Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mutsika yokuparadzana kwamasimba, namapazu matatu akaenzana: chibvumirano chomutemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoita mabasa akasiyana, asi iro rinonzverawo nokudzikamisana kuti ridzivise rimwe bazi ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanyowanda. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazi anoshanda sei muubati ushe hwezuva riri rose kunokosha kukunzwisisa chimiro chehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica uye kubatanidzwa zvine revo muupenyu hwevagari vemo. Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoisa iyi nheyo dzemitemo yebumbiro remitemo, inoratidza kuti inoitwa sei, inoitwa sei, uye inoshandiswa sei.

Bazu Romutemo Rinoshanda

Bazu remitemo, rakatangwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, rakaumbwa neDare neImba yaVamiririri − rinozivikanwa nokuzivikanwa seDare. Basa raro guru kuita mitemo, asi rinodzorawo kupedza kwehurumende, kuzivisa hondo, uye kugovera tarisiro yebazu guru. Apo Congress inoita chiito, inogadza nhungamiro yomuitiro nokuda kworudzi. Mienzaniso inoverengeka inoratidzira kuti bazi rinoshanda sei mukushanda.

Kuita Mutemo: Murayiro Wekodzero Dzevanhu Woga womuna 1964

Mumwe wemienzaniso ine simba zvikurusa yebazu romutemo rinoita basa raro rokuita mutemo iko kupfuudzwa kweChirevo cha1963 . Iri mutemo wechiratidzo wakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Muitiro wakavamba apo Purezidhendi John F.Kennedy akakarakadza mutemo muna 1963. Pashure pokutonga kwake, Purezidhendi Lydon B. Johnson akadzvinyirira Congress kuti aite. House of Deaults yakapfuudza mutemo pashure pekurukurirano huru nemhess , uye Dare renyika, uye pashure pe 60-zuva rinovhotera kuungurira kuubvumira. Ipapo mutemo wacho wakaenda kupurezidhendi nokuda kwekusainwa kwake. Zviitisoidzo zvedare zveProtekosss, zvinovarira kurukurirano yadzorodzorwa kunzanga, uye zvinoparira nzanga nzanga nzanga nzanga yenzanga, uye kuzivisa nzanga yenzanga yenzanga yenzanga yenzanga yenzanga, uye kudzoro yenzanga yenzanga dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika, uye kudzoro.

Kutarisira Nokuongorora: Kunzwa Kwemvura

Mukuwedzera kukuita mitemo, Congress ine basa rebumbiro remitemo rokutarisira bazu guru. Muenzaniso unocherekedzwa i Senate Watergate Committee state z [ ya1973]. Apo ufakazi hwakabuda hwokuti utarisiri hweNixon hwakanga hwaputswa mudzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee uye ipapo yakaedza kufukidza utsotsi, Dare rakagadzwa kuti risarudze. Kupfurikidza naPunipoanas, uchapupu, uye kutongwa kwapachena, dare rakafumura kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Iri basa rokutarisira rakamanikidzira kubviswa kwaPrezidhea Richard Nixon ndokutungamirira kugadziridzwa kwakadaro sokuumbwa kwezano razvimiriripo. Kunzvera kwedare kunokosha pachiremera chiremera chehurumende, kuchiyeuchidza purezidhendi webazu riri rose kuti richengetedze kuzvidavirira.

Kushandisa Mari Nezvikarakadzo: Bhajeti Yegore Negore

Gore rimwe nerimwe Congress inofanira kupfuudza zvikwereti kuti itsigire hurumende. Muitiro unovamba apo purezidhendi anopa chikarakadzo chemari. Ipapo Congress inohwirudzura, inobvumira kupedza kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yemabhiri. Somuenzaniso, muna 2023, Congress yakakurukura [ Fiscal Facer Act, iyo inosimudza chikwereti nepo ichiisa chikwereti pachishandiswa masero. Kukundikana kupfuudza mabhii echikwereti kunogona kutungamirira kumitengo yehurumende, sezvakaitika muna 201818 ne2019. Iyi hondo chaiyoiyo yemari chaiyo inoenzanisira “simba rechikwama chechikwama” uye mano acho okupesvedzera dzidzo yemari kupfurikidza nokubhadhara mari. Vagari vagari vanoona vamene kuti zvinhu zvose zvinoshandiswa pakudzivirira vanhu. Vagarikidza

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri Riri Kushanda

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi, rine mutoro wokusimbisa nokushandisa mitemo yehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa simba rokuparadza mupurezidhendi mumwe, uyo anotsigirwa negadziriro huru yamasangano namasangano. Mabasa ezuva nezuva ebazu rehurumende anotapura muAmerica ari wose, uye zviito zvaro zvinowanzoparira kurukurirano pamusoro pomugariro wechiremera chapurezidhendi.

