Kutanga: Ziviso Sechibvumirano Chepamutemo

Chiziviso cheKuzvimirira chinopfuura zvikuru kudana kwokudetemba kurwa kana kuti kuratidzirwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Ichibvumikiso chapamutemo chakanyatsovakwa icho chakaruramisa kuparadzana kwemaruwa eAmerica neGreat Britain ndokuisa hwaro hwetsika itsva yehurumende. Chinonangidzirwa zvikurukuru naThomas Jefferson uye kugamuchirwa neChipiri cheContinental Congress paJuly 4, 1776, chinyorwa chacho chinoshanda semitemo yenheyo yesimba reAmerica. Pfungwa dzacho dzapamutemo dzinoshanda sekodzero dzemitemo dzemitemo yeAmerica, uchangamire hwakakurumbira, uye kodzero yokupandukira zvinhu zvakakurumbira,(*) zvisina kubuda muchinhu chisino; zvakatorwa kubva mumazana amakore ouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweEurope, mutemo weEngland, uye zviremera zvehurumende zvoumambo. Kunzwisisa idzi nheyo dzapamutemo zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti Kuzivisa kwacho hakugadzirirwi kweHondo bedzi Chechi choKuzvitonga kweEpublicconst, uye kodzero yomutemo yose yemitemo yeAmerica.

Chiziviso chacho chakaumbwa senyunyuto yapamutemo yapamutemo. Chinotanga nokutaura kwenheyo dzokutanga, chinotapukira kushurikidzo yakananga yaMambo George III, uye chinogumisa neziviso yenzvimbo itsva yenyika. Iyi chinyorwa chinoratidzira gamuchidzanwa remitemo yavose yokukumbira mhaka: kududza mutemo, kuushandisa kumaidi, uye kuraira mishonga. Kupfurikidza nokubata gadziro yose senhau yekodzero dzapamutemo, Vavambi vakachinja kupandukira kwechiito chapamutemo ku "Opions of ages"." Nyaya ino inonzvera dzidziso huru dzapamutemo dzakasimbiswa muChiziviso, kuronda mavambo avo oungwaru, uye kunzvera pesvedzero kwavo inogarisa pamutemo nehurumende zveAmerica.

Nheyo Dzekodzero Dzemuzvarirwo

Chiziviso chakakurumbira zvikurusa chinosimbisa kuti vanhu vose vakagoverwa noMusiki wavo nekodzero dzakati dzisingatsaurwi, kuti pakati paivava pane Upenyu, Rusununguko nokurondwa kwoMufarwa. Uku hakusi kutaurawo zvako; kutaura kwakananga kwegamuchidzanwa romusikirwo iro rakanga ratangwa navazivi vakadai saJohn Locke, Hugo Grotius, naSamuel von Pufendorf. Mutsika iyi, kodzero hadzipiwi nehurumende ipi neipi kana kuti chiremera chavanhu; ivo vanoberekwa muchimiro chomunhu uye vanorarama pamberi pokuumbwa kwenzanga ipi neipi yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nokudaro Chiziviso chokuti aya maruramiro a "vatorwa, kana kuti abviswa, kunyange nehurumende yapamutemo.

Chisarudzo chaJefferson che "kutsvaka mufaro" panzvimbo pechiLocke's "fair" chakanga chiri chamaune uye chinokosha. Zvinhu zvakanga zviri itiro hanya huru yeLocke's SAUDHAUDHAURO RAPUMENTIRW[[, asi Jefferson akatsvaka shoko rakawanda, refariro yaibatanidza ruwarara rwakakwana rwavanhu rwaibudirira. Mumashoko epamutemo, mashoko "kutsvaka Mufaro womufarwa" akadudzirwa nematare serusununguko rwezvemari, uye kodzero yokuita mabasa apamutemo. Kunyange zvazvo chibvumirano chacho chisati chichibvumirwa zvakananga somurayiro, kodzero dzawo dzomuzvarirwo dzakataurwa neDare guru muzvinhu zvinokosha, sekodzero dzokuroorana, sedzokwakarurama, uye kuvana vakavimbika. [Forvet]

