Table of Contents
Chirevo chinomira seimwe yamaruramiro makurusa munzanga dzedemocracy kupota nyika. Inomirira inzwi ravanhu uye inobatira sechinhu chinokosha chehurumende inomirira. Zvisinei, iyi maruramiro anokosha haisi nhau yokungooneka panzvimbo yokuvhota pazuva resarudzo. Chiito chokuvhota chinodzorwa negadziriro yakaoma yemitemo, mirau, uye dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo izvo zvakachinja kwamazana amakore. Kunzwisisa maruramiro okuvhota kunokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kutora rutivi zvizere mumuitiro wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji uye kuvimbisa kuti inzwi ravo rinzwikwe.
Mativi apamutemo okuvhota anotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwomuitiro wokuvhota, kubva mukusarudza kuti ndiani akakodzera kuisa vhoti kuti vhotiirwei uye kuti ibvumirwe. Iyi mitemo iripo kudzivirira perero yesarudzo, kudzivisa kubiridzira, kuvimbisa kupinda kwakaenzana mubhokisi revhoti, uye kupedza gakava apo rinomuka. Kana uri muvhoti wokutanga kana kuti wave uchitora sarudzo kwamakumi amakore, kuva nokunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekodzero dzako dzokuvhota uye zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvaunofanira kuita kunokosha nokuda kwokutoraworata kunobudirira.
Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera mwero wapamutemo wakasiana - siana wokuvhota muUnited States, ichinzvera chinhu chiri chose kubva muzvinodikanwa zvinogamuchirika nemiitiro yokunyoresa kusvikira kudziviriro dzekodzero dzokuvhota nechisarudzo chemhesano dzapamutemo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa idzi gadziriro dzapamutemo, unogona kushandisa zviri nani mutoo wokuvhota, kudzivirira maruramiro ako, uye kubetsera kuutano hwegadziriro yedu yehurumende yedemocracy.
Kunzwisisa Zvinodiwa Kuti Uzviite
Kodzero yokuvhota haingopiwi vagari vose venzvimbo yacho. Panzvimbo pezvo, mipimo chaiyo yokuwana simba inofanira kuitwa munhu asati agona kutora rutivi musarudzo. Izvi zvinodikanwa zvinotangwa nomutemo wehurumende, mabumbiro emitemo, uye mirau yehurumende, kuumba gadziriro inotema kuti ndiani angashandisa francce.
Zvinodikanwa Zvezera
Chibvumirano chamakumi maviri ne83 cheMitemo yeMitemo yeUnited States, chakanyoreswa muna 1971, chakazivisa kuti vagari vemo vane makore gumi namasere ezera kana kuti vakura havagoni kunyimwa kodzero yokuvhota nemhaka yezera. Chinodikanwa ichi chehurumende chinoshanda kuvhota, kubatanidza hurumende, nyika, uye makwikwi omunzvimbomo. Pamberi peiyi nhambo yokutsiva, zera rokuvhota munyika zhinjisa rakanga riri makumi maviri nerimwe, kunyange zvazvo nyika shomanene dzakanga dzarideredza mukati menguva yehondo yeVietnam.
Mimwe migariro inobvumira vanhu vachatendeudzira vane gumi navasere kuvhota muvhoti huru, kunyange kana vachiri vane gumi namanomwe panguva yezvikuru. Iyi tsika inoziva kuti sarudzo huru rutivi rwemuitiro wesarudzo yose inotungamirira kurusarudzo rwavose. Kuwedzera, dzimwe zviremera zvakaedza kuderedza zera rokuvhota nokuda kwasarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, namaguta mashomanene anobvumira vane gumi navatanhatu navanomwe vamakore gumi namanomwe kuvhota mumakwikwidzani, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchiramba kuri kusingawanzowaniki.
Kuva Mugari Wemunyika
Ugaro hweUnited States chinodikanwa chikuru nokuda kwokuvhota musarudzo dzehurumende, pamwe chete nomusarudzo dzehurumende nomunzvimbomo munenge mativi ose. Ichi chinodikanwa chakavakirwa muBumbiro remitemo uye chakatsigirwa nguva dzose nematare. Kuti akwaniriswe kuvhota, munhu anofanira kuva mugari wemo wokuberekwa nawo kana kuti zvimwe mugari wemo wemuzvarirwo akapedza muitiro wougari hwemo.
Vagari vemo vepamutemo vanozivikanwa navose savabati vemakadhi ebhuroka, havakwaniswi kuvhota musarudzo dzehurumende kana kuti dzehurumende, pasinei zvapo nokuti vakararama kwenguva yakareba sei muUnited States. Kuzivikanwa somugari wemo kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakakomba yapamutemo, kubatanidza kuendeswa kunobvira uye mazambiringa echigarire kumugariro wokuberekwa nawo. Zvisinei, nhamba duku yehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakabvumira vasati vari varwi voga kuti vavhote musarudzo dzakati dzomunzvimbomo, dzakadai semabhodhi ezvikoro, kunyange zvazvo uyu muitiro uchiramba uchinetsa kurwisana uye usingazivikanwi.
Dzimwe nyika dzinoda uchapupu hwemashoko akanyorwa kuti ivagari vemo, kunyange zvazvo zvinodiwa izvozvo zvave zvichipikiswa nemitemo nemhaka yokuti zvingaita kuti pave nemhinganidzo dzokunyoresa.
Zvinodikanwa Zvokuvandudzwa
Zvinodikanwa zvokuzvidzora zvinovimbisa kuti vavhoti vane batano yechokwadi nenzvimbo umo ivo vari kuvhota. Kuvhota munyika yakati, nyika, kana kuti propatisiti, munhu anofanira kuva mugari woumambo ihwohwo. Rondedzero chaiyo yokugara inogona kusiana nehurumende, asi kazhinji kazhinji inoda kuti munhu avambe musha wake munzvimbo iyoyo ane vavariro yokugaramo.
Nyika zhinjisa dzinoda kuti vavhoti vave vagari vemo kwenhambo yakati pamberi pesarudzo, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvinodikanwa zvokugara kwenguva refu zvakaganhurirwa zvikuru nezvisarudzo zvomubatanidzwa nedare. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti hurumende hadzigoni kutora mazuva anopfuura makumi matatu okugara pamberi pesarudzo, sezvo zvinodikanwa zvirefu zvisingabvumirwi zvaizoremedza kodzero yokuvhota nekodzero yokufamba.
Gadziriro chaidzo dziripo nokuda kwamapoka akati angasava nenzvimbo yokugara yamagamuchidzanwa. Varwi navagari vemhiri kwamakungwa vanogona kuvhota muzvisarudzo zvehurumende kupfurikidza namavorate anenge abviswa pasi peVicted neOverseas Citizens Abfacee Voing Act. Vadzidzi vekoleji vanogona kusarudza nenzira inozivikanwa kunyoresa pangava pakero yavo yechikoro kana kuti musha wavo wemhuri, zvichitsamira panzvimbo yavanorangarira nzvimbo yavo yokutanga yokugara. Vanhu vasina misha vanewo maruramiro okuvhota uye vanogona kunyoresa vachishandisa kero yenzvimbo yokuvanda, paki, kana kuti imwe nzvimbo kwavanogara nguva dzose.
Kufunga Nezvepfungwa
Zvisinei, mitemo iyi yakashorwa nokuchinjwa mumakore achangopfuura.
Mitezo yakawanda yakabvisa kana kuti kubvisa ndangariro dzayo kusingashandiswi, ichiziva kuti kuva nourema kana kuti kutarisirwa hakurevi hako kuti munhu haana simba rokuvhota. Dzimwe nyika zvino dzinoda dare kuti riwane kuti munhu anenge asina simba rokuvhota maruramiro iwayo asati agona kubviswa. Uku kuita kunowirirana navaAmerica nemitemo yekodzero dzokuremadzwa inosimbisa murangariro webasa nekodzero yokutora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende.
Muitiro Wokunyoresa Kwezviyo
Kunyoresa kwemavhota kunobatira senzira yokupinda nayo muvhoti. uyu muitiro wokutarisira unoparira chinyorwa chapamutemo chavavhoti vakakodzera uye unobetsera vakuru vakuru vesarudzo kutarisira muitiro wokuvhota, kudzivisa kubiridzira, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti munhu mumwe nomumwe anovhota kamwe chete. Kunzwisisa zvinodikanwa zvokunyoresa nemiitiro zviri musimba rako kunokosha mukushandisa kodzero yako yokuvhota.
Nzira Dzokunyoresa Nadzo
National Voter Briedition Act ya1993, inowanzozivikanwa seMutemo weMotor Voter, yakatanga nzira dzakawanda dzokunyoresa muvhoti. Uyu mutemo unoda kuti pave nemikana yokuvhota pamadhipatimendi emotokari, masangano ebetsero yavose, uye kupfurikidza nezvimiro zvokunyoresa. Mutemo wakagadzirirwa kuita kuti kunyoresa kuve nyore zvikuru uye kuwedzera muvhoti.