Mirayiro Yavatungamiriri: Chiito Chakaipa Chouduku Chinoitika (DACA)

Mumwe wemitoo inowanzokurukurwa zvikurusa yebazu rinodzorwa. Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi zvakajeka zvirango zvavatungamiriri, vapurezidhendi vakaishandisa kubvira paGeorge Washington kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara wenguva ino ndiwo Dreferred Action for Childhoows (DACA)[FLT] Purogiramu yepurogiramu, yakagadzwa naPrezidhendi Barack Obama muna 2012. DACA inobvumira sei vatami vasina kunyorwa kuti vasviki vanosvika sevana vanosvika kuti vapindurwezve nhambo mbiri dzegore kubva pakubudiswa kwebasa uye kubvumirwa basa. Murayiro mukuru wakatungamirira weDhevendiva reHomendiyo kuti ashando yokushandisa pamutemo pasina mutemo muProfesa mukuru wehurumende. Uyu mumuenzaniso unoratidza kuti vapambirwirwirwisi mumugwagwa vanoshandisawo nzira yapamutemo, zvisinei kudzorerwewo kupfurikidza nemitemo kuti atsivitwe nemitemo inodzodzodzodzo dzomutemo.

Mitemo Yokumwe NeTsamba: Chibvumirano cheIran chenyukireya

Bazu guru rine chiremera chikuru pamusoro penhau dzokunze, kubatanidza kurukurirano yezvibvumirano nezvibvumirano zvokutungamirira. Guvi rePunt Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA], rinozivikanwa sechibvumirano chenyukireya cheIran, rakanga riri chibvumirano chakaitwa muna 2015 pakati peIran namasimba enyika matanhatu. Hurumende yeObama yakataura kuti ibatane pasina chibvumirano chetsika, panzvimbo pezvo ichiitora sechibvumirano choukuru, icho chinoda voruzhinji bedzi muCongress pane kubvumira kuviri kwetatu. Bazu rebazu rakataura kuti chibvumirano chacho chakanga chisati chiri chibvumirano asi chiito chehurumende chakaro chokudzivisa Iran kugadzirwa kwezvombotonge zvombo zvenyukireya. Apo Purezidhendi Dru Rerossoving akadzibvisa United States muUnited States, iye anoshandisazve simba rake guru mukururamisa kubvumirazve kubvumiranisa uku kubvumiranisa kudzo kwamakurukuru kwepasi pose. Chibvumirano chamakuru chidzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzo dzinotevera dzinodzo dzinodzo dzorudzo dzinodzo dzoru

Kumanikidzwa Kwemitemo: Dhipatimendi Reruramisiro Nechiito Chokuvimba

Bazu guru rinoisa mitemo yehurumende kupfurikidza namasangano akafanana neDhipatimendi reRuramisiro (DOJ). Muenzaniso mukuru weprofile i DOJ kupomera mhaka kumonipa kwaGoogle, yakachengetwa muna 2020. Bazi racho rakati ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakava rusina mutemo wapamutemo wakaita kuti ruve nomutemo mukutsvaka nokutsvaka. DOJ, sorutivi rwebazu redare repamusoro, yakaongorora, yakaunganidza ufakazi, uye ipapo yakaunza nhau yacho kudare rehurumende. Ichi chiito chinoratidzira basa romukuru mukugadza mitemo inopfuudzirwa nemitemo inopfuudzirwa neDare. Hakungoshandisi mitemo; inonzvera nokushingaira kuputsa nokunyora mitemo. Antilctric anotarisira nokusimudzira makwikwikwi, anoratidzira kutsigira pamutemo kwebazu.

Masimba Ekurumidziro: Kupindura kweCHOVID - 19

Mukati memigariro yengozi yenyika, bazu rinotungamirira kazhinji kazhinji rinoita mabasa akawedzerwa. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Donald Trump akazivisa migariro yekurumidziro yenyika muna March 2020 mukupindura denda reCHOVAD. Iyi chiziviso chakanyandura Stafford Act[[FL:1] nemimwe mitemo, kupa purezidhendi chiremera chokutungamirira pfuma yehurumende, mitemo yakati, uye kuparadzira mari kuti igove. Bazu revakuru, kupfurikidza neCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uye Federal Emeter Megency Management Agency (FMA), zvinotsinhirana mhinduro dzakadai sokugadzirwa kwomushonga unodzivirira, kubvisa ganhuriro yezvokufamba, uye kuparadzira migove inodzivirira. Muenzaniso wacho unoratidza kuti bazi ringava sei guru rezviwiriranwa mumugariro wapakati mukutarisirwa kwehosha, asi unosimudzirawo mamiriro ezvinhu eAptwo, kunyange kudzo dzinodzodzo dzinodzosera kudzoserazve.