Kubva mumurangariro wapamutemo, chirongwa chamaruramiro omuzvarirwo chinogovera pembedzo yokupedzisira yokuganhurira simba rehurumende. Kana kodzero dzomuzvarirwo uye dzisingatapurwi, ipapo hurumende ipi neipi inodziputsa nenzira yakarongwa inoputsa kurasikirwa nokuva kwayo pamutemo. Iyi nheyo yakava fandesheni yesimbiso yetsika yemitemo yeAmerica pakodzero dzevanhu uye gadziriro yakafanira. Ninth Amendment, iyo inotaura kuti kuiswa kwekodzero dzakati muBumbiro remitemo hakufaniri kurangarirwa kuva kunorambwa kuti kurambwa kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu, iko kudzokorodza kwakananga kwekodzero dzomutemo wekodzero dzomusikirwo dzeChiziviso.

Mubatanidzwa Wenzanga Nomutemo Wehurumende

Chiratidzo chemitemo chechipiri chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti hurumende dzinowana “masimba adzo akarurama kubva mukubvumira kwoutongi hwakakurumbira. Iyi idzidziso youchangamire hwakakurumbira, hwakavakirwa murondedzero yenzanga. Chibvumirano chenzanga, chakaumbwa naThomas Hobbes, John Locke, uye gare gare Jean-Jacques Rousseau, pepation kuti vanhu vabvume kuumba nzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kupa rumwe rusununguko rwavo rwokuberekwa narwo mukutsinhanhanhano nekodzero dzavo dzavanhu dzinosara.

Chiziviso chinoshandisa zvakajeka iyi rondedzero kumugariro wehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende: "Papi kana ipi apo Kushata kupi nokupi kweHurumende kunova kunoparadza kweidzi nharidzano, imaruramiro avanhu okuchinja kana kuti kuiparadza, uye kugadza Hurumende itsva. Uku kugadzwa kwamaruramiro okupandukira hakusati kuri kokero kunyongano asi mushonga wapamutemo wakaganhurirwa. Kunoda kuti kusazvibata kwehurumende kuve "chitima chirefu chokushandisa zvisina kufanira nokubvuta" chinoratidzira gadziriro yokuderedza vanhu kuva "absolute Depotimentism". Vatsigiri vemo vakataura kuti vakanga vapedza mitoo yose ine rugare yezvibvumirano. $petration, kushora, uye kukwirira kuParamendi naMambo) pamberi pokuparadza .

Mumutemo webumbiro remitemo razvino uno, nheyo yebvumirano yenzanga inooneka muchinodikanwa chokuti chiremera chose chehurumende chinofanira kuiswa mubumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa iro rinoratidzira kuda kwavanhu. Bumbiro remitemo rinovamba ne "Isu Vanhu," kwete "Isu Hurumende," uye mutoo werativi rinobatanidza kokorodzano dzakakurumbira panzvimbo penyika dzoga. Dare Rapamusoro remitemo rakarangarira ragara ramanikidzirazve kuti kuva nomutemo unotsamira pawirirano yaro neBumbiro remitemo, iro riri ratidziro yezvido zvavanhu. Matsoro akadai se [[FLT:] marbury v.[FLC1] [18] na [FL:]