Nhasi, vavhoti vanogona kunyoresa nenzira inoverengeka. Muvhota munyoresi munowanika pamahofisi ehurumende akasarudzwa, kubatanidza madhipatimendi emotokari, mahofisi esarudzo eruwa, uye masangano enyika akasiyana- siyana. Nyika dzakawanda dzinogamuchirawo kunyoresa pamibato inonyoreswa nesangano rehurumende, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mapoka enzanga. Kunyoresa matsamba kuchishandisa chimiro chehurumende kana kuti chimiro chehurumende chinoramba chiri chisarudzo muzvigaro zvizhinji.
Kunyoresa paIndaneti kwava kunozivikanwa zvikuru, nyika dzakawanda dzava kupa chisarudzo ichi chakanaka. Kunyoresa paIndaneti kunowanzoda kuti vakumbiri vave nerezenisi rokutyaira kana kadhi revhota rehurumende, sezvo sisitemu inopupurira kuti izivikanwo uye kusaina muzvinyorwa zvemotokari. Nzira iyi yaratidza kuti yakakurumbira nemhaka yokubatsira kwayo uye yave ichiratidzwa kuderedza zvikanganiso uye mari yakabatana nokushandisa mapepa.
Pakunyoresa, vanhu vanofanira kugovera mashoko akati, kubatanidza zita ravo rakazara rapamutemo, kero yokugara, musi wokuberekwa, uye munyika zhinjisa, zvikamu zvina zvokupedzisira zvenhamba yavo yeSocial Security kana kuti nhamba yerezinesi rokutyaira. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda mamwe mashoko kana kuti mapepa. Zvikamu zvinofanirawo kupupurira kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvokusafara, kubatanidza kuva mugari wemo, zera, uye kugara.
Mazita Akafa Anonyoreswa
Nyika zhinjisa dzinoisa miganhu yokunyoresa muvhoti pamberi pesarudzo, zvikurukuru kuvambira pamazuva gumi namashanu kusvikira kumakumi matatu zuva resarudzo risati rasvika. Iyi miganhu inobvumira vakuru vakuru vesarudzo nguva yokuronga zvikumbiro, kuvhura mapepa, uye kugadzirira nzvimbo dzokuvhota. Kushaikwa kwenguva yokunyoresa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hakugoni kureva munhu kuvhota musarudzo iyoyo chaiyo, kunyange zvazvo ivo vanogona kunyoresa nokuda kwesarudzo yomunguva yemberi.
Zvisinei, nhamba inowedzera yenyika yakagamuchira kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero, inozivikanwawo senyoresa zuva resarudzo, uko kunobvumira vagari vemo vakakodzera kunyoresa nokuvhota pazuva rimwe chetero. Uyu muitiro wakaratidzwa kuwedzera muvhoti, zvikurukuru pakati pavanhu vaduku naavo vakatama munguva pfupi yapfuura. Hurumende dzine kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetedzo dzinoda vavhoti kuti vape chibvumikiso chokugara uye chiziviso panzvimbo inovhotera kana kuti nzvimbo yokuvhotera yapakuvamba.
Dzimwe nyika dzakaita kuti vavhoti vanyoreswe, uko vagari vemo vakakodzera vanonyoreswa kuvhota pavanenge vachishandira pamwe nemamwe masangano ehurumende, akadai sedhipatimendi remotokari, kutoti vasarudza.
Kuchengeta Nokuvandudza Kunyoresa
Kunyoresa kwechikwata chejeta hachisi chinoitika chimwe chete. Vavhoti vakanyoreswa vane mutoro wokuchengeta mashoko avo okunyoresa azvino uno, zvikurukuru kana vachitamira kukero itsva, kuchinja zita ravo, kana kuti kuda kuchinja masangano avo. Kukundikana kuvandudza mashoko okunyoresa kunogona kuguma nezvinetso pazuva resarudzo, zvakadai sokutungamirirwa kunzvimbo yokuvhota kana kuti kusaoneka pamivhoti.
Pavanenge vachitama munyika imwe cheteyo, vavhoti vanofanira kuvandudza kunyoresa kwavo nekero yavo itsva. Nyika zhinji dzinobvumira kuti izvi zviitwe paIndaneti, kupfurikidza neposi, kana kuti munhu. Pakutamira kuhurumende itsva, vavhoti vanofanira kunyoresa mumugariro wavo mutsva wokugara, sezvo kunyoresa kwomuvhoti kusingachinji mumitsetse yenyika yapfuura. Kunyoresa munyika yapfuura kuchatozobviswa pakupedzisira kupfurikidza nemiitiro yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yenyika kana kuti mitoo yokuchengeta.
Vakuru vakuru veSarudzo nguva nenguva vanoronga kugadziridzwa kwokuchengeta muvhoti anenge anyatsonyorwa zvakarurama uye kusvika zvino. Uyu muitiro ungabatanidza kubvisa vavhoti vakafa, vabviswa kunzvimbo inogarwa, kana kuti kupiwa mhaka yemhosva dzinoita kuti isakwaniswe. Zvisinei, ndaza miitiro yokugadziridza yave ichiitiranwa nharo, nefunganyo dzokuti kurashwa kunonyanyova kwokudenha kunogona kubvisa zvisina kururama vavhoti mumarori. Federal, kubatanidza National Voter Relibration Act, kugadza miitiro neganhuriro pamagoni kubviswa naapo vavhoti pandandanda yokunyoresa.
Kuziva Zvinodiwa Kuti Uve Nemashoko Anokosha
Nepo zvisiri zvokuzivikanwa muunyanzvi hwekunyoresa, zvinodiwa zvokuvhota panzvero zvakanyatsobatana nokunyoresa uye zvazova nhau yepamutemo nezvamatongerwe enyika.
Mitemo yeID yemifananidzo yakakomba inoda vavhoti kupa chiziviso chemifananidzo chehurumende, zvakadai serezenisi romuchairi, kadhi resiti rehurumende, pasipoti, kana kuti idi yehondo. Kana muvhoti asingagoni kupa idi inodikanwa, vangabvumirwa kukanda muvhoti wegadziriro, uyo uchaverengwa bedzi kana muvhoti gare gare achigovera zivikanwo inogamuchirika kana kuti vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanogona kusimbisa kuva vanokwanisa kupfurikidza nemimwe mitoo.
ID isiri yoruwa inokumbira asi bvumira vavhoti vasina ID kukanda pepa renguva dzose pashure pokusaina fomu kana kuti kupa mamwe mashoko. Dzimwe nyika dzinogamuchira mhatsa yakasiyana- siyana yemagwaro, kubatanidza mabhii okushandisa, zvitati zvebhangi, kana kuti zvicheki zvehurumende zvinoratidza zita romuvhoti nekero. Nyika shomanene hadzina chinodikanwa chokuzivisa, panzvimbo pezvo dzinotsamira pasigini inowirirana kana kuti mimwe mitoo yechokwadi.
Mitemo yenziyo yave iri murusandudzo rukuru, navashori vachitaura kuti vanoremedza nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vavhoti vashoma, vagari vemo vakwegura, vanhu vakaderera vanosvika, uye vamwe vanganetseka kuwana zivikanwo inodikanwa. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti zvinodikanwa zveID zviri madikanwa kudzivisa kubiridzira muvhoti ndokuchengeta chivimbo chavose muvhoti. Matare akasvika mhedziso dzakasiana - siana paiyi mitemo, navamwe vanovatsigira uye vamwe vanovarova savasina kuzviisa pasi kana kuti vanoputsa Chibvumirano cheRevoting Rights Act.
Kudzivirirwa Nebumbiro Remitemo Pakugamuchira Kodzero
Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro Remitemo repakutanga rakasiya zvikwaniriso zvokuvhota zvikurukuru kuhurumende, kuchinja kwakatevera uye mutemo wehurumende zvakatanga kudzivirira kunokosha pakusarura uye zvakavimbisa kusvika kwakafara kune munhu anovhota.
Kugadziridzwa Kwechigumi Nezvishanu
Yakasimbiswa muna 1870 mukati menhambo yokuitwazve kweChizvarwa Chose pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa Chapasi, Pendeko Rechishanu rinorambidza hurumende yehurumende uye rinorambidza kuramba mugari wemo kodzero yokuvhota yakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Iyi donzo rakaitirwa kuchengetedza maruramiro okuvhota nokuda kwavanhu vaichimbova varanda uye rakamirira kuwedzera kukuru kwokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende.
Pasinei zvapo nomutauro wakajeka weFinute Amendment, hurumende dzakawanda, zvikurukuru kuSouth, dzakashandisa miitiro yakasiana - siana yokudzivisa dziviriro dzadzo, kubatanidza kunzverwa kwadzo kwokurava nokunyora, mitero yokuvhota, zvikamu zvasekuru, uye zvigaro zvichena. Iyi miitiro yokusasarura yakabva muAfrica nenzira inobudirira kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore kutozosvikira sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo nomutemo wehurumende pakupedzisira zvakagovera kuchengetwa kune revo reziviso dzekugadziriswa kwemitemo.
Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechipfumbamwe
Demendi reChigumi Nepfumbamwe, rakasimbiswa muna 1920 pashure pamakumi amakore okusasarura kwesangano ravakadzi, rinorambidza kurambwa kwamaruramiro okuvhota pahwaro hwevatano. Iyi gadziridzo yakaratidzira chiitwa chikuru mukukura kwokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende, nenzira inobudirira yakapetazve chiverengero chakakodzera kupfurikidza nokupa vakadzi maruramiro okuvhota muvhoti yose.
Nzira yokuenda kunzvimbo yavakadzi yakanga iri refu uye yakaoma, navashingairi vanoshandisa gadziriro dzakasiana - siana kubatanidza nhimbe dzenyika, kukurudzira, kunyunyuta, uye kusateerera kwavagari vemo. Panguva apo IPramende yeChigumi Nechipfumbamwe yakatenderwa, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakanga dzatopa vakadzi kodzero dzokuvhota dzakazara kana kuti dzisina kuganhurirwa, asi kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kwakavimbisa iri maruramiro munyika yose.
Penjero Yamakumi Maviri Nezvina
Mitero yezvisarudzo yakanga iri mitero yaifanira kubhadharwa kuti vagari vemo vavhote, uye yaishandiswa zvikurukuru munyika dzokuMadokero senzira yokubvisa nayo vatema vokuAmerica uye vachena vasina kuvimbika. Kuda kubhadhara kodzero yokuvhota, mitero yokuvhota yakaita mhinganidzo yemari yaidzivisa vagari vemo vakawanda kuti vasarudze.
Makore maviri pashure pokunge Kutenderwa kweFommerce kwabvumirwa, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakapa mutemo waro wemitero yokuvhota kuhurumende uye kusarudza kwomunzvimbomo mumhaka yaHarper v. Virginia Board of Ecostations, richitonga kuti kuita kuti kodzero dzokuvhota dzive paripi remutero kwakaputsa Excle Protection Claus of the 144th Amendment.
Mhedziso Yamakumi Maviri Nechitanhatu
Sezvambotaurwa, Amakumi maviri neSixth Amendment, yakabvumirwa muna 1971, yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pamakumi maviri neane kusvikira ku18. Iyi mhedziso yaidzorwa zvikurukuru nezvibvumikiso zvokuti kana vanhu vane makore gumi namasere vakura zvakakwana kunyoreswa ndokurwiswa muHondo yeVietnam, vakanga vakura zvakakwana kuti vavhote. Kugadziriswa kwacho kwakasimbiswa nokukurumidza zvikuru, kuchitora inenge mwedzi mitatu kubva patendero yehurumende kuti itenderwe nenhamba inodikanwa yenyika.
Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Nezvakakodzera
Kupfuura kodzero dzokuvhota dzakananga, Gemendement yechigumi ne14’s Exlumence Protection neThe Group Clauses zvakadudzirwa kuti zvipe dziviriro dzinokosha nokuda kwekodzero dzokuvhota. Dare Rapamusoro rakabvuma kuvhota sekodzero inokosha, zvinoreva kuti mitemo inoremedza kodzero yokuvhota inofanira kuongororwa zvakasimba uye inofanira kugadzirirwa zvishoma kuti ishande fariro yehurumende inomanikidza.
Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kunoda kuti vhoti dziverengerwe zvakaenzana, sezvinotaurwa munheyo ye "munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe". Iyi nheyo, inosimbiswa munhau dzakadai seBaker v. Carr naReynolds v. Sims, inoda kuti maruwa emitemo akweverwe navanhu vakaenzana zvikuru kuti vvungedzero yomunhu mumwe nomumwe ive nouremu hwakafanana. Mutevedzeri weSuperte Exmecial Claus anorambidzawo rusaruro rwevhuro pahwaro hwedzinza uye mamwe mavara anodzivirirwa.
Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wakapiwa Nemitemo
Nepo kugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo kuchigovera gadziriro yamaruramiro okuvhota, mutemo wehurumende wave uchikosha mukusimbisa idzi maruramiro nokururamisa miitiro yorusarura. Chinokosha zvikurusa paiyi mitemo iProting Rights Act ya 1965, iyo yakachinja mugariro wehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu.
Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965
Voing Rights Act ya1965 inomira sechimwe chezvidimbu zvinobudirira zvikurusa zvemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo munhau yeAmerica. Chinosinwa mumutemo naPrezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson pakakwirira pesangano rekodzero dzevagari vemo, Mutemo wacho wakarongedzerwa kusimbisa maruramiro okuvhota akapikirwa neMitemo ye 14 ne15 yeRemendis uye kubvisa miitiro yokupara mhosva yakanga yabvisa vatema America vavhoti, zvikurukuru muSouth.
Chikamu 2 chinorambidza kuvhota kana kuti muitiro unosarura pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mutezo muboka romutauro mushoma. Urongwa uhwu hunoshanda munyika yose uye hunobvumira zvinetso zvepamutemo kuti zvisavepo zvokuvhota. Kuratidza kuputswa kweChikamu 2, vatongi vanofanira kuratidza kuti muitiro unodenhwa unoguma nenhengo dzeboka rakadzivirirwa dzine mukana muduku wokuita basa revezvematongerwe enyika uye vamiririri vakasarudzwa.
Zvichida chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa muChiteshi cheCombing Rights chapakuvamba chakanga chiri Chikamu 5, icho chaida mativi akati nenhau yorusaruro kuti awane mvumo yehurumende, inozivikanwa sekurongwa kwapamberi pekunge pamutemo wokuvhota, isati yashandisa chinjo dzipi nedzipi kumitemo yavo kana kuti miitiro. Ichi chinodikanwa chapamberi pezvisarudzo chakashandiswa kunzvimbo neshoko rakaziviswa nechiratidzo chenhau chorusaruro, kubatanidza kushandiswa kwenzvero dzekuvhotera kunyora namano akaderera kana kuti mwero yokunyoresa.
Zvisinei, mumhaka ya2013 yeShelby County v. Holler, Dare Repamusorosoro rakamisa nzira yokufumura nayo muchikamu 4(b), richishandura chikamu 5 mumabasa. Dare rakaramba richiti nzira yacho yakavakirwa pamashoko ekare uye kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aitsigira zvaidiwa pakutanga akanga achinja zvakakwana kuti zvisawirirane nemitemo. Chisarudzo ichi chakapesana uye chakateverwa nemitemo yakawanda yokuvhota yakachinja mumitezo yakare yakafukidzwa, yakawanda yacho yave yakashorwa sedivhoteration.
Voting Rights Act inewo gadziriro dzinodzivirira mitauro miduku. Chikamu 203 chinoda madzoro akati kuti kugovera zvokuvhota nebetsero mumitauro isati iri yechiNgezi apo nhamba huru yavagari vemo vebasa rokuvhota iri mitezo yeboka rimwe romutauro mushomanene uye ine unyanzvi hushoma hweChirungu. Iyi gadziriro inobetsera kuvimbisa kuti mhinganidzo dzomutauro hadzidzivisi vagari vemo vakakodzera kushandisa kodzero yavo yokuvhota.
Murayiro Wokunyoresa Wezvibvumirano Zvorudzi
National Voter Briebration Act ya1993, inozivikanwawo seMutemo we Motor Voter, yakarongedzerwa kuita kuti kunyoresa kwomuvhoti kuve nyore zvikuru uye kuwedzera kutora rutivi muvhoti. Sezvakurukurwa pakuvamba, Act inoda nyika kugovera mabanza okunyoresa muvhoti pamadhipatimendi emotokari, masangano ebetsero yavose, uye masangano anobatira vanhu vakaremara. Kunodawo kugamuchira chimiro chetsamba inonyoreswa mutsika nokuda kwesarudzo yehurumende.
Chiito chacho chakatangawo dziviriro dzinokosha pakubviswa kusina kufanira kwavavhoti mumapepa okunyoresa. Kunoda kuti chirongwa chipi nechipi chibvise vavhoti vasingachinjiki chive ufanani, chisati chiri chitsoropodzo, uye chinoitwa maererano nezvirongwa zveChitatiko. Nyika hadzingagoni kubvisa vavhoti nokuda kwokukundikana kuvhota, uye vanofanira kupa chiziviso nomukana wokupindura vasati vavhota nokuda kwezvimwe zvikonzero zvakadai sokuchinja kwekero.
Kubetsera kwakaitwa neAmerica
Apfuura muna 2002 achipindura magakava akapoteredza kusarudzwa kwapurezidhendi we 2000, Help America Vote Act (HARVA) yakatanga mipimo miduku nokuda kwegadziriro dzokuvhota uye urongwa hwesarudzo. Act yakaita kuti Ecomment Application Commission ibatsire kusvitsa mipimo iyi uye kushanda senzvimbo inochenesa mashoko pamusoro pezvisarudzo.
HAVA inoda nyika kutsiva kadhi rechibhakera negadziriro dzokuvhota, kutanga mapepa okunyoresa evoti munyika yose, kugovera marobhoti egadziriro nokuda kwavavhoti vane kugona kubvumwa, uye kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvokuwanikwa nokuda kwavavhoti vane urema. Act yakagadzawo zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa nokuda kwavavhoti vomunguva yokutanga vanonyoresa neposi uye havagoveri revora rezivikanwo nokunyoresa kwavo.
Mutemo wacho waipa mari yokubatsira zvizvarwa kuti zviite zvinodiwa izvi, kunyange zvazvo nyaya yokushandisa mari yacho yave ichikurukurwa nevakuru vakuru vesarudzo vakawanda vachiti zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodiwa kuti pave nezvirongwa zvokusarudza uye kuchengeteka.
Muitiro Wokubvumira Vagari Vemo Vanofanana uye Vari Kunze Kwegungwa
Mubatanidzwa weChibvumirano unoda kuti vavhoti ava vanyorese uye vasarudze muvhoti, uye unotanga nzira dzokuita nadzo kuti vatore rutivi pasinei nokuti vari kure nemisha yavo.
UOCAVA vavhoti vanogona kushandisa Federal Post Card Ipply kunyoresa nokukumbira muvhoti asipo panguva imwe cheteyo. Nyika dzinofanira kugamuchira ndokuita aya masero uye dzinofanira kupfuudza mabhorati kuUOCAVA mazuva makumi mana namashanu pamberi pesarudzo dzehurumende. Kana hurumende ikakundikana kusvitsa iyi nhambo, inofanira kugovera mutoo wekutsigira kuti ava vavhoti vagamuchire ndokukanda mabhorati avo, akadai sokupfuudza kwemagetsi.
Mitemo Inozvidza
Kusiyana nedzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu, United States ine nhau refu yokuramba kodzero dzokuvhota vanhu vakanzi vane mhosva dzakakomba, kunyange zvazvo mitemo yacho inosiyana zvikuru nehurumende yenyika yose.
Kusiyana Kwemitemo yeHurumende
Mitemo yehurumende pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota inosiana. Parutivi rumwe, nharaunda mbiri − Maine naVermont(____) dzinobvumira vanhu nemhosho dzemhosva kuti vavhote kunyange apo vanenge vakasungwa. Iyi nyika haina kutongoganhurira maruramiro okuvhota akavakirwa pazvitendero zvoutsotsi, ichichengeta kuti kodzero yokuvhota inokosha kwazvo zvokuti haifaniri kubviswa kunyange kune avo vakaita mhaka dzakakomba.
Mitemo iyi inogona kuguma nokurashwa kwoupenyu hwose kwemhosva dzakati, kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda dzenyika idzi dzine miitiro yokudzorera kodzero, ingangova inongoerekana yavapo nokuda kwemhosva dzakati kana kuti inoda kushandiswa uye kutenderwa.
Nyika dzakawanda dzinowira pakati, dzichidzorera kodzero dzokuvhota padzinopedza mutongo, kubatanidza nguva yejeri, kusunungurwa, uye kutongwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinodzorera kodzero nokukurumidza pakusunungurwa mutorongo, kunyange kana munhu wacho achiri mungozi kana kuti kutongwa. Dzimwe dzinoda kupedzwa kwemativi ose omutongo wacho, kubatanidza kuripirwa faindi nokudzorerwa, maruramiro asati adzorerwa.
Kuoma kunzwisisa uye kusiyana kwemitemo iyi kunogona kuparira kuvhiringidzika kwevanhu vane zvitendero zvoutsotsi vangasanzwisisa kana vakakodzera kuvhota.
Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nezvavanoedza Kuita Kuti Zvinhu Zvichinje
Mitemo yokuramba kutenderwa yakadenhwa pazvikonzero zvakasiana - siana zvapamutemo, kubatanidza kutaura kwokuti zvinopunza Kudzivirira Kunoenzana Claus, zvikurukuru apo zvinova netapuro isingaenzaniswi pamapoka maduku edzinza. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti Dare reMitemo rechi 14 rakananga rinobvumira kubvisa vanhu nokuda kwe "kutora rutivi mukupandukira, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi," uye matare akaderera akatsigira kazhinji kazhinji mitemo inoputsanisa madzinza pazvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo.
Pasinei zvapo nokusatendeseka kwapamutemo kweiyi mitemo, kwave kune sangano riri kukura rokuchinja kana kuti kubvisa kusatendeseka kwevarwi.Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti iyi mitemo yakadzika midzi mumiitiro yourudzi yakarongedzerwa kudzvinyirira simba rokuvhota reBlack pashure pokuitwazve, kuti vanosekesa kudzorerwazve kwevanhu vaichimbova vakasungwa munzanga, uye kuti vanobvisa mamiriyoni evaAmerica, inotapura zvikuru nzanga dzeruvara.
Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakachinja mitemo yadzo kuti dziwedzere kodzero dzokuvhota vanhu vane zvitendero zvoutsotsi. Dzimwe dzakatanga kudzorera kodzero dzadzo dzichibva pakusunungurwa mutorongo kana kuti kupedzwa kwomutongo. Dzimwe dzakapfavisa mutoo wokudzorera kodzero kana kuti kubvisa nguva dzokumirira. Mudzimwe nyika mavhoti akabvumira matanho okudzorera kodzero dzokuvhota, zvichiratidzira kutsigira kwavose nokuda kwokuchinja munzvimbo ino.
Kutapura Nzanga
Mitemo yokusawirirana inotapura mamirioni eAmerica. Muuyo unowira nomutoo usingaenzaniswi panzanga dzeAfrica dzeAmerica nemhaka yemhatsa yedzinza mutsika yeruramisiro youtsotsi. Mudzimwe nyika, chikamu chikuru chechiverengero chavagari veAmerica chinobviswa nemhaka yezvitendero zvenhema, izvo zvinogona kutapura simba rezvamatongerwe enyika nomufananidzo weidzi nzanga.
Kupfuura tapuro yakananga pavanhu vasingagoni kuvhota, kusawirirana kwedare kunotapura mhuri nenzanga. Apo nhamba huru dzemitezo yenzanga isingakwanisi kuvhota, inogona kuderedza kubatanidzwa kwose kwezvamatongerwe enyika ndokuderedza inzwi renzanga mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunogona kuparira nhambo umo nzanga zhinjisa dzinotapurwa nemitemo yeruramisiro youtsotsi dzine mano mashoma okupesvedzera mitemo iyoyo kupfurikidza nebhokisi retsoropoti.
Mitoo Yokuzivisa Nayo Nokusvika
Mumakore achangopfuura, nyika dzakashandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokuvhota nadzo, nedzimwe nzira dziri kuwedzera dzokuita kuti kuvhota kuve nyore uye kunyoreswa asi dzimwe dzichiramba dzichiita zvinhu zvadzagara dzichiitwa.
MuPerson Voting
Kuvhota kwakakurumbira pazuva resarudzo kunoramba kuri mutoo wavose zvikurusa wokuvhota muUnited States. Vavhota vanoenda kunzvimbo yavo yokuvhota yakagoverwa, kunzvera navashandi vesarudzo, kugamuchira muvhoti, kucherekedza zvisarudzo zvavo, uye kugovera bhanisi nokuda kwokuverenga. Uyu mutoo unobvumira nokuda kwebetsero yapakarepo kana vavhoti vane mibvunzo uye vachigovera chinoitika chenzanga icho vanhu vazhinji vanokoshesa.
Iyi mitemo inoda kuti nzvimbo dzokuvhota dzive dzinosvika nezvinovhota zvinoda kutemwa. Vashandi vanovhota vanofanira kurovedzwa kubatsira vavhoti vane urema nehurema hwavo uye kuzvimirira.
Nzvimbo nenhamba dzenzvimbo dzokuvhota zvinogona kutapura zvikuru kuwanikwa kwevoti. Zvinetso zvemitemo zvakaunzwa munhau umo kuvharwa kwenzvimbo yokuvhota kana kuti kubviswa kwenzvimbo dzinonzi kunokuita kuti kuve kwakaomera zvikuru nzanga dzakati, zvikurukuru nzanga shomanene, kuvhota. Dare rinonzvera kana chinjo dzakadaro dzichiputsa Chibvumirano chekodzero kana kuti dziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo.
Kutanga Kurutsa
Kuvhota kwokukurumidza kunobvumira vavhoti kuisa mavhoti avo mumunhu pamberi pezuva resarudzo, zvikurukuru panzvimbo dzakasarudzwa nokukurumidza. Iyi chisarudzo chazova chakakurumbira zvikuru uye zvino chinowanika munyika zhinjisa, kunyange zvazvo mitemo yakananga ichisiyana. Dzimwe nyika dzinopa vhoti yapakuvamba kwamavhiki anoverengeka pamberi pesarudzo, nepo dzimwe dzichipa mazuva mashomanene bedzi. Dzimwe dzinoda pembedzo kuvhota nokukurumidza, nepo vamwe vachibvumira muvhoti upi noupi akanyoreswa kuita kudaro.
Kuvhota kwokukurumidza kunogona kuwedzera kuwanikwa kupfurikidza nokugovera mikana yakawanda yokuvhota nokuderedza mitsetse ndokumirira nguva pazuva resarudzo. kunogona kuva kunobetsera zvikuru kuvanhu vanoshanda maawa akawanda, vane rudungwe rusingachinjiki, kana kuti vanotarisana nezvinetso zvezvokufambisa.
Makakatanwa emitemo akamuka pamusoro pemitemo yokuvhota yapakuvamba, zvikurukuru apo nyika dzakaderedza nhambo dzokuvhota kwapakuvamba kana kuti nzvimbo.
Kutumirwa Kwetsamba Nokutumira Matsamba
Kuvhota kwebhoti kunobvumira vavhoti vakanyoreswa kugamuchira ndokukanda mavhoti avo neposi panzvimbo pokuvhota.
Nyika shomanene dzakaitazve nokuvhota kwavose, umo vavhoti vose vakanyoreswa vanogamuchira nenzira yomuzvarirwo chivhoti neposi nokuda kwesarudzo iri yose. Idzi nyika dzakabvisa zvikurukuru nzvimbo dzokuvhota dzegamuchidzanwa, kunyange zvazvo dzichichengeta zvakasarudzwa zvamagamuchidzanwa, zvakadai senzvimbo dzokuvhotera umo muvhoti upi noupi munyika anogona kukanda bhoti, uye kudonhedza mabhokisi uko vavhoti vanogona kudzorera mabhora avo.
Kuvhota tsamba kwakakura zvikuru mukati medenda reCOVID-19 sezvo hurumende dzakatsvaka kugovera mitoo yokuvhota nayo yakakotsekana. Uku kukura kwakatungamirira kugakavarano yemitemo nezvamatongerwe enyika, nekurukurirano pamusoro pechengeteko yekotsekano yevhoti, kusaina zvinodikanwa zvouchokwadi, miganhu yokudzosera maawa okudzosa, uye kushandiswa kwamabhokisi anodonhedza. Dare rakanzwa denho dzakawanda dzokutumira miitiro yokuvhota, nemiuyo yakasiana - siana zvichitsamira panhau dzakananga nemitemo yehurumende zvinobatanidzwa.
Bhanisi netsamba dzinoda kudzorwa nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa chengeteko nokudzivisa kubiridzira. Izvi zvinowanzobatanidza kusaina uchokwadi, uko vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanoenzanisa siginicha pahamvuropu yebhorati nechisaini pafaira kubva pavhoti. Dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa "kurapa" miitiro inobvumira vavhoti kururamisa zvinetso namabhuroki avo avakasiiwa, zvakadai sesiginai kana kuti kusawirirana, kuvimbisa kuti mavhoti avo aiverengwa.
Kuwanika Kwezvipo Neurema
Mutemo wehurumende unoda kuti vanhu vaonekwe varemare.American ine Bulliseal Act uye Help America Vote Act inorayira kuti nzvimbo dzokuvhota dzisvike uye kuti gadziriro dzokuvhota dzigovadze vavhoti vane urema hwakasiyana - siyana, kubatanidza kusaona zvakanaka, kutadza kufamba, uye kusakwanisa kuziva.
Michina yokuvhota inovhota inovhota inoremara inofanira kubvumira vavhoti vane urema kukanda mavhoti avo pachivande uye pasina betsero inobva kuna vamwe kana vachida. Ikoku kunobatanidza zvishandiso zvokuisa chiratidzo cherobhoti zvine zvinhu zvakadai serobhoti renzwi, kudzora kwamagetsi, uye zviratidziro zvinogadziriswa. Kuvavhoti vasingagoni kuenda kunzvimbo yokuvhota, kuvhota kunogovera chimwe chinhu chinokosha, kunyange zvazvo kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuvhota kwausirwa kusingawaniki kunogona kuva kunodenhawo.
Pasinei zvapo nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo izvi, vavhoti vakaremara vanopfuurira kutarisana nemhinganidzo dzokuvhota. Nzvimbo dzokushambadzira dzingava nemhinganidzo dzomuviri, zvishandiso zvingasashanda zvakanaka kana kuti zvingasaitwa zvakarurama, uye vashandi vanovhota vangasarovedzwa zvakakwana kubetsera vavhoti vane urema. Masangano ezvoubereki anopfuurira kushanda kumanikidza zvinodikanwa zvokuwana uye kunatsiridza ruzivo rwokuvhotera nokuda kwavanhu vane urema.
Kubatsira Mutauro
Sezvadudzwa pakuvamba, Chikamu 203 cheVoing Rights Act chinoda mativi akati kuti kuti agovere zvokuvhota nebetsero mumitauro isati iri yechiNgezi. Ichi chinodikanwa chinoshanda apo boka rimwe romutauro muduku rinoumba inopfuura zvikamu zvishanu muzana zvevagari vemo venzvimbo yokuvhota, kana kuti vagari vemo vanopfuura 10 000 venzvimbo yokuvhota, uye vane mwero wokugona kunyora nechiNgezi uyo wakaderera kupfuura avhareji yenyika.
Zviremera zvine chiremera zvinofanira kugovera zvokunyoresa, mavhota, mirayiridzo yokuvhota, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvokuvhota mumutauro muduku unoshanda. Zvinofanirawo kugovera betsero yomutauro unotaurwa, zvakadai savashandi vokuvhota vanotaura mitauro miviri kana kuti vaturikiri. izvi zvinodikanwa zvinobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mhinganidzo dzemitauro hadzidzivisi vagari vemo vakakodzera kushandisa kodzero yavo yokuvhota.
Kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebetsero yomutauro kunogona kuva kwakaoma, zvikurukuru mumativi amapoka emitauro mishomanene kana kuti zviwanikwa zvakaganhurirwa.
Chengeteko Yechisarudzo Nokutendeseka
Kuchengeteka kwepamutemo kwesarudzo kunosanganisira matanho okudzivirira kubiridzira, kudzivirira kupindira, uye kuchengeta chivimbo chevanhu pakusarudza.
Kudzivisa Kubiridzirwa Nemari
Kubiridzira kwevoter − kuvhota kusiri kwapamutemo kunoitwa navanhu vamwe navamwe vasingapiki kana kuti kuiswa kwamavhoti akawanda nomunhu mumwe chete(imhaka youtsotsi pasi pezvose zviri zviviri mutemo wehurumende nowehurumende. Nepo kubiridzira kwomuvhoti kuchiitika, fundo nguva dzose dzakawana kuti hakuwanzowaniki zvikuru. Kunyanguvezvo, kuitira hanya pamusoro pomuvhoti wetsoropodzi kwakasunda gakava remitemo rakasiana - siana nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo.
Mitezo yakasiana - siana inoshandisa nhano dzakasiana - siana kudzivisa kubiridzira, kubatanidza kunyoreswa kwevoti, zvinodikanwa zvokuvhota, kusaina zvinowirirana nokuda kwemarobhoti anenge asipo, uye zvinyorwa zvepashure pekusarudzwa. Denho ndeyokushandisa zvitanho zvokudzivirira zvinodzivisa utsotsi nenzira inobudirira pasina kuita mhinganidzo dzisiri madikanwa dzinodzivisa vavhoti vakakodzera kuisa zvirongwa.
Mutemo wehurumende unokuita mhaka kuvhota musarudzo yehurumende kana mumwe asina kukodzera, kuvhota kanopfuura kamwe, kuedzesera mumwe muvhoti, kana kuti kupinda mumimwe mibato yokunyengera yakasiana - siana ine chokuita nokuvhota.
Kupindira Kwechisarudzo Nokusagadzikana
Kunetseka kwave kuchiitwa nedare rehurumende rakaitwa muna 2016 kuti vanhu vasarudze mavhoti okuUnited States, vasarudze zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo uye vasarudze zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo, vachishandisa masangano ehurumende, vasarudzo uye dzimwe nzira, kwawedzera kusimbisa kudzivirira masangano okusarudza pachishandiswa kombiyuta.
Gadziriro yevhota inobatanidza mapepa okunyoresa anonyoresa, michina yokuvhota, gadziriro dzokuronga, uye mibatanidzwa inobatanidza. Kudzivirira gadziriro idzi pakupamba nokushandisa zvisarudzo kunokosha mukuchengeta kuvimbika kwesarudzo. Hurumende yehurumende yakasarudza zvirongwa zvokuvhota sezvirongwa zvinokosha, izvo zvinogovera kusvika kuzviwanikwa zvemakombiyuta nemashoko.
Nyika nenharaunda zvakashandira kuvandudza kubatana kwemasarudzo pakombiyuta nezviito zvakadai sokutsiva michina yokuvhota isina pepa nemichina inoita kuti pave nemapepa, kuongorora pashure pekuvhota kuone kuti zvinobuda, kuvandudza kuchengeteka kwemapepa okunyoresa anonyoresa, uye kurovedza vakuru vakuru vesarudzo pamiitiro yakanakisisa. Masangano okusarudza akagoverwa kuti atsigire nhamburiko idzi, kunyange zvazvo vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanowanzotaura kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodikanwa.
Mishumo Nerondedzero Zvepashure Pechisarudzo
Nzvero dzepashure pekusarudza chishandiso chinokosha chokubvumikisa miuyo yesarudzo nokuchengeta chivimbo chavose. Mitemo inobatanidza kuhwirudzura nokunyora muenzaniso wevhoti kana kuti mamwe mapepa esarudzo kusimbisa kuti gadziriro dzokuvhota dzinoverenga vhoti zvakarurama. Kunzvera kwemitengo yengozi, kunoshandisa mitoo yetsananguro kugovera ufakazi hwakasimba hwokuti muuyo wakashumwa wakarurama, inorangarirwa kuva mupimo wendarama nokuda kwokunzvera shoo.
Mishumo inoitiswa apo miuyo yesarudzo inova pedyo zvikuru kana kuti apo kunenge kune pomero dzezvinetso nenhamba yevhoti. Mitemo yehurumende inogadza migariro umo kurondedzera kunongoerekana kwaitika uye miitiro yokukumbira kurondedzera. Mishumo ingaitiswa noruoko kana kuti nomuchina, kuchitsamira pamutemo wehurumende nemigariro.
Mipimo yapamutemo yokuitisa rondedzero nokupedza gakava pamusoro penhauro yave iri nhau yetsinhiro inokosha, zvikurukuru munhau yapurezidhendi ya 2000 yakasarudzwa naBush Gore. nhau iyoyo yakamutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pedziviriro yakaenzana mukurondedzera miitiro uye basa rematare mukupedza gakava resarudzo.
Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Negakava Rokusarudza
Makakatanwa aya angasanganisira mibvunzo pamusoro pokusakwanisa kuvhota, kuvhota, kuverenga mavhoti, kana kuti kuputswa kwekodzero dzokuvhota.
Chisarudzo chapamberi peSarudzo
Zvinetso zvakawanda zvemitemo zvine chokuita nesarudzo zvinoiswa pamberi pokuita sarudzo. Idzi mhaka dzingadenha mitemo mitsva yokuvhota, gadziriro dzokuchinja, zvinodikanwa zvokuwana, kana kuti mamwe mativi okutonga kwesarudzo. Kusarudzwa kusati kwaitwa kunobvumira matare kupedza nhau asati atapura kusarudzwa chaikoiko, uko kunowanzova kwakanakisisa kurwisano dzepashure pechisarudzo idzo dzingapanikira maruramiro echisarudzo.
Marudzi anozivikanwa navose ekutongwa pamberi pechisarudzo anobatanidza denho kumitemo yomuvhoti, ganhuriro pakunyoresa kwomuvhoti kana kuti kuvhota kwapakuvamba, nzvimbo yokuvhotera kuvharwa, uye gadziriro dzokunatsa dzinofungidzirwa kuumba kudzorwa kwedzinza kana kuti kudzorwa. Idzi nhau dzinowanzobatanidza mibvunzo yakaoma yomutemo webumbiro remitemo, kududzira kwomutemo, uye kunzvera kwechokwadi kwenzira iyo miitiro inodenhwa inotapura nayo vavhoti.
Matare anofanira kudzikamisa rangano dzakasiana - siana munhau dzokusarudza, kubatanidza dikanwo yokudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota, ruremekedzo rwouchangamire hwehurumende mukuitisa sarudzo, uye zvomene dzinoshanda dzegadziriro yesarudzo. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakavamba nheyo ye "Purcell," iyo inonyevera pamusoro pokuita chinjo kumitemo yesarudzo pedyo zvikuru nesarudzo, sezvo chinjo dzakadaro dzinogona kuparira nyongano nezvinetso zvokutarisira.
Misangano yeNguva yokusarudza
Makwikwi okusarudza apashure anodenha miuyo yesarudzo, achizivisa zvikurukuru kuti zvikanganiso, misikanzwa, kana kuti mufambiro usiri wapamutemo wakatapura muuyo. Iyi mhaka inodzorwa nemirau yamakwikwi amakwikwi echisarudzo ehurumende, iyo inogadza hwaro hwokukwikwidzanisa sarudzo, miitiro yokuita kudaro, uye mishonga inowanika.
Kuti abudirire mumakwikwi okusarudza, mupokani wacho zvikurukuru anofanira kubvumikisa kwete bedzi kuti kusawirirana kwakaitika, asiwo kuti kwakanga kwakakwana kuchinja kana kuti kumutsa panikiro pamuuyo wacho. Dare kazhinji kazhinji rinozengurira kuchinja miuyo yesarudzo, achiziva ukoshi hwokugumisa uye kudikanwa kwokuremekedza kuda kwavavhoti sokunoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nebhokisi rebhokisi revota.
Sarudzo yapresidhendi 2020 yakava nemhedziso isina kumboitika yekutongwa kwenhau pashure pekusarudza, nemhosva dzakawanda dzakakwikwidza kudenha mativi akasiyana - siyana esarudzo munyika dzakawanda. Dare rakaramba ruzhinji rweidzi denho, richiwana ufakazi husina kukwana hwemisiano ingadai yakatapura muuyo. Uku kupfuudzira kwakamutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pechengeteko yesarudzo, basa rematare mukupedza garudzo, uye ukoshi hwokuchengeta chivimbo chavose mumigumisiro yesarudzo.
Mabharati Anogovera Mazano
Marobhoti anogovera anogovera mutoo wokupedza nawo mibvunzo pamusoro pekusarudza pazuva resarudzo. Apo kusagona kuvhota kusingavi nechokwadi(Somuenzaniso, kana zita rawo risingaonekwi pamapepa anovhota kana kuti kana vasina chiziviso chinodikanwa(h) vanopiwa chivhoti. Muvhoti anoiswa parutivi, uye vakuru vakuru vesarudzo gare gare vanonzvera kusarudza kuti asarudze kana muvhoti akakodzera. Kana muvhoti akawanikwa kuti akakodzera, bloot inoverengwa; kana asina, inorambwa.
Help America Vote Act inoda kuti nyika dzose dzigovere marobhoti echirongwa, uye inogadza mipimo miduku nokuda kwemiitiro yokuvhota. Zvisinei, inotsinhirana mumirau yadzo yakananga pamusoro pokuti apo mabhora okuvhota anofanira kupiwa uye icho vavhoti vanofanira kuita kuti mabhandi avo averengerwe.
Marobhoti okugovera ave ari nhau yeritubhiti, zvikurukuru pamusoro peicho vavhoti vemashoko vanofanira kugovera kuti mavhota avo averengerwe uye kana vavhoti vachifanira kuziviswa kana marobhoti avo egadziriro akarambwa.
Kutsunga Nokudzvinyirira
Mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorambidza kutyisidzirwa uye zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvokudzvinyirira muvhoti. Voting Rights Act inokuita kuve kusiri kwapamutemo kutyisidzira, kutyisidzira, kana kuti kumanikidza munhu upi noupi nokuda kwokuvhota kana kuti kuedza kuvhota.
Kutyisidzira kwezvombo kunogona kuva nenzira dzakawanda, kubva pakutyisidzira panzvimbo dzokuvhota kusvika kumiitiro inonyengera yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa vanhu kuvhota, zvakadai sokupa mashoko enhema pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvokuvhota kana kuti misi yokuvhota.Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kunetseka kwakatangwa pamusoro pevanhu vane zvombo pedyo nenzvimbo dzokuvhota, kutarira kwokudenha, uye kuparadzirwa kwemashoko okusarura pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota.
Vakuru vakuru vesarudzo uye masangano anochengetedza mutemo vanoshanda kuti vadzivise uye vasarudze kutyisidzirwa nevavhoti, uye matare anogona kurayira kuti varege mufambiro unotyisa.
Kuderedza uye Kumirira
Nepo kusati kuri zvakananga pamusoro pechiito chokuvhota kumene, kuderedza kurongwa kwemiganhu yenzvimbo inosarudzwa nevhoti (jekiseni) kune revo huru nokuda kwamaruramiro okuvhota nokumirira zvamatongerwe enyika.
Munhu Mumwe, Nheyo Imwe Yakapiwa
Sezvadudzwa pakuvamba, Auncime Protection Claus inoda kuti maruwa emitemo ave navagari vemo vakaenzana zvikuru zvokuti vhoti yomunhu mumwe nomumwe inotakura uremu hunodokusvika uremu humwe chetehwo. Iyi nheyo inoshanda kumaruwa esangano, ayo anofanira kuva akaenzana chaizvoizvo muchiverengero chavagari vemo, uye kuruwa neruwa rwehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, idzo dzinobvumirwa kutsauka kwakati zvikuru asi dzinofanira kuva dzakafanana zvikuru.
Kuderedza kurongwa kwemibatanidzwa kunoitika pashure pokuverenga vanhu kwapera nguva imwe neimwe kuti kugadzirise kuchinja kwevagari vemo. Muitiro wacho unowanzodzorwa nevanogadza mitemo yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichishandisa masangano anozvimirira kana kuti dzimwe nzira. Munhu mumwe, chinodikanwa chevhoti chinovimbisa kuti kuchinja kwechiverengero chevanhu kunoratidzwa mumiganhu yoruwa kuitira kuti kumirira kurambe kuri pakati nepakati.
Kurwisana Nemarudzi uye Kutsigira Kodzero
Voing Rights Act inorambidza zvirongwa zvokusarura madzinza mashoma. Chikamu 2 cheSangano reSangano reSangano chinogona kuputswa nezvirongwa zvinoderedza simba rokuvhota kwekashoma, zvakadai sokuparadzanisa nzanga shomanana mumaruwa akawanda (kukandira) kana kuti kudziisa muchiverengero chiduku chemaruwa (kuderedza) kupesvedzera kwadzo.
Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, Voing Rights Act ingada kuumbwa kwamaruwa ane zvikamu zviduku zvikuru, hwunoumba boka redzinza duku revoruzhinji. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosa rakarangarirawo kuti rudzi harungagoni kuva chinhu chikuru mukunyora mitsetse yeruwa, sezvo ikoku kungaumba kusawirirana kwedzinza. Kudzikamisa izvi zvinodikanwa kunogona kuva zvakaoma uye kwakatungamirira kurusa.
Mipimo yapamutemo yokubvumikisa kuderera kwevhoti muChikamu 2 yakatangwa muchisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo muThorburg v. Gingles. Kutanga kutaura kwevhoti, vatongi vanofanira kuratidza kuti boka duku rakakura zvakakwana uye renyika rakaumbwa kuti riumbe voruzhinji muruwa, kuti boka duku rinobatira pamwe mune zvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuti voruzhinji vavhota seboka rokukunda kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vadikanwi vashoma.
Kugadzira Mavhairasi
Partisan gerymaning", kukweva mitsetse yoruwa kuti ibetsere rimwe boka rezvematongerwe enyika kupfuura rimwe, yave iri nhau inokakavadza mune zvematongerwe enyika zveAmerica. Nepo vacherekedzi vazhinji vanobvuma kuti kubvisa vanhu munzanga kwakakomba kunogona kusekesa kumirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, mugariro wapamutemo wemiitiro yakadaro wave usina chokwadi.
Muna 2019, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rakachengetwa muRucho neSangano Rinogarotaura nezvokuva vanotsiva vanopa mibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika isingagoni kusvikwa nematare ehurumende.
Zvisinei, chisarudzo ichi hachidzivisi matare ehurumende kukurukura nevanosarura pasi pebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, uye mamwe matare ehurumende akakurira gadziriro dzokuchinja mativi sedzisiri dzehurumende gerrymanders. Mukuwedzera, dzimwe nyika dzakachinja miitiro yadzo inochinja kuti dzideredze pesvedzero inopesana, zvakadai sokupfurikidza nokuita masangano okuzvimirira okuchinja.
Kurwisa Mari Nesimba Rokugadzira Zvinhu
Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wemari yezvemari uri rutivi rwakasiana nomutemo wekodzero dzokuvhota, wakasanobatana negadziriro yapamutemo yesarudzo.Murayiro wemari mune zvematongerwe enyika unotapura avo vanogona kushandira nzvimbo, izvo vavhoti vanonzwa, uye pakupedzisira maitiro anoita zvisarudzo zvechisarudzo.
Kugadzirwa Kwemitemo
Dare Repamusorosoro rakati kushandisa mari kuti uite zvisarudzo zvesarudzo kunenge kuri kudzivirirwa neFirst Amendment, kutaura kunodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment, izvo zvinotadzisa hurumende kudzora mari yezvirongwa zvemushandirapamwe.
Munhau inokosha yeCitizens United v. Federal Envotion Commission, Dare Rapamusorosaresa rakataura kuti hurumende haigoni kuganhurira ndyiko dzakazvimirira dzezvamatongerwe enyika namakambani evashandi, uye mamwe masangano.ichi chisarudzo, pamwe chete nenhau dzakafanana, chakaumba zvikuru nzvimbo yezvemari yenhimbe yazvino uno, kuchitungamirira kukukura kwamaPACIFUP uye kundyiko huru inoshandiswa namapoka okunze musarudzo.
Zvisinei, Dare racho rakatsigira mimwe mitemo yemari yenhimbe, kubatanidza miganhu yemipiro yakananga kuvanoda kupiwa, zvinodiwa zvokuzivisa kushandiswa kwenhimbe, uye ganhuriro pakutsinhirana kwevanoda kufunda namapoka asiri avo.
Kudzorwa Kwehurumende Nehurumende
Mutemo unosimbisa mipiro nokuda kwemipiro yemari yehurumende unodzorwa zvikurukuru neFederal Econstruction Act uye unopiwa neFederal Ecomfont Commission.
Mitemo iyi inosiyana zvikuru, dzimwe nyika dzine miganhu yadzo yokupa uye dzinoda kujekeswa, nepo dzimwe nyika dzine mirayiridzo mishoma. Dzimwe nyika dzinopa mari yadzo yehurumende nokuda kwezvirongwa zvehurumende, uye dzimwe dzakaita mimwe miganhu pakushandisa mari yemakambani kana kuti yemasangano kupfuura zvinodiwa nomutemo wenyika.
Nhau Dzinotanga uye Zvinetso Zvenguva Yemberi
Kusarudzwa kwevavhota kuri kuramba kuchichinja zvichienderana nokuchinja kwemashandiro anoita zvinhu, kuwanda kwevanhu, uye kuenderera mberi kwemaonerwo anoitwa kuchengetedza vhoti, kukwanisa kuwanikwa, uye kuperera.
Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nokufambisa Magetsi
Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoramba ruchichinja maitiro anoita sarudzo, kubva mumabhuku okuvhota nemakombiyuta uye zvishandiso zvokunyorera mavhota paIndaneti kusvika kumabhuku okuvhota uye makombiyuta anotumirwa kumunhu anenge avhota. Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchigona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuwanikwa, runomutsawo zvinetso zvokuchengeteka uye mibvunzo yepamutemo pamusoro pokuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano ezvokugadzira zvinhu akavimbika, akachengeteka, uye anowanika.
Zvisinei, dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira kuti mavhota okuvhota pakombiyuta adzokere kune dzimwe nyika uye kuti vavhoti vemauto vadzokere kune imwe nyika, uye panoramba paine kutsvakurudza kuti kuvhota kwakachengeteka paIndaneti kugone here.
Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka
Kupararira kwamashoko enhema pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota, miuyo yokuvhota, uye muitiro wokuvhota umene wazova itiro hanya inokosha.Mishformation inogona kuvhiringidza vavhoti pamusoro penzira, rini, uye kupi kwokuvhota, kungagona kudzivisa vagari vemo vakakodzera kuisa mavhoti. Nhimbe dzemashoko dzenhema dzingaparadzira noune mashoko okudzivisa kana kuti kusekesa chivimbo musarudzo.
Kukurukura mashoko asina kururama esarudzo kunomutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pedzikamo yepamutemo pamusoro pekurwisana nemashoko enhema nokudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka. Hurumende painogona kupa mashoko akarurama kuti ipokanidze mashoko asina kururama, mano ayo okuganhurira kutaura kwenhema anoganhurirwa neFirst Amendment. Masangano ezvokugarisana panzanga akaita miitiro yokukurukura mashoko asina kururama esarudzo, asi kuedza uku kunoramba kuri kumutsa nharo uye kubudirira kwawo kunoitiranwa nharo.
Kupa Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu
Kutevera chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muShelby County v. Hoder, iyo yakabvisa nenzira inobudirira chinodikanwa chakarongwa cheVoting Rights Act, kwave kune nhamburiko dzinopfuurira kudzorera nokusimbisa dziviriro dzekodzero dzehurumende dzokuvhota. Zvikarakadzo zvakasiana---shaidzo zvakatangwa muCongress kuvandudza Voting Rights Act, kutanga mipimo mitsva yehurumende nokuda kwokuwana, uye hurukuro dzinomuka tyisidziro kumaruramiro okuvhota.
Kuedza kwemitemo uku kwave kuchiitiranwa nharo, nokukakavadzana pamusoro pekudzora kwehurumende uye kwehurumende kusarudza, dzikamo yakakodzera pakati pokuwana nokuchengeteka, uye kana mutemo unokarakadzwa waizogadzirisa nenzira inobudirira denho dzazvino dzokuvhota. Mugumisiro weidzi kurukurirano uchaumba zvikuru nguva yemberi yomutemo wekodzero dzokuvhota muUnited States.
Kuchinja uye kumirirwa
Kuchinja uku kuri kuitwa nevanhu vakasiyana - siyana mumadzinza, vanobva kune dzimwe nyika, uye vechiduku kunoreva kodzero dzokuvhota uye kumiririra vamwe, kusanganisira mibvunzo pamusoro pokubatsira mutauro, kudhirowa kwemitsetse yoruwa kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vashoma, uye kubatanidzwa kwenzanga itsva nedziri kumuka mune zvematongerwe enyika.
Kufunga kuti nzanga dzose dzine mukana wakaenzana wokuwana muvhoti uye wakaenzana wokuita zvematongerwe enyika kuchada kuramba kuchifungwa kuti mitemo nemiitiro zvinotapura sei vanhu vakasiyana - siyana.
Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Dzokupa Rukudzo
Kunzwisisa kodzero dzako dzokuvhota ndiro danho rokutanga rokudzidzivirira.
Ziva Kodzero Dzako
Muvhoti ari wose akakodzera ane maruramiro okunyoresa nokuvhota, kugamuchira betsero kana kuchidikanwa, kuvhota pasina tyisidziro kana kuti kunetsa, uye kuita kuti vhoti yavo iverengerwe zvakarurama.
Kodzero dzakananga dzingasiyana nehurumende, naizvozvo kunokosha kunzwisisa mitemo iri musimba rako. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuziva nguva yokunyoresa, zvinodiwa, nzira dzokuvhota dzinowanika kwauri, uye nzira dzokugadzirisa zvinetso. Nyika dzakawanda dzinopa mashoko anotungamirira muvhoti kana kuti mawebsite ane mashoko ane udzame pamusoro pemarongedzero evhoti nekodzero.
Zviwanikwa Zvevatambi Vemari
Zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika kuti zvibatsire vavhoti kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo uye kuti vaite zvokuvhota. Hurumende nemahofisi esarudzo zvomunzvimbomo zvinopa mashoko epamutemo pamusoro pokunyoresa, nzvimbo dzokuvhota, uye miitiro yokuvhota. Masangano eNonpartis anopa dzidzo kuvavhoti, rubatsiro rwokunyoresa, uye kubatsira kupedza zvinetso. Masangano epamutemo anopa mashoko pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota uye angapa rubatsiro kana kodzero dzako dzakatyorwa.
Kana ukatarisana nezvinetso zvokuvhota, unogona kutaura nehofisi yako yesarudzo yomunzvimbomo, kudana vavhoti kuti vadzivirire vanoshanda nemasangano akasiyana - siyana, kana kuti kutsvaka betsero kumagweta anovhota kodzero.
Kubatanidzwa Kwebic Kunopfuura Kupiwa
Kunyange zvazvo kuvhota kuri nzira inokosha yokuita nayo basa rehurumende, kudzivirira uye kuwedzera kodzero dzokuvhota kunoda kuti munhu arege kuvimbisana kudarika bhokisi rokuvhota, izvi zvingasanganisira kuramba achiziva nezvokuchinja kunokarakadzwa kumitemo yokuvhota, kuona vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota, kutsigira masangano anoshanda kuti adzivirire kodzero dzokuvhota, uye kushanda somushandi wokuvhota kana kuti mucherechedzi wesarudzo.
Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kodzero dzavo dzokuvhota uye vanoshanda nesimba kuti vavadzivirire, zvinobatsira kuti sarudzo dzirambe dzakasununguka, dzisingasaruri, uye dzichiwanika kuvanhu vose vakakodzera.
mhedziso
Kubva pamisiano yebumbiro remitemo inochinja pamutemo yaidzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota, kubva pamitemo inodzora dare rinodzora kudare rokusarudza kusvika kuchisarudzo chinodudzira idzi gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzapamutemo, mutemo unoumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwenzira yatinovhota nayo uye vanogona kutora rutivi nayo muchisarudzo.
Kunzwisisa pamutemo uyu kunokosha kuvagari vemo vose vanoda kushandisa kodzero yavo yokuvhota uye kutora rutivi zvizere muhurumende yedu inosarudzwa navanhu.
Nhau yekodzero dzokuvhota muAmerica ndeimwe yewedzero yapashoma napashoma, nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chichishanda kutambanudzira muganhu nokubvisa mhinganidzo kutora rutivi. Kuvambira pakubviswa kwezvinodikanwa zvezvinhu muzana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe, kusvikira kukudzorwa kwevaAmerica veAfrica pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, kuvakadzi vanoshatiswa muna 1920, kusvikira kuChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu chaOting Act cha 1965 uye kuderedzwa kwevhoti kusvika kuzera ramakore gumi namasere, kubatanidzwa kukuru kwave kuri kukuvakwazvo.
Bva iyi fambiro mberi haina kutongova inowirirana kana kuti isingadzivisiki. Kukura kumwe nokumwe kwamaruramiro okuvhota kwakatarisana nechirambidzo, uye betsero dzimwe nguva dzakateverwa nokubatanidzwa. Kunyange nhasi, gakava dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuva nekodzero yokuvhota, zvinodikanwa zvokunyoresa, mitoo yokuvhota, uye dzikamo yakafanira pakati pechengeteko yesarudzo nokuwana. iyi kurukurirano dzinoratidzira mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro poubati ushe hwehurumende hunosarudzwa navanhu, uenzani, uye basa rehurumende mukubatanidza kubatanidzwa kwenzanga.
Sezvatinotarira kunguva yemberi, zvinetso zvitsva zvichapfuurira. Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchaparira mikana nengozi zvose zviri zviviri nokuda kwokutarisirwa kwesarudzo. Chinjo dzemajere dzichada chinjo kuti dzishandise jambwa rakasiana-- siyana. Kutyisidzirwa kwokuchengeteka kwekusarudza, kungava kubva mukudzongonyedzwa kwenyika dzokumwe kana kuti mashoko asina kururama emhuri, kuchada kungwarira uye kuvandudzwa. Uye gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota richada vagari vemo kubatanidzwa nemibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pokuvakwa kwemasangano edu edemocracy.
Muzvinetso zvose izvi, ukoshi hukuru hwekodzero dzokuvhota hunoramba huri hwenguva dzose. Kodzero yokuvhota haisi nhauwo zvayo kana kuti nhau yepamutemo. Ndiyo nheyo yehurumende yedemocracy hurumende, mutoo uyo vagari vemo vanoshandisa nawo uchangamire uye vanoita kuti vamiririri vavo vazvidavirire. Kudzivirira kodzero iyi, kuvimbisa kusvika kwakaenzana kumuvhoti, uye kuchengeta perero yesarudzo mabasa anokosha nokuda kwechizvarwa chiri chose.
Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa mativi apamutemo okuvhota, kuramba uchiziviswa pamusoro pekodzero dzako nemitoro, uye kutora rutivi nokushingaira mumuitiro wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, unobetsera kuutano nesimba rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yedu. Ungave uri kuvhota kwenguva yokutanga kana kuti wave uchitora rutivi muvhoti kwamakumi amakore, nhau dzako dzokuvimbisana. Sarudzo iri yose ishandisirwo yekodzero dzakaoma uye mupiro kugadziriro inopfuurira yokuzvitonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota uye mutemo wesarudzo, unogona kushanyira American Libertion Union yekodzero dzokuvhota dzechiAmerican maruramiro echikwata , bvunza U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[[[[[[FLT]], . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .