Mavambo Nerevo Yamaidi Neakafanira yaClaus muSimba Romutemo

Chinodikanwa neChitati---Chikamu I, Chikamu 8, Claus 18 cheUnited States Constitution, ndiimwe yegadziriro dzakananga zvikuru asi dzakajeka mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Inopa simba Congress kuti "ite Mitemo yose ichava iri madikanwa uye yakafanira kupfuudzira kuita Masimba achangobva kududzwa, uye mamwe Masimba ose akaiswa neBumbiro reMitemo muHurumende yeUnited States, kana kuti muDhipatimendi kana kuti muMasangano api neapi emitemo yeAmerica. Inowanzodana kuti "Elastic Claus," inopa kuti pave nomutemo usati uchiverengwa zvakajeka asi unokosha kuzivisa masimba ayo. Iri chirevo chave chinhu chikuru kukukura kwechiremera chomubatanidzwa, kupfumbira pamusoro pemiganhuro yesimba renyika yeUnited States, kana kuti ipfuure nguva yemate nerevo youchangamire.

Mavambo: Kuchinja Mufundisi Claus

Vamiririri vakatarisana nechinetso chikuru: kuti vangatanga sei hurumende ine simba rokugadzirisa zvinetso zveboka asi vachichengeta rusununguko nokudzora udzvinyiriri. Pasi peMitemo yeConfederation, Congress yakanga isina simba rokubhadhara mutero, rokudzora kutengeserana, kana kuti rokukwidziridza uto. Vamiririri veKokorodzano yakatsvaka kugadzirisa utera uhwu, asi nhume dzakawanda dzaitya kupa simba rakanyanya kudarika resimba kuchiremera chikuru.

James Madison, anowanzonzi Baba veBumbiro reMitemo, akaziva kuti hurumende yakaganhurirwa kurudungwe rwamasimba akati kwaizova yakashongedzerwa zvisina kurongeka kubata zvinetso zvisingadeyi kuonwa. Mu Fiterasterist Nhaka. 44, akadzivirira chitsama, achiramba kuti kwakanga kuri kudikanwa kunokosha" kudzivisa "chitima chezvinetso zvine ngozi zvikurusa" chaizomuka kana Congress yaigona bedzi kuita apo chiremera chayo chakanyorwa zvakajeka. Chikamu chakarongwa kubvumira Congresss kuti chisarusts kuti chiite zvinangwa zvacho zvachineicho, chero bedzi izvo zvaireva kuti "zvinodikanwa uye zvakafanira".

Mabhomba aigadzirwa nokungwarira kudzivisa kunyanyisa kuviri. Pane rumwe rutivi, shoko rokuti "rinodikanwa" rakasarudzwa kupfuura mashoko makuru zvikuru akadai se "contenfient" kana kuti "rakagona" kudzivisa Congress kutaura uchenjeri husingaganhurirwi. Kune rumwe rutivi, vagadziri vakaramba chivako chakasimba chaizoda mutemo kuva unokosha chose chose; vakanzwisisa kuti kudzora kunoda rutongeso runoshanda. Chikamu chacho chinobvumira kuti chitendere kuva nenheyo ine mufungo zvinoreva kuti [ chive chakagadziridzwa nenzira isingatsananguriki.

Kududzira Kwapakuvamba Nokumuka Kwamasimba Akashandiswa

Kukakavadzana Kwemabhangi Okutanga eUnited States

Kuedza kwokutanga kwechikamu chemashoko kwakauya muna 1791, apo Alexander Hamilton akakarakadza bhangi renyika. Munyori weHurumende Thomas Jefferson akarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo harina kubvumira zvakajeka kuti Congress itange bhangi, uye kuti Tenuth Amendment yakachengeta masimba ose asina kuiswa kunyika. Hamilton yakapesana nemurangariro wechiratidzo uyo wakaisa nheyo yemasimba anorehwa. Iye akapikisa kuti Chitendero chaCiac neChitendero chaClaus chakapa dare kuti ribatanidze bhangi nemhaka yokuti raigona kunzi rakakodzera uye rakakodzera kutakura masimba eDare pamusoro pemitero, kukwereta, kukwereta mari. Muranga waHamilmil akarevo, uye Purezidhendi webhangi Washington akasa mutemo. Chiichimuchiito chapakuvamba chingagona kuratidzira chiito chinoitwa pasina kururamisa chibvumirano chomutemo.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Cornerstone

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu [FT:0] McCulloch v. Maryland inoramba iri dudziro yakananga yeChinodikanwa neChikafanira chaClaus. Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall, achinyorera Dare rinobvumirana, akadavira kuti Congress yakanga ine simba rokugadza Dare reChipiri reUnited States, kunyange zvazvo simba iroro rakanga risina kurongwa muChikamu I. Marshall akarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rino "kutsunga kutsungirira kwamakore anouya, uye pakupedzisira, kuti richinjirwe kunjodzi dzakasiana - siana dzenhau dzavanhu."

Murangariro wakaratidzira kuraviwa kwakafara kwesimba rehurumende. Marshall akanyora kuti chitsama chacho ndicho "chinotenderwa simba" panzvimbo peganhuriro, uye kuti Chibvumirano chingashandisa nzira dzipi nedzipi dzisingarambidzwi neBumbiro remitemo kuita chinhu chapamutemo. Iye akazivisa nenzira yakakurumbira, "Mugumo ngauve wapamutemo, ngauve pakati pechikamu cheBumbiro remitemo, uye zvose zvakafanira, izvo zvakachinjirwa zvakajeka nemugumo iwoyo, izvo zvisina kurambidzwa, asi zvakaumbwa nebhii nomudzimu weBumbiro remitemo, ndezvapamutemo." [[FLT:]] Mhino yemasimba anorehwa yakasunungurwa kubva munhevedzano yamasimba makuru uye inobvumirwa kupindura kumarudzi sezvazvinodikanwa.

Munhau imwe cheteyo, Dare rakakurira kuedza kwaMaryland kubhadhara bhangi remubatanidzwa, richitanga nheyo youkuru hwehurumende pasi paSupremacy Claus. Chisarudzo chakasimbisawo kuti Mutengo naSano Claus hausi manyuko esimba risina kuganhurirwa; mutoo unofanira kuva [" wakagadzirirwa nenzira isingazivikanwi" kumugumo webumbiro remitemo uye haufaniri kuputsa dzimwe gadziriro dzebumbiro-mitemo. bva muuyo wose wakanga uri kukudza nomutoo unoshamisa donzo rechiremera chehurumende.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Rinoshora Mhaka dzaClause

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) uye Federal Commerce Simba

Mutongi mukuru Marshall akatendeukirazve kuManetsi naSed Claus mu Gibbons v. Ogden kurondedzera kusvika kweChongedzero yaClaus. Dare rakaramba kuti Congress ingagona kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika yose, kubatanidza kufamba nengarava, uye mitemo yehurumende inorwisana nemitemo yehurumende yakanga isina maturo. Marshall akarangarira kuti simba rokudzora kutengeserana "pakati peNyika dzinoverengeka" ringabatanidzawo simba rokudzora mibato iyo yaigona kudzora zvikuru bhizimisi panzvimbo dzose, kubatanidza kutengeserana [ .

United States v. Comstock (2010): Kushandisa Claus kuFederal Criminal Law

Mu United States v. Comstock, Dare rakarangarira kana Congress yaigona kubvumira musengwa wehurumende wavasungwa vane ngozi muvatano pashure pokunge mitongo yavo yapera. Voruzhinji vaidavira kuti kusungwa kwakadaro kwaireva nemhaka yokuti yakanga iri nzira ine mufungo yokuita nayo simba reCongress kuti itange mhosva dzehurumende nokuranga vatadzi. Mutongi Stephen Breyer akasimbisa kuti chitsauko chomutemo chinopa Congress "broult" kutora matanho a "arong condement" kukuita mamwe masimba anodudzwa. Mhaka yacho yakasimbisa basa redare racho sedare rakasiyana - siyana sedare routsotsi, routano, routano, uye kubuda munyika.

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): The Exposition Mandate

Nzvero yenhau yakakwirira zvikurusa yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yakabatanidza murairo weAffordcable Care Act. Dare rakatsigira murairo pasi pesimba reCongress, asi murangariro weMutongi Mukuru John Roberts zvikurukuru wakaramba chibvumikiso chokuti Mutezo waCimatiki neFaname Claus oga waigona kururamisa murairo. Roberts akanyora kuti chikamu chinobvumira Chibvumirano chinobvumira kuva chisakarurama [[FLT]] [[FLT: 1]] [simba racho rakaregwanwa, asi harisati richipa Congresssion simba ku masimba matsva. Dare rakaganhurirwa maruramiro okuita kuti asvike mumashoko iwayo, chisarudzo chakasimbisazve basa raro guru mukududzira mutemo. Mhaka yacho yakasimbisawo kuoma kwesimba rakapararira pakati pechiremera.

