Mepu Dzakajeka Ndidzo Kugadzirwa Kwakavanzwa Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Apo vavhoti vanoenda kunzvero, ivo havawanzofunga pamusoro pemitsetse inonyorwa pamepu iyo inosarudza kwavanokanda chivhoti chavo, uyo anovamirira, uye kuti vhoti yavo yakasimba sei chaizvoizvo. Mepu dzeElectori· dzinonziwo mepu dzinoyera kana kuti mepu dzoruwa (idzo dzoutongi hunosarudzwa navanhu husingaoneki. Vanoshandura mashoko echiverengero chavagari vemo musimba rezvamatongerwe enyika, uye nzira yavanokweverwa nayo inogona kukudza kana kuti kunyaradza nzanga dzose.

Pamepu dzawo dzakapfava zvikurusa, dzinosarudzwa dzinoparadzanisa nyika kana kuti nyika kuva mapoka enzvimbo ayo mumwe nomumwe anosarudza mumiriri wedare remitemo.Idzi mepu hadzisi magwaro ounyanzvi asina kusiana.

Nyaya ino inofamba mumugwagwa uzere uzere unoratidza kuti mepu dzinosarudzwa sei, kubva pakuverengwa kwevanhu kwenguva pfupi kusvika pakugamuchirwa kwemepu kusingaperi, uye inoratidza zvinhu zvinokosha zvinofanira kuzivikanwa nomunhu wose anovhota kuti aongorore kuperera kwaanoita.

Kutangwa kweBumbiro Romutemo Rokuderedza Kufunga

MuUnited States, chinodikanwa chokuita mepu dzinosarudzwa chinoyerera zvakananga kubva muBumbiro reMitemo.Chikamu I, Chikamu 2 chinoraira kuti zvigaro muImba yavamiriri zvigoverwe pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pavagari vemo. Makore gumi ari ose, pashure pokuverengwa kwerudzi, zvigaro zvinoiswa pakati penyika mukukohwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinowana zvigaro, dzimwe dzinorasikirwa nazvo, uye zhinjisa dzinogara zvakangofanana.

Kana nyika yangoziva bedzi kuti izvigaro zvamasangano zvingani, inofanira kukwevazve miganhu yoruwa zvokuti ruwa rumwe norumwe rune chiverengero chimwe chetecho chavanhu. Uyu muitiro wokuyera. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza mutemo mukuru wavagari vakaenzana, hurumende dzakatanga mitemo yadzo dzimene, mipimo, uye mawiro enguva nokuda kwenzira iyo mitsetse chaiyoiyo inokweverwa nayo.

U.S. Censureal Bureau inogovera mashoko echiverengero chavagari vemo ayo anoparira kupererwa nezano. Kuverengwa kwavanhu kunorangarira munhu ari wose anogara muUnited States(859) uye zvigaro zvisiri zvamanani zvakafanana (naizvozvo hwerengedzo inotema nhamba yezvigaro zvinogamuchirwa nenhamba yavagari vemo inoshandiswa kunyora mitsetse yoruwa pamwero wehurumende neyomunzvimbomo.

Nhano Inoderedza Nhano Nenzira

Kugadzira mepu inosarudzwa muitiro wemwedzi yakawanda unobatanidza kunzvera kwounyanzvi, kuhwirudzura kwapamutemo, mubatanidzwa wavose, uye pakupedzisira vhoti yakaitwa nedare rinodzora. Nepo nyika imwe neimwe ichitevedza miitiro yayo imene, muitiro wose unogoverana nhano imwe cheteyo.

Danho 1: Kuwana Mashoko Okuverenga

Muitiro wokuwedzera unotanga apo Census Bureau inobudisa mashoko ayo anodzosera mativi, anozivikanwa sefaira yemapepa P.L. 94-171. Iyi faira ine hwerengedzo yavagari vemo kusvikira pamwero wezvikamu zvinobatanidza vanhu, pamwe chete nokuputsika kwedzinza nedzinza. Mitengo inogamuchira iyi mashoko muchirimo chegore rapashure pokuverengwa kwavanhu, kunyange zvazvo kunonoka kuchigona kuitika, sezvakaitika ne202020 revoration nemhaka yedenda.

Nhano 2: Kuziva Nhamba Yamaruwa

Nokuda kwokubatanidza kwakarongwa, nhamba yamaruwa inoiswa nokugovana. Nokuda kwokudzosa mitemo yehurumende, hurumende imwe neimwe inosarudza ukuru hweimba yayo nehurumende. Mitemo yakawanda ine mitemo yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pokuti vamiriri vangani vanofanira kuvapo, uye mimwe inoda kuti maruwa ave nenzvimbo huru mukati memaruwa makuru.

Danho 3: Kunyora Mitsetse

Kudhirowa chaikoiko kwemitsetse yoruwa ndiko uko mapango ezvamatongerwe enyika anova akajeka. Sangano rine mutoro wokudhirowa mapu rinovhura kushanda kwemapu, rinoisa mitaro yokuverenga vanhu, uye rinotanga kuronga mabhurokwa okuverenga vanhu pamwe chete kuti vaumbe maruwa anosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo. Koperatimende yazvino uno yakadai seMaputigatoring yeRedigating, kana kuti DHRIGH] inobvumira vanoshandisa kurangarira nhamba yevagari vemo, mashoko okubatanidza vanhu, uye kusarusarudza kuzoguma nenguva chaiyo sezvavanogadziridza miganhuro.

Danho 4: Mashoko Anobudiswa Pachena Nevanhu Vanonzwa

Nyika dzakawanda dzinoda kubatanidzwawo paruzhinji. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kuteererwa kwavagari vemo padzinogona kutaura kana kuti kupesana nemepu dzinokarakadzwa, mano okutumira dzimwe mepu, uye mikana yokutaura nezvemarongedzero adzo. Mazano anoitwa nevanhu akasiyana - siyana. Dzimwe nyika dzinokumbira kubatanidzwa kwenzanga uye mepu dzinonyora mashoko paIndaneti kuti dziongorore; dzimwe dzinoderedza kubatanidzwa kwevanhu nokunzwa kamwe chete nechiratidzo chipfupi.

Danho 5: Kurerwa Nevana Vasiri Vako uye Kuhwirudzurwa Kwepamutemo

Nhanho yokupedzisira ndeyekurerwa nedare rine mutoro, richiteverwa nedenho yapamutemo. Kugamuchirwa kwemapu kungada vhoti yakapfava, kutenderwa kukurusa, kana kuti bipartis, kuchitsamira pamitemo yehurumende. Kana yangogamuchirwa, mepu dzinoda kudenhwa nguva dzose mudare namapoka ayo anodenha kuva mutevedzeri wemipimo yemitemo yehurumende, kana kuti kuputswa kwemitemo yenyika. Zvinetso zvedare zvinogona kunonotsa kuzadzika uye panhambo nenhambo nenhambo kuguma nemepu dzinodhora dare.

Mienzaniso Mitatu Mikuru Inotorwa Kubva Kuna Ani?

Chimwe chezvisarudzo zvikuru zvinoitwa nehurumende kusarudza kuti ndiani anokweva mepu inosarudzwa. Pane mienzaniso mitatu mikuru, uye imwe neimwe inobereka migumisiro yakasiyana.

Kuderedza Kufanira Kwomutemo

Mumaruwa mazhinjisa, mutemendi wehurumende inonyora mepu dzeruwa dzesangano remitemo nedzemitemo. Ikoku kunoparira rwisano yakajeka yefariro: vanhu vanonyora mitsetse vanhu vamwe chetevo vachatsvaka nzvimbo mumaruwa iwayo. Nenzira inoshamisa, madrowa emitemo ewirogiramu anowanzoda kutsigira mubato wavo vamene. Iyi rondedzero yakabudisa dzimwe dzemepu dzakagadziriswa zvikuru munhau yeAmerica.

Mabasa Okuzvimirira Okuderedza

Chiverengero chinokura chezvibvumirano chakasunda chiremera chokukweva mamepu kumasangano azvimirira kana kuti evagari vemo. Masangano aya akagadzirirwa kubvisa magariro okuda kutsiva. Mitezo inowanzosarudzwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yokuongorora isingasarudzi vakuru vakuru navashandi vebato. Mitezo yakadai seCalifornia, Arizona, Michigan, uye Colorado inoshandisa mahofisi okuzvimirira, uye kunzvera kunoratidza kuti inogadzira mepu dzinokwikwikwidzana zvikuru uye dzinosasarura kupfuura idzo dzinotorwa navakuru vakuru vedzimba.

Mabasa Okudzidzisa Nemienzaniso Yemahwandefa

Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa masangano achiri kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kana kuti vakagadzwa vebato. iyi mienzaniso yakavhengana inovavarira kubhiparitari asi inogona kungoguma nokufa kana kuti kudzorwa kwenzvimbo. Muzvimwe zviitiko, apo dare risingagoni kubvumirana, dare guru rehurumende kana kuti tenzi chaiye anokweva mepu yokupedzisira.

Mupimo Wapamutemo Wemepu Yakanaka

Kuderedza hausi muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika bedzi. mutemo weFederal, bumbiro remitemo rehurumende, uye zvisarudzo zvedare zvinoisa mipimo yakananga inofanira kupedzwa nemepu. Chinokosha zvikurusa chaidzodzi iuwandu hwevanhu, ruramisiro yedzinza, uye nhevedzano.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu

Nheyo yomunhu mumwe, vhoti imwe inoda kuti maruwa ave akaenzana muchiverengero chavagari vemo sezvinobvira. Nokuda kwamaruwa esangano, matare akadudzira ichi chinodikanwa nenzira yakananga, kazhinji kazhinji achiraira kuva nohuenzana chaihwo kana kuti kutsauka kwavanhu vanopfuura vashomanene. Nokuda kwamaruwa ehurumende emitemo, mupimo unoregeredza, asi paradzano yavagari vemo inokosha inogona kudenhwa.

Kururamisira Rudzi Nedzinza

Voting Rights Act ya1965 negadziridzo dzayo zvinorambidza mepu dzinoderedza simba rokuvhota rezvishoma zvedzinza kana kuti dzinza duku. Ikoku kunoreva kuti madhirowa emepu haagoni kuvhura zviverengero zvishoma zvevanhu vashomanene mumaruwa akawanda kuti vazvidzivise kusarudza vadari vavo vanodiwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mepu hadzigoni kuisa vavhoti vashomanene muruwa rumwe chete kuti dzideredze pesvedzero yavo kune imwe nzvimbo. Kuwirirana kwerusarura dzinza nevavariro ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakaoma zvikurusa mumutemo kupfurikidza nokusarudza.

Kuva Noushamwari uye Kubatana

Nyika zhinjisa dzinoda maruwa kuva anofambiswa, kureva rutivi rwuri rwose rworuwa runofanira kubata rumwe rutivi. Kubatana idikanwo yavose asi isingamanikidzwi zvikuru. Maruwa akabatanidzwa anogara ari muchimiro chenguva dzose, nepo maruwa akavhengana kazhinji kazhinji ane zvimiro zvakasiana, zvinowedzera izvo zvinobatanidza nzanga dzisina kufanana. Nepo kubatana kusati kuri chinodikanwa chehurumende, mabumbiro enyika akawanda anobatanidza ivavariro.

Vanhu Vanofarira

Nhamba inowedzera yehurumende inoda madhirowa okuremekedza nzanga dzefariro: mapoka avanhu vanogoverana zvisungo zvemari, zvetsika, zvenhau, kana kuti zvenzanga. Iyi revo inovavarira kuchengeta nzanga dzakabatana kuti dzigotsigira nenzira inobudirira zvinodikanwa zvavo zvavo vose. Kuwana nzanga yefariro iduku, uye madhirowa emepu anochengetedza kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa mufungo wacho nenzira inosarudzira kururamisa kuparadzanisa kana kuti kuchengeta nzvimbo dzakati.

Kurwisa: Kutyisidzira Kwomuitiro Kumufananidzo

Gerrymandering ibasa remiganhu yoruwa kuti ipe mubato mumwe kana kuti boka rimwe basa risina kunaka. Shoko racho rinotangira muna 1812 apo Gavhuna Elbridge Gerry weMassachusetts akasaina mepu yoruwa yaibatanidza ruwa rwesamarander-mar, zvichiguma nezita rokuti "gerrymander" nhasi, gerrmaning rinoita zvimiro zviviri zvikuru.

Kugadzira Mavhairasi

Partisan gerymaning inoronga kuwedzera chiverengero chezvigaro zvebato rezvamatongerwe enyika rinogona kuwina, kunyange apo boka iroro rinogamuchira vashomanene vevhoti yose. Madrowa anoshandisa unyanzvi huviri kuita ikoku. Kuparira mirau yebato rinopikisa munhamba duku yeruwa, kuchiganhurira mano avo okuwina zvigaro kune imwe nzvimbo. Kuparadzira boka rinoshora muruwa rwakawanda, kuchiva nechokwadi chokuti vashoma murumwe norumwe uye havagoni kutsaura vadavi vavo. Software yemap kuchiita kuti kubvire kukwe nokunangidzira mepu neruvaradziko dzokuvhiya, kusvitsa betsero dzinogara kwenguva refu kwegumi.

Kuparadzana Kwedzinza

Kuronga kwedzinza kunobatanidza kunyora mitsetse yakavakirwa padzinza kuti ideredze kana kuti kuwedzera simba rokuvhota ramapoka edzinza kana kuti edzinza. Voting Rights Act inorambidza kurangarira kwedzinza, asi mutsetse pakati pokurangarirwa kunobvumirwa kwedzinza nokusarudzwa kwedzinza kusiri kwapamutemo kazhinji kazhinji unova usina kujeka. Matare akarova mepu umo dzinza rakanga riri chinhu chikuru mukunyora mitsetse yoruwa, kunyange apo vavariro yakataurwa yakanga iri yokuwirirana neVoting Rights Act.

Kuchinja Kunoita Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Ma 1990 asati asvika, kudzosa kwakanga kuri muitiro wemaoko uchishandisa mepu dzepepa, mapepa okudhinda, uye mapenzura ane mavara. Kukwira kwegadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yenzvimbo (GIS) nemakombiyuta ane simba akachinja chinhu chiri chose. Nhasi, madhirowa anogona kuisa mashoko esarudzo mumativi ose, kuputsika kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye mitoo yokuvhota yapfuura. Vanogona kunyora muganhu woruwa, vanoona nokukurumidza kuti unotapura sei mwero wechikamu chechitsarunguru, uye kuigadziridza nemabhuroti mashomanene kuti vawane chikamu chiduku chezvikamu zvinobatsira.

Unyanzvi uhwu hwekugadzira zvinhu hwakaita kuti pave nokunyatsovanza zvikuru. Madhirowa emapu anogona kuedza mazana ezviitiko zviri seri kwemasuo akavharwa, achisarudza ayo anopa paanoshanda paachine zvakanakisisa zvichiwirirana nemitemo. Mamishoni eependero uye maturusi okudhinda mepu dzavose zvinobatsira kudzikamisa iyi betsero, asi kurongeka kwounyanzvi uye kuwanikwa kwemashoko kunoramba kuri kunokosha.

Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha zveDare Repamusorosoro Zvinoita Kuti Kuchinja Kuve Kuduku

Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rakayera pamusoro pokuchinja nguva zhinji, richigadza miganhu yapamutemo umo nyika dzinofanira kushanda.

Baker Carr (1962) naReynolds v. Sims (1964)

Zvisarudzo izvi zvinokosha zvakatanga nheyo yomunhu mumwe, vhoti imwe chete. Dare rakatonga kuti maruwa akasashanda zvakanaka akapa vavhoti vokumaruwa simba gurusa rinoputsa Kudzivirira Kunoenzana kwaClaus. iyi mhaka yakamanikidza nyika kukweverazve maruwa navanhu vakaenzana ndokupinza vatongi mumuitiro wokuzvidzora secherekedzo yokushingaira pasimba remitemo.

Reno (1993)

Dare rakatonga kuti maruwa akakweva zvikuru pahwaro hwedzinza, pasina ruramiso yakakwana, anoputsa Kudzivirira Kunoenzana kwaClaus. iyi nhau yakamuka muruwa rweNorth Carolina rwakaumbwa nenzira yechienzi kuti nzanga dzavaBlack dzibatane, uye yakasimbisa kuti kutaura kwokuti dzinza rinodzorwa rinogona kupfuurira kunyange apo ruwa runobetsera vadavi vakasarudzwa.

Rucho v. Common Creast (209)

Muchisarudzo chikuru chapashure, Dare rakataura kuti kutaura kwechitsaru kunofanira kupedzwa mudare rehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti matare ehurumende haagoni kunzwa denho dzokuda mumwe mubato kupfuura mumwe, pasinei zvapo nokuti kudzorwa kwakarurama sei. Dare rakataura kuti dare rinotonga inhau yezvamatongerwe enyika inofanira kupedzwa nematare ehurumende, matare edziviriro, kana kuti vavhoti kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwehurumende Nezvinogona Kuitwa Nevaongorori

Nemhaka yokuti Congress haina kukunda chinjo yehurumende yokuchinja uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakavhara suo redare rehurumende kukutaura kwevakwaniri vedzosi, chiito chinobudirira zvikurusa chinoitika pamwero wehurumende.Vatambi vanoda mepu dzakaisvonaka vane mikana inoverengeka yokutevera.

Mabasa Okuzvimirira Okuderedza Kukura Anotsigira

Nzvero inobva Center yeMutongi inoratidza kuti masangano akazvimirira anoita mepu dzinowedzera makwikwi, dzine rusaruro rushoma, uye dzinodavidza zvikuru kunzanga kupfuura mepu dzinotorwa nedzimba. Voters dzinogona kusunda nokuda kwezvirongwa zvekorati kana kuti mutemo kuti zviite kana kuti kusimbisa mabasa munyika yavo.

Shandisa Maturusi Okudhirowa Mapu Kuti Vadhirowi Vazvidavirire

Masangano asingapinzi mhindu namasangano edzidzo anogovera zvishandiso zvapachena zvinobvumira vagari vemo kunyora mepu dzavo vamene ndokuaenzanisa nezvikarakadzo zvapamutemo. Maturusi akadai seDurticalr ne National Conference of State Legislatures shopu dzinodzosera mari anobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti mepu dzakaisvonaka dzinoratidzika sei uye kana mepu dzehurumende yavo dzichiwirirana nemipimo mikuru.

Ita Basa Rokupindura Pachena

Kana nyika ikatanga kugadzira zvinhu zvinochinja, kazhinji kacho panenge pane hwindo retsinhiro dzavose. Kutumira tsinhiro yakanyorwa, kutaura pakutonga, kana kuti kuisa mepu imwe inogona kupesvedzera mugumisiro wokupedzisira. Madhirowa eMapu angadzivisa vatambi vemadhiramu vakanyanyisa apo vanoziva kuti vanhu vari kutarira.

Kurukurirana Muhurumende Nezvisarudzo Zvomunzvimbomo

Vakuru vakuru vanonyora mepu vanosarudzwa. Vanyengeta mitemo yehurumende, magavhuna, uye kunyange vatongi mune dzimwe nyika vane pesvedzero yakananga pamusoro pokuisa mativi matsva. Kuzivisa munhau dzehurumende nedzenharaunda nhau dzokuratidzira zvakanaka sokuvhota muvhota. Apo vavhota vanoramba vachiziviswa pamusoro pokuti ndiani anodzora kunyorwa kwemitemo munyika yavo, vanogona kuita zvisarudzo izvo zvingabatanidza kana kuti kuputsa gadziriro dzokukweva mapu zvisina kururama.

Nzira Dzinoshanda Dzokuongorora Nadzo Mapu Ako Oga

Muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anogona kudzidza kuyera kana mepu yavo vamene yoruwa yakanaka. Tanga nokutarira chimiro choruwa rwako. Inotevera miganhu yomusikirwo senzizi, migwagwa mikuru, kana kuti mitsetse yenyika here? Kana kuti inofukidza miganhu mizhinji kuti ibatane nenharaunda dziri kure here? Mavara asina kujairika haasi chibvumikiso chokuzvidzora vamene, asi mureza mutsvuku wakafanirwa nokunzvera.

Tevere, tarira padzikamo yevatsigiri. Mumepu yakanaka, nhamba yemaruwa akatarira kuchikwata chimwe nechimwe inofanira kuratidza zvinosarudzwa nehurumende yose. Kana mumwe munhu achingogara achihwina 60 muzana yezvigaro achihwina 50 muzana bedzi yevhoti yenyika yose, zvimwe chimwe chinhu chingasava zvakanaka.

Pakupedzisira, nzvera kana mepu yako yakadhindwa nemurayiro wakazvimirira kana kuti nedare rehurumende. Mepu dzinokweverwa nedzimba dzehurumende, zvikurukuru apo mumwe munhu anenge ane simba rakazara, dzine bviro hurusa yokudzorwa. Kana nyika yako ikashandisa basa, nzvera kuti mitezo yebasa yakasarudzwa sei uye kana yakaita zvakajeka nebudiso ravose.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuzvichengetedza MuUnited States

Nzvimbo inoumba nzvimbo inopfuurira kuva yashanduka - shanduka. Nyika dziri kugamuchira mabasa okuzvimirira pamwero wakatsiga, anosundwa nokukangaidzika kwavanhu nokudzokororwa. matare ehurumende ari kuva anoshingaira mukuhwirudzura kutaura kwemagakava ehurumende, kunyange sezvo matare ehurumende achimira padivi. Kutenderera kwe 2030 kuchava kutenderera kwokutanga kwakazara kwechikamu pashure pechisarudzo cheRucho, uye anotaura kuti kusati kwachinja miitiro yawo kuchatarisana nedzvinyiriro huru kubva kumapoka echivocracy nevoccoffaice.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rucharamba ruri bakatwa rinocheka-kwana. Kune rumwe rutivi, maturusi ane simba okudhirowa anoita kuti girabhu ive nyore uye ive yakarurama zvikuru. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvishandiso zvakavhurwa namashoko anowanika pachena zvinoita kuti zvive nyore zvikuru kuti vagari vemo namapoka enjava anotarira aone kuvhiyiwa nokukarakadza zvimwe zvinotsiva. Kuenzana kwesimba mukuvhota kunotsamira pakuti vanhu vanofarira nokudzidzisa sei.

Mepu dzematombo hadzina kuiswa mumichina yematombo. Dzinokweverwa nevanhu vanoshanda mugadziriro dzemitemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinogona kuchinjwa. Muvhoti mumwe nomumwe ane mano okudzidza magadzirirwo emepu idzi, kuyera kana mepu yavo vamene yakanaka, uye kuvavarira kuti vashandure simba rokunyora mitsetse inodzorera kunzvimbo yadzo: mumaoko avanhu, kwete ezvematongerwe enyika.