Mvura yapasi ndiyo manyuko makuru emvura yokunwa nokuda kweinenge hafu yechiverengero chavagari venyika nemigove inenge 40 muzana yemvura yokudiridza yenyika. Pasinei zvapo neichi basa rakakomba, chivako chinoramba chisingaoneki zvikuru kuvagadziri vemitemo nevoruzhinji, mugariro wakatungamirira kare kukusashanda zvakanaka kwayo. Aquifers, kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzapasi dzinochengetera nokupfuudza mvura, zvinobatwa nenzira inowedzera sezvichengeteko zvisina mugumo. Muuyo wacho idendedzero yokutyisidzira kuchengeteka kwezvokudya, chengeteko yepfuma, uye utano hwemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo yazvo. Kugadza uye kuchengetwa kwemitemo yemitemo inhano kukuvakwa kuti izvi matsime apasi pevhu arambe achitsigira zvinodikanwa zvavanhu nezvisikirwa nokuda kwemiviri kuti zvizvarwa zviuye.

Chokwadi Chacho Nezvemvura: Chikonzero Nei Vachirayira Kurapwa Kwapamutemo Kwakananga

Maaquifer haasi madhamu makuru epasi pevhu. Zvinhu zvakaoma kunzwisisa zvesayenzi yepasi pevhu, zvinovambira pajecha rakatsvedzerera nevhu rakadimburwa kusvika kudongo redombo remapako. Mufambiro wemvura mukati meizvi zvinhu unodzorwa nehydrology, geology, uye chemicroology, kwete nemitsetse yezvinhu zvinoiswa pamusoro. Izvi zvinoitika zvinoparira denho dzakaparadzana dzemitemo dzakavakwa pamusoro penzvimbo nekodzero dzemvura.

Maaquifer asina kuvimbwa akabatanidzwa zvakananga nevhu uye anogona kusimbisa nokukurumidza zvikuru mvura inonaya. Maaquifer akavharwa, mukupesana, anovharwa pakati pezvikamu zvedombo kana kuti ivhu zvisingachinjiki. Ane simba nemuvhu zvishoma nezvishoma zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji anopfuura mazana amakore kana kuti zviuru. Masuo anoparadza, akadai seOgalla Aquifer muUnited States yepakati kana kuti Nubian Sandstone Aquifer Sy muNorth Africa, ane mvura yakaungana mukati menhambo dzechando dzakapfuura. Nokuda kwamadonzo ose anoshanda, izvi hazvisi zvinhu zvitsva zvinovandudzwa, uye gadziriro ipi neipi yapamutemo iyo inoanobata somuripo wegore negore inochengetwa inovakwa.

Kana kuchera kupfuvura kuvhura, migumisiro yacho inoderera nokukurumidza uye yakakomba. Tafura inodonha, inoda matsime akadzika zvikuru uye mari yakawanda yokupomba. Munharaunda dzemhenderekedzo, kushatisa mvura yomunyu kunoshatisa migove yemvura yomunyu. Munharaunda dzine madhaka evhu, kurasika kunoderedza nyika, izvo zvinoderedza zvechigarire kuchengeteka kweaquifer. San Joaquin Valley muCalifornia yakawana kuderera kwemamita anopfuura 28 mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mugumisiro wakananga wamakumi amakore evhu rinonanwa nomutemo unoderedza kuchengetwa.

Gadziriro yapamutemo inofanira kutsanangura izvi zvinhu chaizvoizvo. Inofanira kusianisa pakati pezviwanikwa zvinovandudzwa nezvisingavandutsiki, kuziva nguva inononoka pakati pechinoparira nechazvinoita, uye kuita mitoo yokushandisa nayo zvinhu zvinobatanidza. Kukundikana kuita kudaro kwakaguma nekurwisana kwemvura kunodhura zvikuru uye kusingadzoreki munhambo yazvino uno.

Roorano Yedzidziso Dzapamutemo Dzinodzora

Munhau, mutemo wapasi wakashanduka wakaparadzana nomutemo wemvura wapamusoro uye kazhinji kazhinji waidzorwa nedzidziso yokuva muridzi wakakwana, kana kuti "kutonga kwokubata. ” Iyi nheyo yakapa muridzi womunda maruramiro asingaganhurirwi kupomba mvura mupasi penzvimbo yavo, pasinei zvapo netapuro pamatsime akapoteredza kana kuti manyuko amene. Nepo mumabasa mashomanene, uku kuita kwakazivikanwa zvikuru sokusawirirana navadzori vanotsigirwa. Masangano emitemo azvino uno anowana kubva mugadziriro yakaisvonaka zvikuru yedzidziso.

Kodzero dzevamwe dzakarovedzeka munharaunda dzine mvura yakawanda. Iyi dzidziso inobvumira kushandiswa kune mufungo kuvaridzi venzvimbo dziri pedyo nemitumbi yemvura, nechinodikanwa chokuti kushandiswa kwacho hakudzongonyedzi nenzira isina mufungo kodzero dzavaparadziri. Kushandisa iyi kumvura yapasi kwakaoma nenzira yapasi nemhaka yokuti miganhu yemvura yapasi haioneki uye mufungo we "fashoni" unojeka. Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kushatsa nheyo dzoumbidzika kupfurikidza nokurondedzera "inozivikanwa navose" yokugovera, asi kunoramba kuri denho.

Appropriation ndiyo dzidziso huru mumadokero akaoma eUnited States. Inoshanda panheyo ye "kutanga munguva, kutanga kurudyi". Mushandisi wokutanga anotsausa mvura nokuda kwebasa "rinobatsira" (zvakadai sokudiridza kana kuti mugodhi) anotanga kuva nenzvimbo yokutanga inotangira kuva vashandisi vapashure. Munguva dzeperevedzo, kodzero dzakakwirira dzinoiswa panzvimbo yadzo yakazara vasati vava nekodzero dzechiduku vagamuchira mvura ipi neipi. Iyi tsika inogovera uchokwadi nokuda kwevambirwei asi vasina mitoo yamagamuchidzanwa kuganhurira kana kuti kurangarira utano hwenhambo refu yechipo. Muuyo wave wave uri muuyo wakakurumbira "kuperedzera kwavose, apo kuwanikwa kwavose," uko kuwirirana kunoitwa.

Rusakiso rune mwero runogovera gadziriro yakaenzana zvikuru. Muiyi dzidziso, vagari vose vanovakwa vanogoverana maruramiro mamwe chetewo kumvura yapasi. Munguva dzeshaidziko, mugove unowanika unogoverwa muwirirano pakati pavo. Iyi ndiyo hwaro hwekutarisirwa kwemvura mupasi munyika dzinoverengeka dzeU. kubatanidza California neNebraska. Inodzivisa kutora simba rose reappropria yapamberiasipo asi inoda rondedzero yakasimba pahwerengedzo yezvichengeteko nokubudisa kuti zvishande nenzira inobudirira.

The Public Trust Doctrine [[FLT: 1] inheyo yapamutemo yekare inorangarira kuti zviwanikwa zvakati ndezvevoruzhinji uye zvinofanira kudzivirirwa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwavose. Yave ichishandiswa mutsika dzetsika dzenzira dzinofambika nemheno dzegungwa. Mumhaka yapamugarire ya 1983, Dare Rapamusoro reCalifornia rakatambanudzira ruvimbiko rwavose kudziviriro yezvikamu zvitatu zvinopa Mono Lake, zvichiziva kuti kukwevera mvura kunogona kukuvadza zvitengo zvavose. Matare mune dzimwe nyika, kubatanidza Hawaii nePennsylvania, akatevera zvikodzero, zvichikarakadza kuti iyi dzidziso ingagona kuva chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwedziviriro.

Mitemo yokudzivirira nokudzora inomirira muitiro wazvino uno muudzori hwemvura yapasi. Muiyi nzira, nhau dzesangano rehurumende dzinobvumira kuvakwa zvakanaka nokunyorwa. Zvibvumikiso zvinodzorwa nemigariro yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira chiwiro, zvakadai seganhuriro pakunyorwa kwehwerengedzo kwegore negore, zvinodikanwa zvokuisa mativi, uye misengwa. Kushanda kwegadziriro inobvumira kunotsamira pasimba resangano rokushandisa kugadza miganhu ine redonzo, kuwirirana, uye kuchinjirwa kumiganhuro inochinja.

Nzvimbo Yakaitwa NaMosesi Yokugadzira Miitiro: Nyika Dzakawanda Nenyika Dzose

Masangano emitemo anosiyana zvikuru zvichitsamira panhau, mamiriro ezvinhu emvura, uye mamiriro enyika. Zvisinei, mitoo inozivikanwa navose iri kubuda mumativi ose.

Mabasa Ezvidhori Munyika Yose

Inenge 40 muzana yavagari venyika inogara mumipata inoyerera rwizi, uye migodhi mizhinji iyi inotsamira pamvura dzapasi. Nhlangano weUN yeMadziva unogovera gadziriro huru nokuda kwekushandiswa kwemvura dzemarudzi ose, asi kushandiswa kwayo mvura pasi pakutanga kwakanga kusina kunanga. 1992 UNECE Convention paNhungamiro neUnity of the Transrucary Waterpourses ne International Lakes zvinova pachena, zvinoda kuti mapoka adziviridze, adzore, adedze, aderedze simba rapasi pevhu, kubatanidza mativi ose emvura neuwanduru. Muna 2012, UN International Law Convention Constigation yakagamuchirwa paMutemo weTransuteary Accores, iyo inogoverawosero yebatira pamwe chete, uye kubatana.

Mumwe wemienzaniso yakakwirira zvikurusa yekudzora kwemvura yapasi pano iGuarani Aquifer Agreant, yakasainwa neArgentina, Brazil, Paraguay, uye Uruguay muna 2010. Guarani Aquifer ndiimwe yenzvimbo hurusa dzinochengeterwa mvura yemunyu, inopfuura makiromita 1. Chibvumirano chinosimbisa gadziriro yapamutemo yekutarisira kubatira pamwe, kubatanidza kunzvera, uye kutsinhana mashoko. Nepo kugadzirwa kwacho kwave kuchinonoka, kunomirira nhano inokosha kukuzivikanwa kuti vapikidziri vemadhipati vezvamatongerwe enyika havaremekedze miganhu.

Marobhodhi Enyika Nemadhipatimendi Ezvidhori

Nyika yeEuropean Union’s Water Framed Directive (WFD) ndeimwe yemitemo yezvakapoteredza ine shungu zvikuru munyika yose. Inoraira kuti pave nokudzorwa kwezvikwata zverwizi, kubatanidza mvura yapasi, nechinangwa chokuwana "kuyera zvakanaka uye makemikari" nokuda kwemitengo yemvura yose panguva dzakati. WFD inoda kuti nyika dzitange mitezo inoongorora mibatanidzwa, zvinangwa zvemhoteredzo zvakarongwa, uye zvishandise zvirongwa zvemipimo. Groadterterter directive directive resfectives res around gemical ression uye reconstruction.

MuUnited States, mirau yapasi yakakamuraniswa kare pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Safety Growing Water Act inodzora kunaka kwemvura inobva mumatsime avose, asi kuchera inhau huru. Kuganhurirwa kwenzvimbo yemvura yeGwate Division Act yakaparira mukaha unomira, zvikurukuru nokuda kwenzvimbo isina kusiana seburi remichetura. Mutengo weUnionstatable Groumeter Waters Act (SGMA) muCalifornia wakaratidzira muganhu mukuru. Kwenguva yokutanga, nyika yaida masangano omunzvimbomo kuumba maProtation aterhwatertersting Avetuation (S) uye kutanga zvirongwa zvokuwana kuchengetwa kwenguva refu ne 2040 kana kuti 2042, zvichitsamira pazvisarudzo zvayo zvoumbiso. SGMA inoziva kuti pamusoro pokuvhotera ityisidzira kuutano, uye kufambidzana kwenhau yenhau yomunzvimbomo yomunzvimbomo inomirira kudzorwa kudzorwa kwenhau yomunzvimbomo, kunyange zvazvo zvichiridzwa nokuda kwezviito zvoudzodzodzorwa nokuda kwehurumende zvenyika.

Australia inogovera mumwe muenzaniso unopesvedzera. Murray-Darling Basin Plan, yakatangwa muna 2012, inogadza muganhu unotsigirwa nokuda kwekuchera mvura mumudziyo wose, kubatanidza mvura yapasi. Gadziriro yacho yave ichiperekedzwa negadziriro yokutengesa mvura inobvumira vanoshandisa kutenga nokutengesa kodzero dzokubudisa, kugadzira mutoo wemusika wemvura kuti ishandiswe zvikuru. Yakabatanidzwa nokutengwa kwemvura inokosha mumvura yakachengetedzwa uye kugadzirwa kwezvino uno kwezviteshi, nzira yeAustralia inoratidza kuti kugadzirwa kwemvura kwakazara, kugadzirwa kwebishi kunobvira, kunyange zvazvo kusati kuri kutengwa pasina zvamatongerwe enyika nerwisano dzenzanga.

India, ine kuteyiwa kukurusa kwemvura pasi pevhu munyika, inotarisana nedenho huru zvikuru. Gadziriro yemitemo yenyika yakaisa fambiro mberi yokukurumidza mukuchengeteka, asi chinjo huru iri kufamba. Atal Bhujal Yoja (ABY) chirongwa chehurumende chapakati chinosimudzira kutarisirwa kwemvura yapasi, kubatanidza kugadzirirwa kwegadziriro dzemvura nokutangwa kwegadziriro dzechengetedzo. Kusvika kwacho kuri pasi nepakati, kuchiziva kuti nzanga dzomunzvimbomo dzinova nenzvimbo yakanakisisa yokutarisira zvinosiyana zvikuru mumadaro mapfupi. Nepo chirongwa chacho chichiri mumitezo chapakuvamba, chinogovera muenzaniso unobvira nokuda kwedzimwe nyika dzinovangana nedenho yokudzosa, kumhanya.

Zvirongwa Zvinoshanda Zvokubudisa Zvinoshanda

Kunyange gadziriro yapamutemo yakasanorongwa ichakundikana pasina gadziriro dzinoshanda dzinobudirira pasi. Kushandura nheyo dzapamutemo kuti dzishande kunoda fashoni yemidziyo yokuongorora, kugovera, uye kudzikamisa.

Chimiro chinosimudzirwa chakakwana nokuti chinokundikana kutsanangura miuyo yenzvimbo yakapoteredza, yakadai sokuomesa matsime, mahova akabatana neaquifer. Murangariro wazvino uno we "ssutableble" unobatanidza kubereka zvinhu zvipenyu, zvoupfumi, uye mamiriro enzanga, kuisa miganhu inochengetedza utano hwegadziriro yose yezvinhu.

Mabhajeti eDzimbudziko neMonitor anokosha nokuda kwokusimbisa mubereko unochengeteka. Maakaundi emari emvura nokuda kwedzinotemwa dzose (kuburitsazve, kubuda kwemvura, kubuda kwemvura) uye kubuda mumikoto (kuvhura, kuvhura, kuvhura, kubudisa, kubuda kuhove kwehova) kubva kunzvimbo inotevedzerwa mvura. Kuyera nguva dzose mwero wemvura, mavhozhezheni, uye kunaka kwemvura kunodikanwa kunzvera bhajeti remvura munguva iri kure. Kunzvera kweGRANGE kunoitwa neGRAP.

Maraged Aquifer Refied chishandiso chinokosha zvikuru chokuchengeta chiyero chemitemo. MAR inobatanidza kutora nokushingaira mvura inonatsa, kana kuti mvura yapamusoro yakawandisa uye kuitungamirira muvhu kuzadza aquifer. Ikoku kunogona kuderedza kubvisa ndokuvandudza kunaka kwemvura. Zvisinei, MAR inomutsa mibvunzo yakaoma yapamutemo. Ndiani amene anoisa mvura inoiswa mvura inoiswa mumvura? Mitengo yapamutemo inodikanwa sei kuti itsigire purofiti yemari mumabasa eMitezo. Mimwe mitemo, yakadai seCalifornia neArizona, yakakukura magadzirirwo enzvimbo dzapamutemo.

Mvura yemucheto yemumvura neMari yeNyuwa inogona kuvandudza kushanda kwenzvimbo inogoverwa. Pasi pekapu-na trade, kubviswa kwesero yose kunoiswa pamwero unochengeteka, uye vanoshandisa vanogoverwa migove yekapu iyoyo. Ipapo vakasununguka kutenga kana kuti kutengesa, vachibvumira mvura kuti iende kumipimo yakakwirira pasina kukura. Murray-Darling Basin ane imwe yemisika yemvura inoshingaira zvikurusa munyika, kubatanidza mvura. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti tsorororo dzemvura dzinogona kuisa ngwariro mumaoko efariro huru nokukuvadza mishanga yomumaruwa. Kungwarira nokutarisira kuri madikanwa kuti fariro yavose ibetsere fariro yavose.

Kushanda nokudzorwa kwemari imhatsa yokupedzisira, uye kazhinji kazhinji inoderera zvikurusa, chimwe chegadziriro inoshanda. Kurovha nokupomba kusiri kwepamutemo kwakapararira mumativi akawanda enyika. Kudzikamisa kunoshanda kunoda mubatanidzwa wenzvero dzesatellite, kunzvera kwapamunda, uye zvirango zvine revo zvinopfuura betsero yemari yokusashanda. EU Water Frameocramed Directive Directives kunoda nyika dzomutem kuvamba, muwirirano, uye kubvisa zvirango nokuda kwokuputsa. Mukushandisa, kuendesa kunoitwa kunochinja kazhinji kazhinji, zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzine basa rakaganhurirwa rehurumende kana kuti fariro dzine simba.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichingoramba Zviri Munzira Inoenda Kumvura Yapasi Pevhu

Nzira yokuchengetedza mvura iri pasi pevhu haisi iyo inoita kuti pave nokuvandudza; ibasa rezvamatongerwe enyika uye renzanga rinokwikwidzana.

Mutezo weDzivisi unoramba uri mhinganidzo huru. Nyika zhinji hadzina gadziriro huru dzokunzvera, kubatanidza mamita akanaka, mifungo yemvura, uye mipimo yemvura. Pasina majeni, hakubviri kugadza muganhu wakarurama, kutevera tapuro yemibato yokutungamirira, kana kuti kumanikidza. Kuvhara mukaha wemaidi kunoda kutengwa kwemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemitepi, uye unyanzvi hwemichina. Emerging, zvakadai semichina inokweverwa netellitelling, inopa mabanza matsva okuunganidzo, asi haisati iri mutsivi wokuvakisa.

Chinjo inodzorwa iri kuwedzera denho. Kuwedzera kwekusanaya kwemvura noukombi zvinoderedza kupedzerwa kwesimba romusikirwo, nepo tembiricha dzakakwirira dzichiwedzera kudikanwa kwokurima. Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinofanira kuva dzinogadziridzwa, nezvinoparira kushaikwa kwemvura inovaka mukati menguva dzeperevedzo. Kusava nechokwadi kwapamo kunoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kugadza ganhuriro dzakatemwa. Vadzori vemigadziro, inobata kutarisirwa segadziriro yokudzidza uye kugadziridza mitemo yakavakirwa pamitengo, inopa nzira inovimbisa mberi, asi inoda mwero wakakwirira wesimba rehurumende nerevo.

Economy of Water Reform imhinganidzo inopfuurira. Vashandisi vezvourimi, vanoparadza mvura zhinji yapasi munharaunda dzakawanda, vane simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinokosha. Kushandurwa kubva kuhurumende yokuwana kwakasununguka kunopa mumwe wemitemo inodzorwa nenzira isingadzivisiki inoparira vakundi navarasiki. Kudzora iyi chinjo kunoda ngwariro yokungwarira kukugara, muripo wevashandi vanotapurwa, uye gadziriro yemibato yezvoruzivo rwemibato netsigiro yemari nokuda kwokugadziridza. California SGMA inowana chiitiko chokuenzanisira ukurukukura kweiyi , sezvo masangano omunzvimbomo anotamburira kudzika kuraira kwevaradziridza kukura, vatsigiri vemhoteredzo, vatsigiri vemvura vemaguta.

Kubatanidzwa kweHurumende [[FLT: 1] ndiimwe denho huru. Mvura yapamucheto haisati iripo muruvara. Yakabatanidzwa nemvura pamusoro pemvura, uye kurashwa kwemvura kunogona kupedza hova, nzizi, uye nzvimbo dzapasi dzinotsvikinyidzana. Magariro emitemo anobata mvura yapasi nemvura yapamusoro sezviwanikwa zvakasiana zvakashata nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Kubatanidzwa kwemvura yapamusoro napasi pano kudzorongedzwa kwounyanzvi, kwapamutemo, uye denho yenzvimbo shomanene idzo mativi enyika adzokororwa zvizere.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuchengeta Mutemo Nokutonga

Zvirongwa zvepamutemo zvezana remakore rechi20 zvakagadzirirwa kuwedzera kukura uye kukurudzira kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura.

Imwe kombamiro inovimbisa kufambiswa ku kuiswa kwapamutengi wemvura (IWRM)[FL:1], inobata mvura segadziriro imwe, inewirirano. IWRM inoda zvirongwa zvapamutemo zvinobatanidza mvura nenzvimbo dzinoiswa mvura, kuwanda noukuru hwemvura panguva imwe chete. EU WAters Fumediow Directive neyaMurrand-Darling Basin Plan mienzaniso yeIWRM, kunyange zvazvo vose vari vaviri vakatarisana nedenho dzinokosha mukushanda.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchaita basa rinokosha zvikuru. Mibatanidzwa yezvisarudzo zvenguva chaiyo, kuongorora kwakavakirwa pasatellite, uye uchenjeri hwokuisirwa zvinogona kugovera mashoko namaturusi anodikanwa kuti zvidzore nokuchinja. Mitemo inogona kunyora nokuziva kusava kufambirana. Masangano ezvisarudzo anogona kubatsira mamaneja okuyera mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana- siyana. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwoga haruna kukwana. Runofanira kuiswa mugadziriro yepamutemo nesangano inovimbisa kuti pave nokujeka, kuzvidavirira, uye kutora rutivi.

Zvichida chinjo inokosha zvikurusa izivikanwo inokura yokuti mvura yapasi inyuko yavose yechivimbo, kwete chinhu chinofanira kuvimbwa nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga. Dzidziso yechivimbo chavanhu, sokushandiswa kumvura yapasi, inosimbisa kuti hurumende ine basa rokudzivirira chisakiso nokuda kwebetsero yezvizvarwa zvazvino uno nezvinotevera. Iyi nheyo inogovera hwaro hwapamutemo hwapamutemo hwokuganhurira kutemwa, kunyange kana kuita saizvozvo kuchiganhurira kushandiswa kuripo. Kukura kwedzidziso yavanhu inovimbwa nayo kumvura yapasi kunoderera uye inokwikwidza, asi kunomirira chinja guru mukufunga kwapamutemo pamusoro pemvura.

Pakupedzisira, kubudirira kwegadziriro ipi neipi yepamutemo kunotsamira papamutemo. Mitemo inoiswa pasina tsigiro yenzanga haingatongovi inodzorwa kana kuti inoremekedzwa. Kuvaka pamutemo munzanga kunoda muitiro wemiitiro inojeka nokuda kwokugadza mitemo, mikana ine revo yokutora rutivi yavose, uye kuparadzirwa kwakarurama kwendyiko nebetsero dzevatarisiri. Kunoda kuziva kuti mvura yapasi haisati iri chinhuwo zvacho chinoshandiswa nainjiniya namagweta, asi nhaka inowirirana nesu nezvakaitika kare uye neramangwana.