Bazu Rokutonga Riri Kushanda

Bazu redare, rinotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro uye kubatanidza matare ehurumende akaderera, rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inowirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Simba raro rokuhwirudzura() chiremera chokuparadza mitemo nezviito zvokutonga zvinoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo (hwuri ibwe rekona retsika yeAmerica). Mienzaniso iri pasi apa inoratidzira kuti matare anoumba mutemo nomuitiro.

Judicial Review: Marbury v. Madison

Muenzaniso wenheyo wechiito chebazu rokutonga inhau ye Marbury v. Madison (103). Munhau iyoyo, Dare Gurusa, rinotungamirira naMambo John Marshall, rakatanga nheyo yedare redare redare. William Marbury akanga agadzwa seruramisiro yorugare naPrezidhendi John Adams, asi apo Thomas Jefferson akatora nzvimbo, munyori wake wehurumende, James Maconson, akaramba kupa basa. Marburyed. Dare Supreme Court rakatonga kuti apo Marbury yakanga ine kodzero yokutonga, Dare harina kubudisa nemhaka yokuti mutemo unopa simba, asi kuti Judiary Act of 1789, akanga aisa mutongo wacho wakanga usati watonge wataura nezvenhau. Chirevoriso chirevo chemitemo yokupedzisira paDare remitemo, uye kuhwirutsiridza pamutemo mumitevedzo yose inopfuutswa mumugariro mukuru wehurumende. Chifo chinopfuudzodzodzo kupfurikidza chipfura kupfurikidza nemitemo.

Zvisarudzo zveGwara reMutemo reGenesis: Brown v. Board of Education

Mumwe muenzaniso wakakomba ndi Brown v. Board of Education (1954), umo Dare Rapamusoro raizivisa nokubvumirana kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakaputsa Testamende Yokudzivirira ye 144th Amend Amendment. Mhaka yacho yakadzongonyedza “idzidziso asi yakaenzana” yakagadzwa [[FLT:]] Preby v. Ferguson[[[FLT]] [1866].) Chisarudzo cheDare hachina kubvisa nokukurumidza muganhu wezvikoro zvose; raida kuchengetwa kwapamhitwa nematare ehurumende. Asi ichi chakachinjwa zvikuru nzanga yeAmerica, kuparira maruramiro evoruzhinji uye kutungamirira chiito sechibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheMagariro echivoruzhinji. Bazuru rinotonga rakaita sokushandura kushandura muteshina yemitemo yetsika, kushandura mabhiridhikio mutsika maredhiki aredhiki anoramba kuratidzira kuti idzorongedzerori isati. Chiri kugona kuratidzira kuti dare. Chi

Zviito Zvechiremera Zvinohwirudzurwa: Trump v. Hawaii

Bazu redare rinoongororawo zvirango zvevakuru vakuru vamasangano uye zviito kuva nechokwadi chokuti vawirira mumiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Mu Trump v. Hawaii (2017), Dare Gurusai rakatsigira Porofesi Donald Trump roumbidzo yezvokudzora inorambidza kufamba kubva kunyika dzakawanda dzeMuslim-mondi. Dare rakawana kuti nhevedzano yezvokudzora yaiva neruramiro yakakwana yerudzi, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropo yakaidzwa nokusarura kwechitendero. Mhaka yacho yakaratidza kuti dare reSauciary richazviisa kurutivi kubazu repamusoro panhau dzerudzi nedzekubuda munyika, asi rinogadzawo mukodzero dzekuzvidzorori. Zvikaiwo, mune zvimwe matare akadzika mitemo yehurumende, seyaidzosera dare rehurumende mudare rehurumende.

Kududzira Zvirevo: Chevron Defection

Mu Chafferon U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. (19984), Dare Gurusa rakatanga gadziriro yenzira iyo matare anofanira kuhwirudzura nayo miraudzo yemitemo yaanoshandisa. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja kuva redzinongedzero,” kana mutemo usiri wakarurama, dare rinofanira kunonokerwa kududzirwa zvine mufungo nesangano. Iyi dzidziso yakapa simba guru kumasangano ebazu kuti azadzike muudzame hwemitemo inopfuudzwa neCouncil. Zvisinei, mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya Dare repamusoro rakachinja kuti ripedzeidzei kuzivisa kuti matare makuru anotonga, sezvinoonekwa mumitengo inopfuurirwa nesimba. Virginia nemitemo yedare rinotonga pamusoro pemitemo inopfuvura nesimba. Virginia muVirgiokse. [2]

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kwaisazobudirira pasina kuongorora uye kudzikamiswa.Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine nzira dzokudzivisa nadzo mamwe, uye mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika inoratidza kufambidzana uku.

Kushatisa Mutemo Wechikamu Chikuru

Muenzaniso wakajeka wechekeso nedzikamo isimba rekunatsiridza. Purezidhendi anogona kupfuudza mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, asi Congress anogona kudzora izvozvo nevoruzhinji vane mativi maviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Muna 2020, Congress yakavhotera kudzora Purezidhenti Trump’s deveto ye National Device Act [ Act. Nguva yokutanga mukati mechikamu chake chehurumende, vaveto vakanga vari vasingadzoreki, vachiratidzira kuti Congress Congress akanga ane bipartisan yakakwana kushora purezidhendi. Muenzaniso uyu unoratidzira mano ebazu rechibvumirano okupfuudza mutemo pasinei zvapo nechishoro chapurezidhendi, kunzvera nesimba pamusoro pomukuru wekambani.

Kuiswa Kwomutemo Wokutonga Wedare

Dare redare reSangano rinogona kurova mitemo inoitwa neDare. Mu United States v. Lopez (1995), Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti Congress yakanga yapfuura chiremera chayo cheChemmerce Claus apo yakapfuura Gun-Free School Zoners Act, iyo yakaiita mhaka yehurumende kuva nepfuti pedyo nechikoro. Dare rakawana kuti mutemo wakanga usina mubato mukuru wezve wemari uye nokudaro wakadzorwa pamasimba ehurumende echipurisa. Kupfurikidza nokusashanda kwehurumende, judiary yakanzverazve chibvumirano cheRwigiodgistss.

Simba Rine Chiremera

Purezidhendi ane simba rokukanganwira mhaka dzehurumende, idzo dzinogona kukurira zvisarudzo zvetongero zvebazu. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Gerald Ford akakanganwira Richard Nixon nokuda kwemhaka dzipi nedzipi dzaangave akaita mumhosho yeWatergate. Simba rokukanganwira icherekedzo padare rejaji uye rinogona kushandiswa nokuda kwengoni kana kuti nokuda kwezvikonzero zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nei Mugari Wose Achifanira Kunzwisisa Mienzaniso Iyi

Kunzwisisa mapazi matatu kupfurikidza nemienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo hakusi kungoshandisa bedzi kwedzidzo. Kunopa simba vagari vemo kuti vazvidavirire kuzvidavirira. Apo vagari vanoona kuti Congress inopa sei mitemo, nzira iyo purezidhendi anoisa nayo mirairo, uye nzira iyo matare anodudzira nayo Bumbiro reMitemo, vanogona kuyera zviri nani zviito zvavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa uye kuda kuti vaone. Somuenzaniso, kuziva kuti purezidhendi haagoni kuzivisa hondo (Gurukota rine simba iroro) kubetsera vagari vemo kurangarira nharo pamusoro pechiito chehondo. Kuziva kuti Dare Rapamusorosoro rinogona kubvisa pamutemo mitemo inobvumira vagari vemo kunzwisisa matare okutonga.

Uyezve, iyi mienzaniso inoratidza kuti gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo haisati iri chinhu chisinganzwisisiki; muitiro mupenyu unoumba upenyu hweAmerica. Kupindura kudenda reCOVID-19, gakava pamusoro pomutemo wokutama, uye kurwira kodzero dzevanhu zvose zvinobatanidza kufambidzana kwemapazu. Vagari vanonzwisisa simba iri vakagadzirira zviri nani kutora rutivi muhurukuro yavose, vhoti zvine revo, uye vatsigiri nokuda kwechinjo.

Munyika umo kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunowanzotungamirira kunyongano pamusoro pemabasa ehurumende, nzwisiso yakajeka inoita kuti pave noutano hwevagari vemo. Mapazu matatu akagadzirirwa kushanda pamwe chete, kunyange apo anorwisana. Mienzaniso iri munyaya ino(kuvambira paCivil Rights Act kusvikira kuBrown v. Board, kubva kuDACA kusvika kuChevron() inoratidza kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rine basa rakasiyana uye kuti hapana simba guru. Nokudzidza kuti mapazi aya anoita sei, vagari vemo vanogona kuonga ungwaru hweBumbiro remitemo uye mitoro yevanhu vanozvitonga.

[[[[FK:0] pfuma yezvekurava: