, kuvhotera kuvakuru vakuru vakuru, kana kuti kunyange kushandira nzvimbo inzira yokuva netapuro dzakananga. Kuramba vazivikanwo pamusoro penhau uye pamusoro pokuti vamiriri vezvishandiso zvehurumende zviri nyore kupfuura kare nezviwanikwa zveIndaneti, asi kunoda nhamburiko kutsaura mashoko akavimbika kubva pamashoko asina kururama. Kubatanidzwa mumuitiro wenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, kungava kupfurikidza namapurani yechikoro, dare reguta, kana kuti nyika yehurumende inotonga.

Imba yavamiriri inoramba iri gadziriro inozvidavirira nenzira yakananga zvikurusa kuvanhu veAmerica. Kutenderera kwayo kwamakore maviri okusanangurwa, maruwa ayo akavakirwa pavagari vemo, uye kurukurirano yayo yapazasi zvose zvinoratidzira chiono chavaFramers chekamuri iro rinoratidzira kuda kwavanhu. Asi chiono ichocho chinogona bedzi kuzivikanwa apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti tsika inoshanda sei ndokusarudza kutora rutivi mariri. Kunyora nokumirira hazvisi mifungo isiri yendangariro; iwo ndiwo mashandiro anoshanda ayo rudzi rwakasiana - siana runozvitonga nako. Kupfurikidza nokuita nemiitiro iyi, mugari wemo ari wose anogona kubetsera kuumba mitemo inorondedzera upenyu hweAmerica.