Masangano Ane Vatungamiriri: Kutanga Kukosha Nokuzvidavirira

Kutanga-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Kutanga-kare - post mutoo wokuvhota wakapfava zvikurusa uye unozivikanwa zvikuru munyika yose. Mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe, vavhoti vanokanda vhoti imwe nokuda kwomudaviri wavo, uye muvhoti ane vhoti zhinjisa vanohwina (_Vasingabhadharisi vazhinjisa). Iyi tsika ichiratidzo cherimwe iro vamwe vazhinji vanoenzaniswa. Iye zvino inoshandiswa muhurumende huru dzinosarudzwa navanhu kubatanidza [[FLT:] United States[FLT][FF:1] [FLT]]

FPP yakabatanidzwa zvikuru no Mutemo weDuverger's, nheyo yezvamatongerwe enyika yokuti kuvhota kunowanzova kunoparira gadziriro yemativi maviri. Muuyo wemichina (mapato matatu haawanzohwinha zvigaro) uye tapuro yendangariro (vanosiya varambwa vanozivikanwa kuti vanorasikirwa) inobatana kutsvikinyidzira mubato duku. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa ikoku kudzikamisa hurumende imwe inogona kushandisa purogiramu yavo nenzira yakasimba, sezvinoonekwa muhurumende dzepashure pewar neIndiya dzakamira kare kare dzeIndiya neBP.

Zvisinei, FPTP inotarisana nokutsoropodzwa kukuru nokuda kwekombamiro yayo yokuparira miuyo yokusawirirana kukuru. Vamba vanogona kuwina chiverengero chikurusa chezvigaro nehuzhinji hwakati hupfuitwei hwevhoti yorudzi. Muvhoti ye 2024 UK, somuenzaniso, Labour Party yakahwina 63% yezvigaro ne 33,8% yovhoti. Chinoitika ichi chinoparira nhamba huru ye "vhoti" nokuda kwavatsigiri vasingadi kupinda mumaruwa akakotsekana. Muitiro unotamburawo kubva kugerrydering, umo miganhuro yoruwa inokweviwa kuti ibetsere boka rakati, uye inova inoparira pasi penzvimbo inosimuteveri wenzvimbo nemo.

Kuvhota kwakananga muitiro unodzora pasi peFPP. Voters dzinofanira kurangarira kana chisarudzo chavo chokutanga chiri chinoshanda kana kuti ngozi ichi chinobetsera kuhwina kwavo vatsvaki vavo vadiki. Uku kusimba kunodzvinyirira zvisarudzo chaizvoizvo uye kunogona kutungamirira kukusagutsikana kwakapararira nezvisarudzo zviripo. ACE Electoral Knowlets inogovera kupetwa kwounyanzvi kwamashoko eFPTP nezvimiro zvawo zvakarovedzeka.

Magadziriro ane madhora maviri (Ruka kubudisa michina inoputika)

Gadziriro yemativi maviri akapoteredza (TRS) inopa chibvumikiso chokuti FPP' inoshaiwa chirevo chavazhinji. Vavo vanowanzoenda kuvhota mudenderedzwa rokutanga. Kana pasina mutendi akawana ruzhinji (5%+1), rutivi rwechipiri runochengetwa pakati pavana vaviri vakakwirira. Ichochi chinosimbisa kuti muwani wokupedzisira ane tsigiro yakafara. TRS inoshandiswa zvikuru nokuda kwesarudzo dzapurezidhendi munyika dzakadai se France, [FLT:], [FLT]Brazil[FLT],[FL:3], [FLT]] [FLT] [5]],[FL:5], na [FFF:5]

Mutemo wokutanga wevhoti yeTRS unowanzoshanda sechinhu chikuru, uchibvumira vavhoti kutaura zvisarudzo zvechokwadi zvokutanga kuvatengi. Wechipiri mumativi ose ipapo uchava chisarudzo chakafanira pakati pezvisarudzo zviviri zvinobudirira. Ichi chivako chinokurudzira kuvakwa kwemubatanidzwa pakati pemadenderedzwa, sezvo vanobviswa vanoisa tsigiro yavo kumunhu anotsiva. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti kubuda kwokutanga kunowanzova kwakakwirira kupfuura kubuda kwechipiri, uye tsika inogona kuva inodhura kuisa, ichida zvinoitika zviviri zvevaratori vemi munhevedzano inokurumidza.

TRS yakasiana nokuvhota kwapakarepo. Sezvinoita kuti kuvhota kwapakarepo kudikanwe nenzendo mbiri dzakaparadzana kuvhota panzvimbo pechikamu chimwe chete. Uku kuparadzana kwomuviri kunochinja calculus inorongwa, sezvo vavhoti vane nguva yokuita chiito kumigumisiro yokutanga. Nyika dzakafanana ne France inoshandisa TRS nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvemitemo uyewo, kuumba simba remativi maviri akaoma panzvimbo inodzorwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinoda mavhiri makuru.

