Table of Contents
Masimba Ehurumende Akatsanangurwa: Chii Chinoita Kuti Hurumende yeNyika Ive Yakasiyana?
Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yechienzi inoitsauranisa nehurumende dzenyika. Kunzwisisa iyi misiano kunokosha kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi zvakafanana. Kusafanana nehurumende, hurumende yenyika inowana chiremera chayo zvakananga kubva kuBumbiro remitemo, iyo inoparira kupesana kwakadzikama kwakadzikama kwesimba. Nyaya ino inonzvera masimba ehurumende yorudzi, mirangariro yadzo, uye magadzirire avanoita kudzora nyika. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera nheyo dzemitemo, masimba makuru ehurumende, ganhuriro, uye kutsanangura kukurusa kweDare, varavi vachawana kuonga kukuru nokuda kwenyanzvi yemavakishinari inochengeta utongi hweAmerica kwamazana maviri amakore.
Basa ReFederalism
Federalism igadziriro yehurumende umo simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pechiremera chikuru namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika akapoteredza. MuUnited States, ikoku kunoreva kunoreva simba rinogoveranwa pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende dzehurumende. Ichi chivako chakarongwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iro rinosimbisa gadziriro yamasimba enyika nepo richichengetera chiremera chakati kuhurumende. Vavambi vehurumende vakaronga kudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuva chine simba zvikuru, vachiumba "nyika inodzorwa" umo vagari vemo vanodzorwa namadzimambo maviri akasiana asi anopfuvurarira.
Manyuko enhau ehurumende anogona kurondwa kunharo pakati paFederalist naAnti-Fedalist mukati menhambo yokuparadza. Zviverengero zvakafanana naAlexander Hamilton zvakatsigira nokuda kwehurumende yapakati yakasimba kuti ichengete chinzwano nedzikamo yemari, nepo Thomas Jefferson akasimbisa ukoshi hwouchangamire hwehurumende. Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakatanga kwakapa hurumende yenyika chakananga, yakatara masimba ose nepo achisiya mamwe masimba kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu — nheyo yakasimbiswa gare gare muTend Remendimendement.
Manyorerwo Ebumbiro Remitemo
Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. mutemo mukurusa wenyika, uye rinorondedzera ukuru hwamasimba ehurumende.Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 chine ndaza huru yamasimba ourongwa, nepo Article II inogovera chiremera chavakuru vakuru kupurezidhendi, uye Article III inosimbisa bazu rokutonga. Chikamu chikuru cheBumbiro reMitemo chinovimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unokurira mitemo inorwisana yenyika, asi bedzi apo hurumende yehurumende inoshanda mukati mechiremera chayo chemitemo.
Masimba ehurumende yorudzi anogona kuiswa mumapoka anoverengeka makuru:
- Masimba ane nhamba: Aya akarongwa zvakananga muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Anobatanidza mano okudzora mitero, kutengeserana kwenyika neyamarudzi ose, mari, kuzivisa hondo, mauto anokwidza, uye kugadza mahofisi epositi. Masimba aya akanyorwa namaune kuti ave akaganhurirwa uye akananga, anoratidzira kurwisana kwevavambi vechiremera chapakati penyika.
- Masimba anoshandiswa: Aya masimba haadudzwi zvakajeka asi ari madikanwa kushandisa masimba akadudzwa. Anobva muChiri madikanwa neChikafanira Clause, anozivikanwawo sechikamu chinotakurika, chinowanwa pamugumo weChikamu I, Chikamu 8. Chikamu ichi chinopa chiremera chokuita mitemo yose "inodikanwa neyakafanira" nokuda kwokuita masimba aro akarongwa, kuchigovera kuchinjika nokuda kwokuchinja migariro yorudzi.
- Masimba makuru: Aya masimba ayo hurumende yenyika ine kupfurikidza nokuva bedzi chinhu chinodzora padanho renyika. Somuenzaniso, simba rokudzora kutama, kubudisa nyika isiri yavagari vemo, uye kuwana nzvimbo inorangarirwa kuva yoga nemhaka yokuti ndeyorudzi rwupi norwupi rwakazvimirira. Kunyange zvazvo isina kurongwa zvakajeka, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva aya masimba seanokosha kuuchangamire hworudzi.
Masimba Makuru Ari Kushanda
Kuti anzwisise zviri nani chinoita kuti hurumende yorudzi ive yakasiana, kunobetsera kunzvera kuti simba guru rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinoshanda sei mukushanda.
Kubhadhara Mitero uye Kutarisira Mari
Hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chikuru chemitero yapanyika pavanhu vamwe navamwe namabhizimisi. Iri simba rinokosha nokuda kwokutsigira mabasa ehurumende, dziviriro yorudzi, gadziriro dzezvirongwa, uye gadziriro dzenzanga. Sumiteth Amendment, yakasimbiswa muna 1913, Dare rakatenderwa zvakajeka kuisa mutero wemari pasina kuugovana pakati pehurumende, mano emari anokura zvikuru ehurumende.
Mitero yazvino uno yehurumende inobatanidza mitero yemari inotambirwa, kubhadhara mitero yemitero yesocial Security and Medicare, mitero yemakambani, mitero yamapurisa pazvinhu zvakapinzwa munyika, uye mitero yemitero pazvinhu zvakadai sepeturo nedoro. Hurumende yeInternational Revenue Service (IRS) inogovera iyi mitero, kuunganidza mamirioni emadhora gore negore. Iri simba remari kwete bedzi mari iyo hurumende inobvumirawo Chibvumirano kupesvedzera mufambiro wemari kupfurikidza nesundo dzemitero nezvirango, zvinobudirira zvinovandudza mufambiro wenyika munzvimbo dzakadai sesimba rinomutsidzira, muridzi, uye kuchengeterwa kwoutano.
Kudzorwa Kwezvokutengeserana
Rimwe ramasimba anokosha zvikurusa ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nderomutemo wezvokutengeserana zvenyika dzose pasi peChommerce Claus (Chitsama I, Chikamu 8, Clause 3). Iri chiremera chinovimbisa gadziriro yakabatana yezvemari mumativi enyika uye chinodzivisa nyika imwe neimwe kugadza mitemo inorwisana yebhizimisi iyo ingagona kuvhiringidza musika wenyika.
Kudzivirira Nyika Nenhau Dzedzimwe Nyika
Hurumende yehurumende ine mutoro mukuru nokuda kwokudzivirira rudzi uye mufambiro weukama hwokumwe. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Congress simba rokuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira mauto, uye kugovera dziviriro yavose. purezidhendi, somutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, anotungamirira mabasa ehondo nemitemo yokumwe.
Iri simba rinobatanidza mano okuita zvibvumirano (netendero yeDare), kugadza nhume, uye kuziva hurumende dzokumwe. Hurumende yenyika inochengetawo matura enyukireya, masangano ouchenjeri, uye uto rakamira iro rinogona kuiswa mose muri muviri mudzimba nomune dzimwe nyika. Kushandiswa kwemari yokudzivirira kunoumba rutivi runokosha rwemari yenyika, kunoratidzira musengwa mukuru wehurumende wokudzivirira rudzi patyisidziro dzokunze. Kushandiswa kwesimba iri kunobatanidza Chibvumikiso Chokushandisa Mauto Ehondo pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11 uye mabasa ehondo anoenderera mberi mumaruwa akadai seMiddle East.
Munhau dzokunze, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva chiremera chamapinduri chomuzvarirwo chokushanda senzwi bedzi renyika mukukurukurirana. MuUnited States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936) , Dare rakataura kuti purezidhendi ane chisarudzo chakafara mumuitiro wokumwe, chakabva muBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo bedzi asi kumasimba omuzvarirwo orudzi rwakagadzwa.
Kutama - tama Nokuzvimba
Hurumende yenyika ine simba rakakwana rokudzora kutama — kupinda, kugara, uye kudzingwa kwevanhu vasiri vagari. Simba iri rinoberekwa naro kuuchangamire uye rakavakirwawo muClaus (Dictle I, Chikamu 8, Claus 4), rinopa chiremera cheCongress chokugadza mutemo mumwe wokusikwa nawo.
Mutemo weFederal wokubuda munyika unogadza mapoka evhiza, miitiro yehuvanyuko, uye nzvimbo dzokubudisa. Department of Homeland Security, kupfurikidza namasangano akadai seU.S. Chigarity uye Immigration Service (USCIS) uye Immigration and Customment Enforcementmentmentmentment (ICO), inotungamirira mitemo iyi. Hurumende yehurumende inodzorawo iyo inova mugari wemo weU. inoda kuti vatami vagari vemo vasando, mutauro, uye zivo yehurumende zvitsauko zvakaganhurirwa kudzora kutama, kunyange zvazvo ichigona kubatira pamwe nemitemo inotapura vatami vasina kuiswa vagari vemo kuti vawane betsero, nguva refu sezvo mitemo isingapesani nemitemo yehurumende yehurumende. Nyika yehurumende inobatanidza kuronga kuronga kudzora kworudzi rwa196, kuchengeteko, uye kugadziriswa kwegadziriro dzenguva pfupi, kushanda.
Basa Repositi uye Zvinhu Zvokufunga
Nepo kazhinji kazhinji rikafuratirwa, simba rehurumende yehurumende rokutanga mahofisi epositi nemigwagwa yepasi (Mutsara weChikamu 8, Classia) rave richishandiswa mukubatanidza rudzi pamwe chete. Ipastoradhi yeU.S. inoendesa tsamba kukero iri yose munyika, ichitsigira kutengeserana nekurukurirano. Kuwedzera, Copyric and Paent Clause (Collegiace 8) inopa Chibvumirano simba rokudzivirira nokuda kwavanyori navavambi kodzero dzadzo dzoga kumabasa avo nokuda kwenguva dzakaganhurirwa, ichisimudzira kutanga zvitsva nokutaura kwokugadzira zvinhu. Chiremera ichi chinotsigira Office uye Hofisi yeTregist neHofisi yeMaripo, iyo inopa uye inobatisisa kodzero dzepfuma muruwa munyika yose.
Ganhuriro Dzechiremera Chehurumende
Nepo hurumende yehurumende ine simba rinokosha, kune ganhuriro dzinokosha dzakarongwa muBumbiro reMitemo kudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechiremera. iyi ganhuriro inokosha mukuchengeta dzikamo pakati pesimba rorudzi nerehurumende.
Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nouchangamire Hwehurumende
Iyi gadziridzo inobatira sechiyeuchidzo chokuti hurumende yehurumende ndeimwe yemasimba akaganhurirwa, akaverengwa. Nyika dzine chiremera pazvinhu zvakadai sedzidzo, mutemo woutsotsi, kushandiswa kwenzvimbo, roorano, uye kutengeserana kwehurumende. Dzinoshandisawo masimba amapurisa kudzivirira utano hwavanhu, chengeteko, uye tsika — masimba ayo hurumende yenyika isingagoni.
Dare rapamusoro rakamanikidzira iyi ganhuriro mumhaka dzakafanana ne [FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995), apo Dare rakarova Gun-Free School Zone Act nemhaka yokuti kutakura pfuti pedyo nechikoro hakuna kutapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Iyi chisarudzo chakaratidzira kudzorerwazve kukuru muChommerce Clausce, kuyeuchidza kuti zvinetso zvose hazvisi muchimiro chenyika. Nenzira yakafanana, mu [FLT:] Pripz. United States [1997][FLT:], Dare rakarangarira kuti hurumende haigoni kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuisa mitemo yehurumende kunzvera, kusimbisa mutemo wehurumende.
Gadziriro Yemakeja Nedzikamo
Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo inoganhurirazve masimba omubatanidzwa kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna bazu rimwe rehurumende rinova rine simba zvikuru.
- [ Nzvero dzechibvumirano:[[FLT: 1] Congress inodzora kupiwa mari, inogona kubvisa purezidhendi navatongi vehurumende, uye inofanira kubvumira zvibvumirano nokugadzwa kwavakuru vakuru.
- Nzvero dzinoshanda: Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, kugadza vatongi vomubatanidzwa nebvumirano yeDare, uye kupa zvirairo zvavatungamiriri.
- Nzvero dzechiJudicial: Dare rapamusoro rinogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisina kuwirirana kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, simba rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison (103).
Uku kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunovimbisa kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kukudza chiremera chayo nenzira iri nyore pasina kutarisana nechirambidzo chinobva kune rimwe bazi. Somuenzaniso, apo Purezidhendi Franklin D.Roosevelt akaedza kufutunura Dare Rapamusoro muna 1937 (Sangano re "Court-packing"), Congress nevoruzhinji vakadzivisa, uye chirongwa chacho chakakundikana.
Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Musimba Rehurumende Rinotonga Zvikurusa
Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinoita basa rinokosha mukududzira Bumbiro reMitemo nokusarudza ukoshi hwamasimba omubatanidzwa. Mitongo yenzvimbo yepasi pevhu yakarondedzera ndokurondedzerazve chiremera chehurumende nokufamba kwenguva, kuratidzira kuchinja zvinodikanwa zvenzanga nouzivi hwokutonga.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Iyi nhau yapamberi pedare yakagadza nheyo mbiri dzakakomba: dzidziso yamasimba anorehwa noukuru hwomutemo wehurumende pamusoro pomutemo wehurumende. Apo Maryland akaedza kubhadhara Bhangi reChipiri reUnited States, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akatonga kuti Congress akanga ane simba rairehwa rokuita bhangi renyika pasi peBhangi reChinodikanwa neSvine Clause, kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingabvumiri zvakajeka bhangi rakadaro. Marshall akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "simba rokutera mutero rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza," uye naizvozvo nyika haigoni kugona kukudza mitero yehurumende. Ichi chisarudzo chakakudziridzwa zvikuru uye chinoramba chiri ibwe rekona romutemo wemitemo.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Munhau iyi, Dare Gurusa rakajekesa simba reCongress rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika. New York yakanga yapa simba rokufamba nengarava dzemvura mumvura dzayo, asi mukwikwidzani achishanda pasi perezinesi rehurumende akadenha kuva kwake oga. Dare rakatonga kuti Communist Claus aparadzirwe mutemo wehurumende, sezvo kutengeserana kunobatanidza kufamba nokutambanudzira kunhau dzose dzinopfuura miganhu yenyika. Iyi chisarudzo chakagadza ukuru hwehurumende pamusoro pezvokutengeserana zvehurumende ndokuisa nheyo nokuda kwemitemo yehurumende yazvino uno yehurumende yezvoupfumi.
United States v. Lopez (1995) uye Foode Claus weMazuva Ano
Pashure pamakumi amakore edudziro huru dzeChommerce Claus, United States v. Lopez yakaratidzira nhambo yokuchinja. Dare rakaramba kuti Gun-Free School Zones Act — iyo yakakuita mhaka yehurumende kuva nepfuti pedyo nechikoro — yakapfuura simba reChester’s kutengeserana nemhaka yokuti mubato hauna kutapura zvikuru bhizimisi renyika. Mutongi mukuru William Rehnquist akabudisa pachena kuti Clausleace haasati ari simba guru ramapurisa uye kuti Koromende inofanira kuratidzira batano yakananga kukutengeserana. Mhaka inomutsidzirazve miganhuro yehurumende uye gare gare gare yakasimbiswa mu [FLT:] United States.[2]
Chimwe chiitiko chinokosha chazvino uno ndi[FLT][1] National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202), iyo yakadenha murairo weAffordible Care Act. Dare rakatsigira murairo seshandiso yesimba reRevolution reRevolution reRevolugin, asi rakati haigoni kururamiswa pasi peChambelClause nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro reMitesitaro haribvumiri hurumende kuraira vanhu kupinda mumubato webhizimisi.
Nharo Dzazvino Uno Pamusoro Pemagariro Avanhu Vane Simba reHurumende
Kukamuraniswa kwesimba pakati pehurumende yenyika nenyika kunoramba kuri nhau yegakava mune zvematongerwe enyika zvepanguva imwe cheteyo.Nzvimbo dzinokosha dzinoverengeka dzinoratidzira kurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwechiremera chehurumende.
[[FLT: 0] Kuparwa kwemari: Kukura kweAffordcable Care Act yeMedicaid kwakashorwa pakuvamba sekunyengera simba rehurumende. Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti hurumende haingagoni kutyisidzira hurumende nokurasikirwa nemari yose yeMidhicaid kana yakaramba kuwedzera rukundo — rukundo rukuru rwouchangamire hwehurumende. Chibviro chenguva iyeyo, maruwa anoverengeka akasarudza kusakudziridzwa, achiumba basa guru rokufukidza iro vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti rinosekesa kufanana kwenyika yose.
[[FLT: 0] Kudzikamisa kwemipimo. Dare remore ne Cease Water Act rinopa nzvimbo inochengeterwa njodzi yeEctuation Agency (EPA) chiremera chakafara kudzora kushatisa. Manyika kazhinji kazhinji anodenha mirau inodenha EPA, achisimbisa kuti ivo vanodzora simba reEPA renyika nokushandisa vhu uye ridzoro. Dare rapamusoro renyika rakayera muzvinoitika zvakadai se [[FLT:]] Massachusetts v. EPA (2007), iro rinotsigira chiremera cheEPA kudzora magasi anopisa, uye Virginia. [2]
[FUBLIC Health Emermentations: Murakatira weCOVID-19 wakasimbisa kusagadzikana pakati penhungamiro yehurumende nezviito zvehurumende. Nepo hurumende yehurumende yakabudisa rumbidzo dzoutano hwenyika ndokuparadzira majekiseni, inopa chiremera chikuru pamirairo youtano yavanhu, kubatanidza murairo wekuvhara nokuvhara bhizimisi. Vamwe vatongi vakazvidza miraudzo yehurumende, inotungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo pamusoro pesimba rehurumende mukati memigariro inotambudza.
Dzidzo: Dzidzo zvikurukuru mutoro wehurumende nowomunzvimbomo, asi hurumende inopesvedzera muitiro kupfurikidza nemigariro yokushandisa mari (mutoo, Umutwe Ipa naNo Child Chick Behind Dislation). Gakava pamusoro pebatano yomubatanidzwa mumipimo yedzidzo, kuedza, uye chisarudzo chechikoro rinopfuurira kushandisa hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika.
mhedziso
Kunzwisisa masimba ehurumende yorudzi kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuoma kwehurumende yeAmerica. Kukamukana kwakasiyana kwemasimba, ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, uye basa reDare Rapamusorosoro zvose zvinobetsera kugadziriro ine simba inopfuurira kushanduka. Gadziriro dzehurumende yorudzi dzakarongwa, dzinorehwa, uye masimba omuzvarirwo okupedza nhau dzorudzi — mutero, kutengeserana, dziviriro, kutama, uye zvakawanda — nepo pamusoro pouchangamire hwenyika pamusoro penhau dzomunzvimbomo.
Vadzidzisi navadzidzi vanofanira kupinda muiyi mifungo kuti vatsigire nzwisiso huru nokuda kwegadziriro yehurumende yeUnited States. Kupfurikidza nokufunda Bumbiro remitemo, zvinoitika zvechiratidzo chakadai se . MCULLOch v. Maryland[ [[FLT]] na [[FLT] United States] v. Lopez, uye nharo dzazvino pamusoro pechibvumirano chehurumende, vadzidzi havagoni kunzwisisa bedzi kuti hurumende yemubatanidzwa inoshanda sei asi kuti masimba ayo anoedzwa sei nguva dzose uye anotsanangurwazve. Kubudirira kwechiAmerica kunotsamira pavagari vemo vanonzwisisa gadziriro yegadziriro yetsika yetsika uye kubatanidzwa mutsinhirano yomunzvimbomo.