Claus Mumutemo Wazvino Uno: Kusvika Kukuru uye Simba Rinoshanda

Gadziriro Dzoutarisiri

Nyika yazvino uno inodzorwa nemitemo ine mhaka yokuvapo kwayo zvikurukuru nemhaka yeChiko neChitendero. Dare rakagadzira masangano akafanana neNzvimbo dzinodzivirira njodzi dzemhoteredzo, Secureties and Exchange Commission, uye Federal Commission kuti aite mitoro yayo inodudzwa. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi masangano aya, chitsama chamashoko chinotsigira chisiko chavo senzira yokuita nayo mitemo yehurumende pakutengeserana, mutero, uye chengeteko yorudzi. Chivako ichi chinobvumira kuti chigamuchidze chiremera kumatare enyanzvi, kuchichinjirwa kumichina nezvinhu chaizvoizvo zvakaoma uye zvoupfumi pasina kuda kugadziriswa kwemitemo yemitemo.

Kutarisira Utano Negarikano Yavanhu

Programu dzakadai seMedicare, Medicaid, uye Social Security dzinotsigirwa nomumubatanidzwa wesimba rokushandisa reCongress (Chikamu 8, Classicale 1) uye Kudikanwa neKufanira kwaClaus. Chikamu chinogonesa Congress kugadza migariro pakushandisa mari yehurumende uye kutanga gadziriro dzokutarisira dzinodzora bhizimisi rezvoutano, dzinoda mashoko okushuma, uye kuisa mipimo yemipimo. Somuenzaniso, Emergency Medical Medical Trection and Act (MTALA) inoda zvipatara dzinogamuchira Medicasare kugovera tarisiro yekurumidziro pasinei zvapo namano omurwere okubhadhara. Nepo isati ichiita nenzira yakajeka, mitemo yakadaro inotsigirwa sezvinodikanwa uye yakafanira kushandisa simba nokudzivirira garikamo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemari Nokugadzikana Kwemari

Pashure penjodzi yemari ya2008, Dare rakashandisa masimba aro akaverengwa pamusoro pezvokutengeserana nemari, rakabatanidzwa neClaus Anenedict, kutanga Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) uye kugadza Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation neConsumer Protection Act. Mitemo iyi inodzora zvirongwa zvakaoma zvemari, kutarisira mabhangi uye kubatana kwechikwereti, uye kugadzira kudzivirira kwevatengi. Matare anowanzotsigira matanho akadaro, achiziva kuti zvinetso zvemari zvemazuva ano zvinoda kugadziriswa uye kudzorwa kwehurumende.

Kuchengeteka Kwenyika uye Nhau Dzedzimwe Nyika

Chikamu cheGwaro Rinosimudzirawo simba guru reCongress muzvinhu zvokunze − kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa zvakajeka masimba akawanda emitemo yokumwe kuMutungamiriri weHurumende. Kupfurikidza nemitemo yakadai seNational Security Act ya 1947, Congress yakatanga Department, CIA, uye National Security Council. War Powersy Resolution ya1973, nepo yakakwikwikwidza, inotsamira paChibvumirano chaClaus semanyuko emitemo yehurumende yehurumende yokudzora kushandiswa kweuto. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld[FLD:] (204]), , Dare rakadudza chirevo apo rakasimbisa kuti Dare ringagona kuchengetwa kwomuvengi, sechiito chiri madikanwa chehondo.

Gakava Pamusoro Peganhuriro Dzesimba Remisangano

Kuvaka Kwakasununguka

Chifo chokuwana, mirangariro miviri inokwikwidzana yakaumba kududzira kwemutemo weInine neMonent Claus. Vavaki vakananga, vanotevera Jefferson, vanotaura kuti chitsama chinofanira kuganhurirwa kumifungo iyo iri isingachinjiki[ kushandisa simba rinorongwa. Muiyi mirauriro haigoni kudzora kutoti kubatanidzwa nesimba remitemo rakananga uye rinomanikidzira. Vavaki vadzori, vanotevera Hamilton naMarshall, vanotaura kuti chikamu chinopa chisarudzo cheProchuramende kuti chisarudze nzira ipi neipi iri [[[FLT:]] inorondedzerwa nenzira yapamutemo.

Penjero Yegumi Nechibvumirano Chenyika

Dare raVanemite naVaneTsvene reTree Claus rinowanzorwisana neTenth Amendment, iyo inochengetera nyika dzose dzisina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende. Vatsoropodzi vechiremera chakafara vanotaura kuti chitsama, apo chinodudzirwa nenzira yokuzvidzora, chinobvisa miganhu yemasimba anorongwa uye chinosekesa uchangamire hwehurumende. Dare Gurusa ramato raidzora panhambo nenhambo iyi miganhu, semu United States v. Lopez[FLT] [195] [195], apo rakarova muganhu chitima cheGun-Free Schools Act Act nemhaka yokuti batanits yokutengeserana yakanga yanyanyisa kushambadzira pamutemo. Njongodziro dzinoratidza kuti mamiriro ezvinhu. Nomuto mukuru mukuru mukuru wacho aidzodzodzodzo. Nomutoo.

Chinodikanwa: Haisi Chero Chete

Chikamu chinowanzonzverwa cheshoko ishoko "chakafanira". Mu NFIB v. Sebelius, Mutongi Mukuru Roberts akasimbisa kuti "chakarurama" anoisa chidzitiro chazvimirira kupfuura "chinodikanwa". Mutemo ungava uri madikanwa kuti usvitse mugumo webumbiro remitemo asi uchiri usina kufanira nemhaka yokuti unoputsa kutsaura masimba kana kuti kudzorwa kwouchangamire hwehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kuisa murayiro wakananga pamitemo yehurumende kuti iite mutezo wenyika, kunyange kana kuri madikanwa kusvika nharidzano yehurumende. Iyi "Chinodikanwa chakafanira" chinowedzera chidiso chemitemo inoyera.

Zvinoreva Nguva Ino: Chikonzero Nei Claus Aine Nhau Nhasi

Chinotanhamariswa neSeant Claus chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru chehurumende yeAmerica. Pasina iko, Congress ingadai isingakwanisi kupindura kuoma kwemari yezana ra21, kuchinja kwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kana kuti tyisidziro huru dzose dzehurumende dzinochinja nokukurumidza. Nhano huru dzose dzehurumende (kubva paCheather Air Act kuAfford Care Act kuCHIPS neSayenzi Act) pamashoko kururamisa udzame hwemite, mibato yokushandisa mari, uye zvivako zvokutarisira zvinopfuura rugwaro rusina muganhu.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, chitsama chinopfuurira kuparira gakava rakakomba rapamutemo nerezvamatongerwe enyika. Nharo pamusoro pemirayiro yavakuru vakuru, hurumende, uye ukuru hwakafanira hwesimba rehurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzinodzokera kurevo ye "zvinodikanwa nerakafanira". Nyanzvi navatongi vanopfuurira kunzvera nzwisiso yapakuvamba yemashoko, nokumwe kuitisana nharo nokuda kwokuvakwa kwakadzika midzi zvikuru muKuwana miitiro yezveresa uye vamwe vanotsigira mutoo mupenyu webumbiro remitemo uyo unobvumira Constansion kuchinjira kutsinhiranisa nemamiriro matsva ezvinhu.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi vehurumende yeAmerica, kunzwisisa Mupimo neFanet Claus kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakashanduka sei kubva papurani pfupi kuva hwaro hwehurumende yenyika inopamhidzwa. Kunoratidzira uchenjeri hwavagadziri mukubatanidza masimba anodudzwa nechikamu chamashoko chakapfava chinopa mvumo yechikamu cheChirungu chemitemo (nedenho isingagumi yokudzikamisa simba rehurumende norusununguko.)

" Chikamu chacho hachisi chekunzvera kusine chinhu nokuda kweDare, asi chishandiso chakakomba chokuva nechokwadi chokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri chishandiso chinoshanda chokutonga.] — Mutongi Anthony Kennedy (rinopinda [ Comstock)[FLT]]

Kumwe Kurava

Mugumisiro: Kupfava uye Kuomesa

Nhoroondo yacho inoratidza kuti chitsama chakashandiswa kuvaka hurumende ine simba yerudzi inokwanisa kugadzirisa zvinetso zvorudzi chete; asi kuti muganhu wayo unokwikwidzwa uye unovapo. Sezvo Congress inopfuurira kutarisana nezvinetso zvitsva, Ellaclaus Clause icharamba iri pfundo guru rekurukurirano yemitemo. Mubvunzo mukuru hausati uri wokuti Kokorodzano dzine masimba anoreva, asi kuti masimba iwayo anopfuudzira sei uye anodzivirira. Mhinduro inoumbawo tsika yehurumende yeAmerica.