Kuvhara Mazai

Bhakisisa kuvhota (inozivikanwawo sezvizhinji-kuru) inoshandisa nheyo yeFPTP kumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. Voters dzine vhoti dzakawanda sedzine zvigaro zvokuzadza, uye vanoda kuvhota vane hwerengedzo dzakakwirira zvikurusa vanowana nzvimbo dzinowanika. Uyu mutoo unozivikanwa muvhoti dzomunzvimbomo uye mimwe mitemo yorupo, yakadai se SAPUTAURY[[[FLT: 1]] GYUPUPU) RETAUDY (GRC) namativi e [FT:].

Kuvhota kunogona kuparira kusawirirana kukuru. Vavhota vazhinjisa navavhoti vanogona kutsvaira zvigaro zvose muruwa, kuvhara chose chose chishoro. Kuderedza ikoku, dzimwe zviremera zvinogamuchira vhoti yakaganhurirwa kana kuti vhoti imwe isingachinjiki (SNTV), iyo inoganhurira kuti muvhoti mumwe anogona kuisa. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuvhota vanopa kuzvidavirira kwakasimba kwomunzvimbomo, sezvo muvhoti anogona kutusa kana kuti kuranga munhu ari mumitoro, asi kazhinji kazhinji kacho inokundikana kuratidzira kuparadzirwa kukuru kwezvinodiwa zvematongerwe enyika.

Mufananidzo: Kutsvaka Mazai Akazara

Kuratidzwa kwezvirongwa

Kumirira kwakarongwa (Nhamba PR) mutoo wokuvhota nawo wakakurumbira zvikurusa munyika, unoshandiswa zvikuru muEurope, Latin America, uye Africa. Nheyo yehwaro yakananga: mapati anogamuchira zvigaro muimba yomutemo muwirirano yavo yevhoti yenyika kana kuti yenharaunda. Izvozvi zvinowanzowanwa kupfurikidza namaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji uye ganhuriro dzebato.

[[NT.[FLT:]] Mubatanidzwa wavharwa PR[[FLT: 1] unopa vatungamiriri vebato udzori hunokosha, sezvavanotema nhevedzano yavanoda kurongwa. Voters vanokanda stator nokuda kwepati, uye zvigaro zvinozadzwa kubva pamusoro pendaza. Iyi chirango chakaiswa pasi. [[FLT:] FL] [FFF:] [5], kunyange zvazvo zvichibvira]

Ndaza PR inobereka miuyo yakarurama zvikurusa yegadziriro ipi neipi. Nyika dzinoishandisa dzinova dzinova nevhoti yakakwirira zvikuru uye mimiririro iri nani yavakadzi nemapoka maduku edzinza. Ectoral Reformation Society inogovera kuenzanisa kune udzame[[[FLT: 1] kwemashandiro anoita maFregioder PR.

Kushambadza kukuru iteramo yehurumende. Gadziriro dzePropogation dzinoita nguva dzose hurumende dzakabatana, idzo dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuva dzinononoka kuumba nokuparadza mumhoteredzo dzakavandika zvikuru (mutoo, Israel, Italy). Zvisinei, hurumende dzakabatana kazhinji kazhinji dzinoparira miuyo yakawanda isiri yepamutemo. Vatsoropodziwo vanopikisa kuti Nhevedzo yePR inopa simba rakawanda zvikuru kuboka ramabureaucrates, zvikurukuru mumasangano akavharwa, uye kuti zvikumbaridzo zvakaderera zvikuru zvinogona kubvumira mapoka anonyanyisa kuwana zviteshi zveparamende.

Mubato mumwe Unotakurika (STV)

Vote inopfuudzwa yoga (STV) mutoo wakaenzana unoshandiswa mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. Voters vadate munhevedzano yezvinodiwa. Kusarudza, muvhoti anofanira kusvika padanho rakati revhoti, rinozivikanwa se Droopqution: . Votes inotanhanhanhanha kuvaka vasara vatendi vakavakirwa pazvinosarudzwa navavhoti vatendi. Kana pasina mutengi asara asvika padanho, mutengi muduku anobviswa, uye mavhotera avo anotamisirwa. Uyu muitiro unopfuurira kusvikira zvigaro zvose zvazadzwa.

STV inorangarirwa zvikuru kuva imwe yemitoo yokuvhota yakaisvonaka neinomirira. Inoshandiswa nokuda kwesarudzo dzorudzi mu Republic yeIreland, MALTA[, uye Dare reAustralian [. Rinobatanidza kubatana kweDPAR nepakati pekuzvidavirira kwemaruwa enhengo imwe. Voters anogona kusarudza pakati pavapindiri vakabva paboka rimwe, vanotusa vanhu vakakurumbira navanoranga vasingadiwirira.

Zvikanganiso zvikuru zveSTV ndezvokuoma kwazvo nezvinodikanwa zvokuverenga. Miuyo inogona kutora mazuva kuti ipedzisidze, uye vavhoti pane dzimwe nguva vanowana muitiro mukuru uchivhiringidza. Mapepa makuru anodikanwa nokuda kwamaruwa ane mitezo yakawanda anogona kuva anotyisa. Pasinei zvapo neaya matanda, vachinji vazhinji vanosarudza vanorangarira STV mupimo wendarama nokuda kwemano ayo ose ari maviri okupa miuyo yakasiana uye chisarudzo chapachokwadi chomuvhoti.

Magadziriro eMitemo yakavhengana: Kudzora Chikamu

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

Mubatanidzwa weMember Proportigal (MMP) unoronga kubatanidza kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo kwamaruwa ane mitezo imwe nokusasarura kweRusano PR. Voters vanokanda mabhoroti maviri: mumwe nokuda kwomutsigiri womunzvimbomo (anowanzosarudzwa ne FPTP) uye mumwe nokuda kwendaza yebato renyika kana kuti reruwa. Ndaza yezvigaro zvebato inogoverwa kutsiva kusarura kupi nokupi kunoumbwa mumapoka enhengo imwe, kuvimbisa kuti chitarisiko chose chechirongwa chechirongwa chehurumende chinoratidzira vhoti.

MMP inoshandiswa mu German [[FUMT]] [Boundstag], New Zealand], , [[FLT]] Scotland[[[FLT], uye [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Wales [[[FLT]]] [[FMLT]] [[FMLT]]]. Kugamuchirwa kweMMP muna 1996] kugadziridzazve zvinoshamisa zvayo yezvematongerwe enyika, kuputsa kudzora kweLabour and National and joctive commentation sy syst. Voters mumistsssssss dzinoshuma kugutsikana nokuwana kwavo "mas] muzvose zviri zviviri muboka romunzvimbomo.

MMP haisati iri isina zvinetso. zvigaro zveBoundang zvinoitika apo boka rinowana zvigaro zvakawanda zvenhengo imwe kupfuura zvarina kufanira kuvakirwa panzvimbo yaro yevhoti yebato. Germany yaifanira kutanga kuisa "zvigaro zvapamusoro" kuti igadzirise izvi, kuisa mubhabhuremu ukuru hweBundestag. Kuwedzerazve, tsika inoparira mapoka maviri evamiririri: maMP omunzvimbomo namaruva, izvo dzimwe nguva zvinogona kutungamirira kunyadzisa. Pasinei zvapo neidziro dzaaya, MMP inoramba iri imwe yemiitiro dzinonyanyokurumbira zvikurusa nokuda kwenyika dzose dziri mbiri.

MEMber Majoritarian (MMM) yakavhenganiswa

Mubatanidzwa weMimber Majoritarian (MMMM), unozivikanwawo sokuvhota kwakaenzana, kunofanana neMMP asi une musiano wakakomba: zvigaro zvendaza hazvitsivi kushata. Zvigaro zvoruwa nendaza yemapati zvinogoverwa zvisizvo. Ichi chivako chinodeya kugadzirirwa kubudisa hurumende dzakajeka, dzakatsiga, dzakakatukwa.

MMM inoshandiswa mu yeJapan (Imba yavamiririri), Mexico, uye South Korea[[[FLT:]] (iyo ichangobva kuchinja kuva mativi mazhinji zvikuru). MuJapan, Riberal Democratic Party (LDP) yakakwanisa kudzivirira mativi makuru ose makuru kupfurikidza nokudzora maruwa ose ari maviri nenhetembo dzebato. Nepo MMMM inogovera mukuru mukuru akasimba, kazhinji kazhinji pasi pezvivhoti zvaavo vanotsigira, sokugovera kwavo kurusarira mugumisiro. Vezvamatongerwe enyika vanorangarira "MMD]

Gadziriro Dzokutsiva Nedzinotsiva

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Nechokusarudza (Instant Runoff)

Kuvhota kwakasarudzwa kwapakarepo (RCV), kana kuti kuvhota kwapakarepo, kuri kuwana nokukurumidza kuwanda mu United States sechinjo kuFPP. Voters vadadendi munhevedzano yedanho (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). Kana pasina muvhoti anosvika voruzhinji vechoce yokutanga, muvhoti shomanene zvikurusa anobviswa, uye mavhoti avo anodzorwa kuchisarudzo chinotevera chinoshanda. Uyu muitiro unopfuurira kusvikira mumwe mukwikwidzani asvika pachikumba chikuru.

RCV inoshandiswa mumugariro wakafara mu MAIN uye Alaska nokuda kwesarudzo dzehurumende, mu Australia nokuda kweImba yaVarevestrations, uye mumaguta akawanda eUS (San Francisco, New York City, Minneapolis). [[FTLT:6] Sairvice Vachotair accizer nas actives.

Vatsigiri vanodzivisa RCV vanobvisa "spoiler muuyo" uyo unobata FPTP, vanokurudzira nhimbe yakananga (sezvo vada kutsigirwa kwechikamu chechipiri chevhiyi), uye vanovimbisa mukundi ane tsigiro huru. Zvisinei, RCV ine dziviriro ku [ pakati, uko mutevedzeri wesendivara netsigiro yechipiri yakafara yevhiyi anogona kubviswa nokukurumidza kana vasina mavhoti akasimba okutanga, achisiya vamwe vadari vapfuvuriri vakanyanyisa mumheto yokupedzisira. 2022 muvhotera chaiyo yeFrung Gralaceral anowanzodudzwa mienzaniso yeichiono ichi. RVC blotss yakaomawo, uye kuwanda, dzimwe nguva kupfumba kwakakwirira, kupfumba kwebhora.

Kurumbidzwa

Kuvhota kunotenderwa ndichimwe chezvinjo dzakapfava zvikurusa dzinowanika. Voters dzinogona kuvhotera nokuda (kubvumikisa kwa) vazhinji savanoda. Mudanho ane vvutiro retendero zvikurusa anohwina. Kuno zvino anoshandiswa musarudzo dzemanisiparati mu Fargo, North Dakota, uye ST. Louis, Missouri uye namasangano akawanda ezvokugona.

Kuvhota kunorumbidzwa nokuda kwemhinganidzo yakwo yakaderera kukupinda nokudzivisa kwakasimba kuparadziko. Vavhozhe vanogona kutsigira chinodiwa chapachokwadi pamwe chete nokubvumirana pane zvakanaka, vachipa mufananidzo wakarurama zvikuru wezvido zveboka kupfuura FPTP. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanoikurudzira kuvhota (kungobvumira bedzi mutendi mumwe), uko kunoderedza ukoshi hwemashoko hwebhuruti. Haibvumiriwo vavhoti kuratidzira simba rezvido kupfuura hungu kana kuti chikumbaridzo chakapfava.

Kusimbisa uye Kuombera

Kuvhota (kunonziwo Range Voting) kunobvumira vavhoti kuronda mumwe nomumwe pamwero wenhamba, zvakadai sa0 kusvikira ku 10. Mudaviri ane chitsama chechinowana chakakwirira zvikurusa. Uku kuhwina kwe kadhinari[ mutoo wokuvhota nawo, kureva kuti kunotora ukombi hweda romuvhoti, kwete bedzi nhevedzo yavo yenzvimbo. Kunoshandiswa muchisarudzo chesangano ramakambani uye chisiri purofiti.

STRAR vhotoota (Score Ipapo Imodzi yeIndaneti) igadzirirwo yakagadzirirwa kuderedza kukatutsira kwapamutengo uko kunogona kurovanya chiVhoti chakachena. Voters vanowana mupimo we05. Vachatapuri vane hwerengedzo hurusa vanopinda murusando rwekumhanya nokukurumidza, uye blatte inorondedzerwa kuona kuti ipi yavaviri vakarangarirwa navazhinji vavavhoti. Iyi nhano yokupedzisira inochengeta mutemo we "majerity" nheyo iyo vavhozhooki vazhinji vanovhota. [[FLT: 0] Equal Vote Coation vareverssss for STar sechinjo inoyera kuratidzirwa nokuramba. Iyi nhevedzano inomirira muganhu wokushandisa kugadzira.

Kupedzisa: Ndima ndiMambo muElectoral Design

Hakuna mutoo wokuvhota wavose. Gadziriro imwe neimwe inomirira kusiana kwakasiana pakati pemipimo inokwikwidzana: kupesana. kuzvidavirira, kuterama v. kujeka, mav. kujeka. Kusakwanisa kweMiseve kunotiyeuchidza kuti hakuna gadziriro yakasarudzwa inogona kugutsa mipimo yose inodikanwa panguva imwe cheteyo.

Chisarudzo chomutoo wokuvhota chisarudzo chinokosha chebumbiro remitemo chinoumba nyika yose yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chaunga chakakamuraniswa zvikuru chingaisa pakutanga kudzorwa kweFol PR, nepo rudzi runotsvaka udzori hunonanga rungatsamira kuFPTPP kana kuti MMM. Kukwira kweRCV neSTAR kunoratidza kukura kwechishuvo chikuru chezvinotsiva zvinoputsa chimiro chetsika PR-Maritarian dichomy. Kunzwisisa izvi zvisarudzo zvinokosha nokuda kwomudzidzi upi noupi wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, semitemo yomutambo inosarudza kuti ndiani anohwina.