Kubvumira Kuitwa Nechinetso Chokusabvumirwa

Imwe yekurukurirano dzapamutemo dzinogara pamusoro pebvumirano yenzanga ndeyekuti kana kubvuma kuchigona kurehwa panzvimbo pokujeka. Vasai veChibvumirano chacho vakabvuma zvakajeka kuzvitonga, asi zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zvinosungwa nemitemo yazvinogara nhaka. Mutemo weAmerica unotsunga ikoku kupfurikidza nomufungo we "kubvuma": kupfurikidza nokuramba vari mukati mendima uye kufarikanya betsero dzehurumende, vanhu vanorangarirwa kuva vakabvuma chiremera chayo. Uku kurangarira kunowirirana kunowirirana nezvinodikanwa izvo vanhu vose vanozviisa pasi peU.S. chiremera, kubatanidza vatami, vanoteerera mitemo yehurumende. Zvisinei, simbiso yeSigisiro pabvumirano chaiyoiyo yakashandiswawo navatsigiriri nokuda kwekodzero dzokuvhotera nedzo dzorutivi, kutaura kuti kuva mukuru mukuru, kunoda kupfuurira kubvumira kutongwa.

Kutongwa Nemitemo Nokuda Kworusununguko: Ndaza Yamabhii

Chikamu chakarebesa cheChibvumirano chacho igweta rezvinyunyuto zvakati zvapamusana paMambo George III. Ndaza iyi haisati ichingovawo zvayo ndaza yenhau yenyunyuto; ufakazi hwepamutemo hwokuti kodzero dzavarwi vemoneri dzakaputswa kusvikira kutambanuko yokuti chinjo yakanga iri mushonga bedzi wapamutemo. Zvigumburo zvakarongwa kuratidza kuti Mambo akanga adarika chiremera chake chapamutemo samambo webumbiro remitemo uye akanga aronga neParamende kubvisa maruramiro avo egamuchidzanwa sechiNgezi.

Zvichemo zvikuru zvinobatanidza kuramba kwamambo kubvumira kubvumira mitemo iri madikanwa, kuparadza kwake magungano avamiririri, kudzongonyedza kwake kudzorwa kweruramisiro kupfurikidza nokuita kuti vatongi vatsamirire kuda kwake bedzi, kupiwa kwechikamu chegore kwemauto mumisha yavanhu pasina kubvumirana, uye kupiwa kwake mitero pasina kumiririrwa. Kunyunyuta kumwe nokupesana kwemitemo yakananga yeEngland, Magna Carta, kana kuti mutemo weBritain usina kunyorwa. Somuenzaniso, kunyunyuta pamusoro pe "matransport kudarika Gungwa kuti tiidzwe nokuda kwokuramba kutongwa kwekodzero yorudyi kudare rehurumende yomunzvimbomo, kururamisirwa kworudyi pasi pomutemo wavose. Chirevo pamusoro pe "chikamu chikuru chezvikwata chemauto chakashongerwa chehondo" pakati pechiRurevori cha 1628, chinorambidza chirevo chapa chapamhomwe chapamutemo chapamutemo chapamutemo chapamutemo chapamutemo chomunhu woga.

Mumurangariro wapamutemo, kushandiswa kwezvichemo kunoita mabasa maviri. Chokutanga, kunoratidzira kuti vadzori vamakoroni vakanga vaedza kutsvaka kugadziridza kupfurikidza nemikoto yapamutemo(mabumbiro emitemo), zvikumbiro zvemitemo (nezvokukumbira) uye kuti mikoto iyoyo yakanga yapera. Ichi chinodikanwa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwapamutemo kwekodzero yokuchinja. Chechipiri, inosimbisa muitiro womufambiro naMambo uyo wakafanana nokuputswa kwechibvumirano chenzanga. Sezvakareverwa naJohn Locke, apo mutongi anoshanda kunze kwomutemo uye anoedza kubvisa zvinhu kana kuti upenyu hwavadzorwi pasina kubvumirana, kuti mutongi apinde muhondo navanhu, uye vanhu vakafanirwa kuti vazvidzivirire vamene.

Nzvero yapamutemo yakapoteredza izvi zvichemo inoramba iri yakafanira. Kushandiswa kwakawanda kwokushata kwamashoko akanyorwa kuti “mauto akamira pasina mvumo yemitemo, kudzongonyedzwa kwokuzvitonga, kurambwa kwedare, kubviswa kwedare redare, uye kudzorwa kwehabeas corpus(mhando dzezviito izvo U.S. Constitution neBill of Rights zvakagadzirirwa kudzivisa. Somuenzaniso, kurambidza kweThird Amendment pakubatanidza varwi mudzimba dzapachivande kunotsinhirana zvakananga kunyunyuto iyoyo. Gadziro reFind Refem Reformation uye zvinodikanwa zvavakuru zvedare redare redare rinotonga zvirevo pamusoro pemhoshoro zvisina kururama.

Kutapura Mutemo weAmerica Nokutonga

Chibvumirano chapamutemo chapakarepo chakanga chiri chapamutemo kuumbwa kwehurumende itsva uye kugamuchirwa kwokupedzisira kweZvikamu zveConfederation neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kupfurikidza nokuzivisa nyika dzehurumende "Rusununguko neIndependent States," chinyorwa chacho chakanyangarika zvisungo zvose zvapamutemo zvakatangira kuGreat Britain, kubatanidza chiremera cheParamende nekorona. Yaichimbova nyika imwe neimwe panguva iyoyo yaifanira kutsiva hurumende yayo yakavakirwa panheyo youchangamire hwakakurumbira. Mumwedzi mishomanene, zvinyorwa zvitsva zvakabatanidza maruramiro manyoro manyoro eChirevoko. Somuenzaniso, Virginia Declaration of Rights (177) yakazivisa kuti vanhu vose vanofanira kuzviita norusununguko norusununguko rwakati kuti vangava namaruramiro okuzvimirira.

Pesvedzero yeChiratidzo paBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. haina kunanga zvikuru asi inotova yakakura. Bumbiro remitemo haridzokorori mutauro wekodzero dzomusikirwo, asi rinoumba urongwa hwekodzero dzakaganhurirwa, masimba anoronga kuvapo kwekodzero dzomusikirwo dzakatangira. Kuparadzana kwezvinangwa nechiyero zvemitemo kunorongwa kuti zvive neSangano reSangano, kugadzikisa ruramisiro, kugovera dziviriro yemhuri, kutsigira Welfare, uye kuchengetedza zvikomborero zveRugare rwakarurama". Kuparadza Hurumende nechiyero zvakagadzirirwa kuti zvidzivise rudzi rwakakwirira, simba rinotuka.

Chiratidzo chakananga zvikurusa chebumbiro remitemo iChibvumirano cheRevolution, chakagamuchirwa muna 1791. Kudzivirira kweFirst Amendment nokuda kwokutaura, kubudisa, rudzidziso, gungano, uye kukumbira zvose zvinodzivirira kodzero idzo vagari vomumakoroni vaishandisa kushora kutonga kweBritain. Kodzero yeChipiri yePendekosti yokutakura zvombo inopindura zvichemo pamusoro penhamburiko dzaMambo dzokudzikisa varwisi voruwa. Kudzivirira kweGadziromende reChina pakunzvera nokukwikwidza misha. Kudzivirira kweFindm kuzviisa pasi pevhuringi nokuzvidzosera. Kutya kwapa kunoramba kunyunyuta pamusoro pemiedzo pasina nhevedzano. Chiteshichi chiteshina chakajeka zvakajeka "kodzero dzechipandidzo" dzakachengetwa navanhu, idzo dzisingabviri pachena kukodzero dzomuzvarirwo dzouzivisosorwi rweDerectortion.

Kududzira Kutonga uye Kukudzwa Kwezvirevo Zvapamutemo

Kunyange zvazvo Chirango chacho chisati chiri chinyorwa chinoshanda zviri pamutemo mupfungwa yokuti chinoumba mutemo unodzika, matare akakutaura kwamazana maviri amakore kuti chijekese revo yeBumbiro remitemo uye kutsigira kuzivikanwa kwekodzero dzinokosha. United States v. Cruikshank[[FLT:] [184], Dare rakataura kurudyi rwavanhu kuungana norugare uye kukumbira kudzokorora kodzero dzehurumende. Mu Murutivi rweYogrough[[FLT] [[FLT]] [5] [5], Dare rakataura nezverusununguko rwavanhu kuungana nenzira inowirirana uye kukumbira kugadziridza maruramiro seyayakaitwa kuti i "hurumende yeUnited States yakagadzwa ku Zvoruzhinji]. [zvinongopfuura nguva pfupi yapfuura, [5]

Chiziviso chacho chinewo basa mumutemo wamarudzi ose nehurukuro yamaruramiro avanhu. Nheyo dzacho dzakakumbirwa navadzori veUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) uye dzinopfuurira kupesvedzera zvibvumirano nesungano pakodzero dzavagari vemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika. Nyika dzakawanda dzinobuda mukutonga kwehurumende yehurumende dzakatevedzera zviziviso zvadzo dzimene zvokuzvimirira pamuenzaniso weU.S., dzichigamuchira mufungo wapamutemo wokuti vanhu vane maruramiro okukurira kutonga kunodzvinyirira.

Matare Apamutemo Nenhau

Pasinei zvapo nechimiro chayo chehwaro, Chiratidzo chacho hachina zvikanganiso zvapamutemo uye makakatanwa enhau. Kupokanidzana kukuru kunooneka kutaura kwacho kwokuti "vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana" apo munyori wacho mukuru, Thomas Jefferson, aiva navanhu vakasungwa, uye gwaro racho pacharo harina kutungamirira kukubviswa kwouranda. Uku kuoma kwave kuri nhau yokunzvera kukuru kwapamutemo nekwenhau. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti nheyo dzeChibvumirano dzakanga dziri dzapasi pose uye kuti uranda hunoputsa mufungo wahwo hwepamutemo. Vamwe vanotaura kuti vatangi vacho vaibvisa noune uranda muboka ra "men" nokuda kwekodzero dzomusikirwo, murangariro wokuti kududzira kwapakuvamba kwebumbiro remitemo yakatsigiswa kusvikira kuMaspredmion.

Dzidziso yapamutemo ye "kodzero dzisingataurwi" inomutsawo mibvunzo inoshanda. Kana kodzero dzisingabviri, dzinogona kutongoganhurirwa nomutemo here? Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti kunyange maruramiro makuru anodzorwa nemitemo ine mufungo, kana hurumende ine fariro inogombedzera uye ichishandisa mitoo miduku inoganhurira. Ikoku kunoreva kuti Chibvumirano chomutauro wakakwana unonzwika zvakanaka unofanira kuyanana nezvokwadi dzenzanga yakaoma. Somuenzaniso, maruramiro orusununguko haarevi maruramiro akakwana kuita chipi kana chipi chinodiwa nomunhu; kunoreva rusununguko kubva mukudzora kwoudzo. Chiziviso icho chimene chinoziva kuti hurumende dzinotangwa ku "sarudzirwa" idzi kodzero, kuzivisa kuti hurumende yakaumbwa zvakarurama ingaisa zvirambidzo zvakafanira kudzivirira kodzero dzose.

Mumwe mubvunzo wapamutemo ndewokuti Chibvumirano chacho chinogadza basa ripi neripi rakanaka rehurumende rokugovera "kuwana Mufarwa". Vamwe vatsigiri vemitemo vanofambira mberi vakarangarira kuti chitsama chacho chinoreva musengwa wehurumende kuva nechokwadi chokuti mamiriro ezvinhu umo vanhu vanogona kuronda zvomenemene mufarwa, kubatanidza dzidzo, tarisiro yezvoutano, uye mukana wezvemari. Zvisinei, kududzirwa kwemitemo yebumbiro remitemo hakuna kugamuchira uku kududzirwa, vachirangarira Chibvumirano chacho zvikurukuru sechiganhuriro pahurumende panzvimbo pokuva manyuko okuzvidzora.

Ziviso Inopfuuridzirwa Yedzidzo Yapamutemo

Nhasi, Chiziviso Chorusununguko chinoramba chiri rutivi runokosha rwedzidzo yepamutemo. Mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe wemitemo muUnited States anoisangana muzvikoro zvemitemo zvebumbiro remitemo, kwete semanyuko etsika inowirirana asi sezvo hwaro hwouchenjeri pakavakirwa gadziriro yose yemitemo yeAmerica. Kunzwisisa chibvumirano chapamutemo kunobetsera magweta navatongi kunzwisisa uzivi hunokosha hweBumbiro remitemo: kuti hurumende igadziriro yokugadzira yakaitwa navanhu kuti ibatire fariro dzavo, uye kuti apo inokundikana kuita kudaro, vanhu vanochengeta simba guru rokuchichinja.

Vatengi vanofundawo Declaration for digirry uye marongedzero ane mufungo. Chinyorwa chacho chinovambira panheyo dzakapararira kusvikira kunhema chakananga kuziviso inopwisa yekodzero(jekisero yepfungwa dzapamutemo ichiri kushandiswa mupfupiso dzapamutemo dzazvino uno. Kushandiswa kweInquisition ye "bill of annucture" inzira yakarovedzeka kurumbidzo rupi norupi. Chikumbiro chayo ku "magariro avanhu" chinoratidzira mutoo wetsika wavose wokutaura nenheyo dzinogamuchirwa navose.

Mukuwedzera, Chiratidzo chacho chinoshanda samanyuko emhedziso nokuda kwamasangano enzanga anotsvaka kukudza maruramiro omutemo. Mutauro wekodzero dzomusikirwo wakakumbirwa navadzori, varwi vekodzero dzavagari vemo, vatsigiri vekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye vatsigiri veLGBTQ. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa rinotonga mu Brown v. Dare reDzidzo yeDzidzo[[FL:1] [1954]) harina kududza Declaration, asi kuva kwaro kwaro kwedzinza kunoputsa dziviriro yaClaus Claus Ehectrity inowirirana nechibvumirano chavo chose. Zvirokwazvo, Dr. Martin Luther Jr.

Mugumo: Chinyorwa Chipenyu Chepamutemo

Declaration of Independence inowanzorondedzerwa sechinyorwa chezvamatongerwe enyika, asi ichinyorwa chemitemo chokutanga nechakatanhamara. Chinoisa rondedzero yehurumende yakavakirwa pakodzero dzomusikirwo, uchangamire hwakakurumbira, uye maruramiro okupandukira. Chinogovera kushurikidza kwakakwana kwekorona yeBritain iyo inobatira soufakazi hwapamutemo hwebvumirano yenzanga yakaputsika. Uye inogadza chiono chehurumende yapamutemo inopfuurira kutungamirira mutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Chibvumirano chacho hachisati chichimanikidzirwa somutemowose, nheyo dzacho dzakaumbwa mumutezo weBumbiro remitemo, Bill of Rights, uye zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvisingaverengeki. Kurangarira kwapamutemo kunoramba kunokosha muchizvarwa chiri chavanhu sezvo vaAmerica vachikurukura revo revo, kuenzana, uye ganhuriro dzakakodzera dzehurumende. Kunzwisisa pamutemo kwemitemo yeChibvumirano haisingoriwo zvayo kunzwisiswa mutsikanotepfeko yomutemo wemitemo yeAmerica; kunzwisiswa kwomutemo wemitemo yemitemo yeAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, Tchereal inopa chinyorwa chakazara nenhau dzakapoteredza. Rinitriary yeCongress inopa madhirowa nezvinyorwa zvinobva mumuitiro wokunyora. Nokuda kwokunyudza kukuru muuzivi hwepamutemo, ona Constitution's re Directive re Constitution uye [FLT:]