Kunzwisisa Maruva Anosarudza

Sarudzo dzinoumba chisarudzo chehurumende inosarudzwa navamiririri vehurumende inosarudzwa, dzichipa vagari vemo simba rokusarudza avo vanodzora. Vadzidzi vesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika navadzidzisi vanofanira kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana ezvisarudzo zvehurumende, zvikuru, uye chaidzo kunzvera kuti gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoshanda sei. Rudzi rumwe norumwe runobatira donzo rakasiana mukutenderera kwechisarudzo, kupesvedzera kuvhota, uye kupfuurira kwehurumende. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera kurangarirwa kwapakati peidzi zvimiro zvitatu zvakasarudzwa, miitiro, misiyano, uye ukoshi mumiitiro yehurumende yedemocratic.

Kusarudza Kukuru

Sarudzo ndidzo zviitiko zvinozivikanwa zvikuru. Zvinoitika panguva dzose kuti zvizadze mativi akafara ehofisi dzavose. MuUnited States, sarudzo dzinoitwa paChipiri chokutanga pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muna November mumakore anotova nhamba (musi wakagadzwa nomutemo wehurumende chifo cha 1845). Uku kusarudza kunosarudza kuti ndiani achamirira nzvimbo dzevhota mudare, remitemo, uye pane dzimwe nguva panzvimbo dzinotonga paruwa, nharaunda, uye mwero yomunzvimbomo.

Chinangwa Nekukura

Chinangwa chikuru ndechokushandura chido chavanhu kupinda muhurumende inoshanda. Vavhozheri vanosarudza pakati pavadaviri vanogadzwa namapati ezvamatongerwe enyika (kana kuti vazvimiriri vakawana masuo okupinda) kuzadza mahofisi akadai sapurezidhendi, mitezo yeCongress, magavhuna, vaiti vemitemo, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vamiririri veruwa, uye vanameya. Sarudzo dzavakuru vanoshandiswawo nokuda kwemipimo yekoshipi, marendendium, uye kusarudza kwemitemo munyika dzakawanda.

Marudzi Okusarudza Kunoitwa Nehurumende

  • Rusarudzo rwenyika: MuU.S., ivava vanosarudza Purezidhendi (makore mana ari ose) nemitezo 435 yose yeImba yavamiririri pamwe chete netatu imwe yeDare (makore maviri ari ose). Sarudzo yapurezidhendi inobatanidza muitiro weElectoral College. Dzimwe nyika dzinoita sarudzo dzamarudzi nokuda kwavafundisi vavo vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende neparamende, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nourefu hwenhambo yegore.
  • Chisarudzo cheruwa: Yakawirirana nezvisarudzo zvehurumende mudzimwe nyika, ivava vanosarudza magavhuna, magavhuna, magavhuna, voga voga, vanyori vehurumende, uye vaiti vemitemo. Dzimwe nyika dzinoita sarudzo dzadzo dzehurumende mumazera ose (g., Kentucky, New Jersey) kana kuti makore akaoma, kuparira misiano.
  • Mutongi mukuru wenzvimbo yapasi: Sarudzo dzeruwa dzinozadza zvigaro pamadare eguta, mapuranga ezvikoro, masangano eruwa, sheriff, uye vatongi vomunzvimbomo. Izvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinoitwa pamisi yakasiana-----kuvhura. Maguta mazhinji anoshandisa kusarudzo dzisiri dzechibharo apo mapepa ebato repati asingarongwa.

Masangano Anogara Achisarudzwa

Musiyano mukuru pakati pesarudzo ndewokushandura mavhota muzvigaro. United States inoshandisa zvikuru kutanga-pashure-pashure (pakurukuru) kuvhota, apo muvhoti ane vvuvhoti huzhinjisarudzo anokunda, kunyange pasina voruzhinji. Dzimwe nyika, zvikurukuru muSouth nokuda kwenhangemutange, dzinoshandisa [ kuvhotera zvisarudzo [[FLT:]] kana pasina muvhotera mukuru murudzo. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa rugwaro rwechikamu, kuvhotera, kana kuti masangano maviri akasiana anotapura zvikuru masangano nevhiti. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo inoshandiswa mukuvhotera uye kuvhota.[FF]

Miitiro Yokuchinja Kwezvifambiso Zvemagetsi

Sarudzo dzapanguva dzose dzinokwezva muvhoti mukurusa anotora rutivi pakati pamarudzi ose avhota. Makore apurezidhendi muU.S. anowanzoona kuvhota pakati pe 55% na 65% vagari vemo vanovhota, nepo pakati penhambo dzamasarudzo dzine avhareji 40% kusvikira ku 50%. Gore renyika kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vasarudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzinova pasi pe 25%. Zvisarudzo zvinopesvedzera zvinobatanidza makwikwikwi amadzinza, kusununguka kusvika pakuvhotera, mugariro wokunze, uye nhamburiko dzokuvhotera. Pew Research Center inogovera mipimo yemipimo yemipimo yemipimo yemipimo yemipimo yemitengo [[FT:1]]

Nhoroondo

Murangariro wesarudzo yavose unovambira shure kuRepublic yapakuvamba, nesarudzo yokutanga yapurezidhendi weU.S. muna 1789 (kunyange zvazvo varidzi vezvinhu vechichena bedzi vaigona kuvhota). Mumazana amakore, rondedzero yakakudzwa kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo uye maruramiro avagari vemo kuti zvibatanidze vakadzi, vaAfrican America, uye makore 18 okuremara. Chinyorwa Vachoting Rights Act ya 1965 Chisarudzo chakawanda. Nhasi, sarudzo dzapamutemo dzinoramba dziri motokari huru nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kwedemo yedefaisirwa.

Kusarudza Kukuru

Sarudzo huru makwikwi makuru anoitwa kusarudza mutevedzeri webato rezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwesarudzo yavose yakatevera. Kusafanana nesarudzo dzavanhu vose dzinoisa vadaviri mumapoka akasiyana- siyana, tsoropodzi dzinoisa munda mukati mebato. Gadziriro huru yazvino uno yakatsiva zvikuru "party caucus" na "convention" mitoo yapakuvamba muzana ramakore rechi20 sorutivi rwesangano rinofambira mberi kuwedzera kutora rutivi mukusarudza muvhoti.

Marudzi Okusarudza Kunokosha

Mitemo inodzora ingavhota inosiyana zvikuru nehurumende, ichibudisa marudzi mana makuru:

  • Vavhoti vakavharwa: Vavhoti bedzi vakanyorwa nebato rakati vanogona kutora rutivi mubato iroro guru. Somuenzaniso, vaDemocratist vakanyoreswa bedzi vanogona kuvhota muDemocratic guru kusarudza chinomirira chechikamu chavo. Mitezo ine gumi navashanu, kubatanidza New York neFlorida, inoshandisa mapricyricy. Iyi tsika inosimbisa boka rebato asi inobvisa magariro.
  • Avo vavhota vanyoresa: Vavhoti vapi navapi, pasinei zvapo nesonganirano, vangavhota mubato ripi neripi guru. Voters dzinosarudza kuti ndoupi wokutanga wokukumbanira paZuva roKusarudza. Masangano akadai seMichigan, Alabama, uye Montana anoshandisa maprinsial. Ikoku kukoka kuvhota kwapazaruko.
  • SAMI-PRIMAD. Mitezo yebato inonyoreswa inogona kuvhota bedzi muboka rayo chairo, asi vavhoti vasina kuvhota (vanotsamira) vangasarudza kuti ibato ripi guru rokupinda. Iyi gadziriro inodzikamisa kudzora nemubato. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Rhode Island neMaine (kunoumba kushandisa kuvhota kwakaenzana kwemabhii muvatoisi).
  • Mitambo yepamusoro-pamberi: Vada kubhapatidzwa vose, pasinei zvapo nepati, vanooneka papepa rimwe guru. Vanoda kubhapatidzwa vanowana mavhoti akanakisisa kurusarudzo, pasinei zvapo nebato. Vakashandiswa muCalifornia, Washington, uye Nebraska (panzvimbo dzisiri dzepapatiti).

Mabhanzi eCaucuuses nemumabhiritari

Musiyano wakasiana icaucus, inoshandiswa muzvikamu zviduku zveruwa (zvikurukuru nokuda kwokunatsiridza kwapurezidhendi). MaCausues imisangano yomunzvimbomo umo mitezo yebato inoitirana nharo uye ipapo kuvhota kupfurikidza nokumira mumapoka kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuvhota. MaCaucuse anoda musengwa mukuru wenguva uye anogona kuva nokutora rutivi rushoma. Iowa naNevada vanoshandisa zvisakiso zvemaprintarity, kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakawanda dzakachinjirwa kunzvimbo dzinova nenhauro yezvinetsoro. FC inopa nhungamiro pamisiyano yemisiyano .]

Zvinorehwa Nemabhiritari

Sarudzo huru dzinobatira mabasa anoverengeka akakomba. Dzinopa mitezo yebato inzwi rakananga mukusarudza kwechinzvimbo. Dzinoderedzawo simba rebato rinosarudzwa. Dzinozivisawo kugona kutevedzerwa, kutsigira, uye nzvimbo dzemiitiro pamberi pevhoti. Zvisinei, primporations dzinogona kukwidziridza vavhoti vazhinjisa vepfungwa dzechikwata chavo (kazhinji kazhinji kacho vanonzi "basevhoti"), ichi chinoitika, chinozivikanwa se "priming," chinogona kusundazve vavhoti vavhoti. Kukwira kwezvinetsoro zvikuru kwemikuru kukwidza muboka ravo guru (g., kunorwisana nemitezo yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri mumasangano)

Kuchinja Kwegadziriro Yezvinhu Kunokosha

Dzimwe hurumende dzakaedza dzimwe mhesano kuti dzideredzedzei kuderera kwenzvimbo inogarwa pasi. Somuenzaniso, Alaska yakagamuchira gadziriro yokutanga-4 muna 2020, yakabatanidzwa nokuvhota kwakatanhamara murusarudzo rwavose. Maine anoshandisa kuvhota kwakatanhamara muvhotera kwadzo huru (pahurumende nehofisi dzedare) uye sarudzo. Iyi chinjo ivavariro yokukurudzira kukwirira kwapashure pedanho ndokuderedza pesvedzero ye "spoilers"". [Briokings Istitution yakanzvera miuyo yezvisarudzo zvapamusoro-2].

Sarudzo Chaidzo

Sarudzo chaidzo dzinonzi dzizadzise nzvimbo inoitika pakati pesarudzo yakarongwa yenguva dzose. Kuvhota kunomuka apo kubviswa kwavakuru vakuru kwakasarudzwa, kufa, kunobviswa muhofisi (kuyeuka kana kuti kurongerwa), kana kuti kugadzwa kune imwe nzvimbo. Sarudzo chaidzo dzinovimbisa kupfuurira kwemimirimo mumasangano emitemo nehofisi dzehurumende. Idzo dzinoshandiswa pamwero yose yehurumende //pederal, hurumende, uye nzvimbo.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha

  • Chisarudzo chisingapikirwa: Kusafanana nezvisarudzo zvavose nezvinokosha zvinoitika pamadenderedzwa akatangwa, sarudzo chaidzo dzinotangwa nezvinoitika zvakati. Zvingarongwa mukati mehwindo pfupi (kazhinji 80-120 kubva panzvimbo yapamberi) kana kuti kubatanidzwa nesarudzo inotevera yakarongwa yenguva dzose.
  • Lower Voter Turnout: Nemhaka yokuti ivo havasi rutivi rwenhambo yesarudzo chaiyo uye kazhinji kazhinji vanogamuchira shoo yezvinobudisa nhau shoma, sarudzo chaidzo dzinoona kuderera zvikuru kupfuura sarudzo. Mwero yenziyo yejeka inogona kudzika pasi pe 20% mumamwe marudzi, kuita kuti sarudzo ive duku zvikuru uye inobvira ive mumiririri muduku.
  • Unique Candidate Pools: Sarudzo chaidzo dzakawanda dzinoshandisa "chikamu chikuru" muforoma umo vose vanobva mumapoka ose vanokwikwidzana pabhoti rimwe. Kana pasina mutsigiri anogamuchira voruzhinji, muchina unotakurwa unochengetwa. Ikoku kunogona kuita miuyo isingadeyi kujekeswa uye pane dzimwe nguva zvigaro zvezvigaro zvebato rimwe kumumwe, zvikurukuru mumakwikwi akaderera.

Gadziriro Chaidzo Dzokusarudza Nehofisi

U.S. Imba yavamiriri: Migove inozadzwa kupfurikidza nesarudzo chaidzo, Chikamu 2 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Gavhuna reHurumende vane simba rokudana sarudzo ndokugadza musi. Muna 2023, sarudzo chaidzo dzakaitwa nokuda kwezvigaro zvakabviswa pakuvamba (g., Kevin McCarthy's chigaro choumambo cheCalifornia). Mukundi anobatira chikamu chakasara cheshoko rapakuvamba.

State Legislatures: Mabumbiro emitemo enyika mazhinjisa anobvumira magavhuna kubudisa zvirongwa zvesarudzo chaiyo kuti azadzise zvigadziko zvehurumende. Zvichitsamira pahurumende, gavhuna angagadzawo mutsivi wechinguvana kutozosvikira sarudzo. Aya marudzi kazhinji kazhinji anova netapuro apo muganhu wenzvimbo yakakamukana zvikuru yekamuri rakakamukana.

Hofisi dzePanoshandira: Madare eGuta, mabhodhi ezvikoro, mahofisi eruwa, uye mahofisi emeya kazhinji kazhinji anozadzwa kupfurikidza nesarudzo chaidzo. Mamwe masangano anogadza mutsivi kuzobatira kutozosvikira sarudzo yavose inotevera panzvimbo pokuita sarudzo chaiyo yakaparadzana.

Mienzaniso Yezvakaitika Kare uye Yemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura

Sarudzo chaidzo dzakaita nguva nenguva kusawirirana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Muna 2017, Doug Jones (Democrat) akakunda sarudzo chaiyo muAlabama nokuda kweDare reU. , achikunda Roy Moore munhangemutange yairatidzirwa negakava. Sarudzo iyoyo yakaputsa chigaro cheRepublican. Nenzira yakafanana, muna 2010, Scott Brown (Republican) akakunda dare chairo reMassachusetts kuti atsive Ted Kennedy, achibvisa mwero yesimba muDare. Sarudzo idzi dzinowanzobatira semanzwiro enyika yezvamatongerw enyika munhambo dzapasi penyika yose.

Sarudzo chaidzo dzinoitikawo nokuda kwezvitanho zvokutendera zvisungo kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro-mitemo, kazhinji kazhinji kwakarongwa pamusi wakakodzera zvikurusa webumbiro remitemo. Bipartarisan Policy Center inogovera pfupiso inobetsera yamaminisita chaiwo amasanhe.

Kusiyana Nezvisarudzo Zvikuru Nezvikuru

Musiyano uri pachena zvikurusa kushaikwa kwerusarudzo rwenguva dzose. Nepo sarudzo dzavose dzakarongwa nomutemo napanzvimbo dzapamberi dzakabatanidzwa norudungwe irworwo, sarudzo chaidzo dzinodzorwa. Dzinobatanidzawo karenda yenhimbe yakamanikidzirwa, iyo inogona kushayisa vadaviri kwenguva refu pasina zvivako zvisati zvavapo. Mukuwedzera, yeuka sarudzo(a rudzi rwesarudzo chairwo) inobvumira vavhoti kubvisa muganhu wenhambo yavo. Yeuko miitiro inosiana nehurumende inobvumirwa nehurumende mumaruwa 20 (g.g., 201 California gibernaration Yedzero yokuyeuka).

Kuenzanisa Rudzi Rwokusarudza: Nhungamiro Yokukurumidza

Kuti uone kusiyana kuripo pakati pevasarudzo vakawanda, vakuru, uye chaivo, funga nezvematanho aya makuru:

  • Kutsaurwa: Sarudzo dzakarongwa panguva dzakatarwa; sarudzo huru dzinovatangira pakarenda; sarudzo chaidzo hadzisarudzwi.
  • Kusarudzwa kukuru: Sarudzo dzavose vakakodzera. Vavhoti vangaganhurira kutora rutivi kwakavakirwa pakunyoresa kwebato (kwakavanzwa, kwakazaruka, zvichingodaro). Sarudzo chaidzo dzakazarukira vavhoteri vose vakanyoreswa muhurumende yakatapurwa.
  • [[FORT:0] Purpose: Sarudzo dzamahofisi. Zvirungaruvarira zvinosarudza papati. Sarudzo chaidzo dzinozadza nzvimbo kana kuti kusarudza zvitsauko zvakati zvokusarudza.
  • Mipimo yakajeka: Sarudzo dzapanguva dzose dzine chitsaru chakakwirira; primetics dzinoona kuvhota kune mwero (kazhinji 20-30% yavavhoti vakanyoreswa muPrimenti); sarudzo chaidzo dzine zvakaderera zvikuru (10-25%).
  • Political Impact: Sarudzo dzamasangano dzinosarudza kuti ndiani anodzora. Zvisarudzo zvinovapo mukusarudza uye zvinogona kupesvedzera nhungamiro yebato. Sarudzo chaidzo dzinogona kudzora vatsigiri vasingakarirwi ndokugovera zviratidzo zvemirangariro yechoto.

Kunzwisisa iyi misiano kunobetsera vavhoti navanzveri kuturikira miuyo inosarudzwa uye vanokarira mufambiro wavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Somuenzaniso, muvhozhokeri akasarudzwa murudzo rwakaderera angatonga nenzira yakasiana kupfuura uyo anofanira kukwirira kuvhota mukurusa. Nenzira yakafanana, sarudzo chaiyo inoitwa mumhoteredzo yakaderera zvikuru ingaparira muuyo usingaratidziri mutengi wose weruwa.

Kubatanidzwa Mumarudzi Ezvirongwa

Nei muvhoti achisiyana zvikuru kwazvo mumarudzi esarudzo?

  • Ndyiko dzemashoko: Sarudzo chaidzo dzinogamuchira kurukurirano shoma yezvinobudisa nhau, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaomera vavhoti kudzidza pamusoro pevanoda kubhapatidzwa nenhau.
  • Uwandu Hunotenderwa: Voters dzinowanzorangarira sarudzo dzavose semuuyo mukuru nokuda kwemiuyo yemiitiro, nepo princial inoratidzika kuva isinganyanyi kuoma kutoti dzinza riri ramakwikwi makuru.
  • [ Miuyo yokunyoresa:[[FLT: 1]] Kuparadza vavhoti vakazvimirira, avo vangasaona mutendi upi noupi wavanogona kutsigira, vachideredza sundo yavo yokuvhota.
  • Kusarudza nokuwirirana: Sarudzo chaidzo dzinowanzoitika pamisi yechienzi kana kuti yakaparadzana nezvisarudzo zvenguva dzose, kuchida nhamburiko yomuraudzo yokuvhota.
  • Kushandisa mari: Madzinza ane ndyiko dzakakwirira anoona shavo dzakakwirira. Sarudzo chaidzo dzine ngwariro yenyika (se Dare rapamusoro) dzingakwezva mari yeruwa, kusimudzira purofiti yomunzvimbomo.

Nhamburiko dzokuwedzera dzinobatanidza kusimbisa sarudzo chaidzo nezvisarudzo zvavose apo kunobvira, kushandisa kunyoresa kwomuvhoti, uye kusimudzira kuvhota kwapakuvamba. [[FLT: 0] National Conference of State Legislatures inoita miitiro yakanakisisa nokuda kwevanotarisira vhoti[[FLT: 1].

mhedziso

Sarudzo huru, huru, uye chaidzo itsaru dzinovimbisa mitauro mitatu yokutora rutivi kwehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende muUnited States nemimwe miitiro mizhinji. Sarudzo yavose inogovera mutoo wetsika yokusarudza vamiriri nokuumba muitiro wavose; sarudzo huru dzinobvumira mapoka kusarudza marusarudzo azvo omupimo; uye sarudzo chaidzo dzinovimbisa kuti zvinoitika kana kumira kwapanguva yakasiana. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rune mitemo yakasiana pamusoro porusarudzo, kuvhotera, uye mufambiro mumwe nomumwe unoita basa rakasiyana muutano hwose hwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa uku kuratisisa migumisiro inoitika, kuzivisa mufambiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuita magadzirirwo ane rene revotal-otation. Sezvo kupfuurira kuumba nzvimbo yenzvimbo yakazarukira, uye kugadziridza nhevedzano yezvirongwa zvekurongwa zvese.