Mavambo uye Mavambo Edzidziso Dzevanhu

Murangariro wechekeso nedzikamo hauna kubuda zvizere muConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo. Yakamirira kuiswa kwamazana amakore omufungo wezvamatongerwe enyika noruzivo rwokuzviwanira runoshanda. Pesvedzero yakananga zvikurusa yakanga iri muzivi weFrance Baron de Montesquieu, uyo ane 1748 aishanda Mudzimu weMitemo wairangarira kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika rwaida kuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende pakati pamaoumbimbiki, mukuru, uye mibato yokutonga. Montesquieu aidavira kuti simba rokuisa mumunhu upi noupi kana muviri raizotungamirira nenzira isingadzivisiki kuutsatiri. Mifungo yake yaiparadzirwa zvikuru uye yakakurukurwa mudzori dzeAmerica, umo ivo vakava vakaona vamene vachiva namasimba ehurumende pasi pechidzo pasi pechikuru chaMambo George II.

Vagadziri vakabvawo zvikuru pagamuchidzanwa rebumbiro remitemo reBritain, pasinei zvapo nokuti vakanga vachangobva kurwa hondo neBritain. Gadziriro yeBritain yakanga yaratidzira kwenguva refu kuparadzana kwakashata pakati padhipatimendi (inotambudza), Paramende (inotonga), uye matare (aredhia), zvisinei, Britain isina kunyorwa yakasiya miganhu chaiyo isinganzwisisiki, uye masangano ehurumende akanga atambura apo Paramende yakapindira pahurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye apo Hurumende yaimisa magungano. Vaparati vaitsvaka kusimbisa iyi paradzano murugwaro rwakanyorwa, vachiita kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rive nenzira yakajeka nokuwirirana neyakabatana apo vaibvumira nzira imwe neimwe kudzivisa kupindirana kwedzimwe nyika.

Chinoitika chokumwe chavagari vemo chaigovera rabhoritari nokuda kwehurumende yakakamukana. Koroni imwe neimwe yakanga ine gavhuna (akagadzwa kana kuti akasarudzwa), mugadzi wemiganhu, uye gadziriro yedare, uye kurwisana kwesimba kwakamutsa vagari kwakadzidzisa ngozi dzechiremera chisingadzorwi. Chizvarwa cheRevolution chakafundawo marepublic akaresasasa seRoma, iyo yakanga ine gadziriro yakaoma yechekerero pakati pavadzori, vamaseneti, uye magungano akakurumbira. Pakasvika nguva yacho Constitution yakanyorwa muna 1787, nheyo yakaparadzana yaigamuchirwa zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo maministration chaiwo akanga achikurukurwa zvinotyisa.

Kushandiswa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Dare reMitemo reU.S., rakasainwa muna 1787 uye rakatenderwa muna 1788, richiparadzira simba rehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana. Chikamu I ndakatanga Badaral Congress ine simba rokuisa mitemo, mutero, uye kuzivisa hondo. Chikamu II chakagadzira chigaro chimwe chine simba rokumanikidzira mitemo, kutungamirira mamiriro enyika okumwe, uye kuraira mauto ane zvombo. Chikamu II chakamisa chigaro chejudicaria nesimba rokududzira mitemo negakava nenharo. Asi vagadziri vemibato havana kumisa pakuparadzana. Vakavaka gadziriro yokudzora kubatana, yakarondedzerwa naJakobho Magno mu [FLD:] No.[FLD]

Nzvero dzakananga izhinji uye dzakanamirwa. Purezidhendi anogona kupfuudzira mutemo unopiwa neCongress, asi Congress inogona kukurira ikoko noukuru huviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kubazu redare rejajiary neromukuru uye rinofanira kuisa zvibvumirano nevhoti yezvitatu. Dare rinodzora simba rechikwama uye rinogona kubvisa purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwe "chiokomuhomwe, chioko, kana kuti mamwe mabhinya makuru uye mabhinya akakwirira." judicariary, nepo pari panzvimbo isina simba gurusai mumashoko echibvumirano (idzodzo kana kuti chikwama), rinogona kurova mitemo uye zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsanisa mutemo kupfurikidza nokuhwirudzura.

Ichi chivako chakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu rimwe kuti risadzore. Sezvakataurwa Madison, gadziriro yakavimbisa kuti madhipatimendi akaparadzana aisazova "akaparadzana zvikuru zvokuti ave asina udzori hwebumbiro remitemo pamusoro perimwe nerimwe" Panzvimbo pezvo, mapazi aizova akabatana zvikuru kana kuti akavhengana kuti ape kudzora kwebumbiro remitemo rimwe nerimwe padzimwe. Ungwaru hweiyi gadziriro huri muchisiko chayo yoga: Mapazu mamwe namamwe anoazvibatanidza amene anoasunda kudzivisa kuvhozhokerwa nerimwe bazi, anochengeta udzori hwetsikano yose.

Nharo PaKokorodzano Yebumbiro reMitemo

Chimiro chokupedzisira chegadziriro yecheki nedzikamo chakabuda mubvumirano huru pakokorodzano yePhiladelphia. Nyika huru dzaida kuratidzirwa kwakavakirwa pavagari vemo; hurumende duku dzaida kumiririrwa kwakaenzana. Kubvumirana kukuru kwakaparira chibvumirano chebumeral neNyumba yeVamiririri neDare rinopa vvururani kuvagari vemo vaviri. Chivako chebazu revakuru panzvimbo imwe chete chaiva imwe kurukurirano huru. Dzimwe nhume dzaitya mukuru mumwe chete anokwanisa; dzimwe dzakataura kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende angatungamirira kunyonganisa. Chisarudzo chokuisa simba guru mupurezidhendi mumwe, chakasarudzwa neElectoral Colleges panzvimbo yakananga navanhu, chakaratidzira kuedza kudzikamisa kudavira kwehurumende inopesana nokuda kwakakurumbira mukurwisana nezvidongozha.

Kunyange pashure pokunge maBumbiro eMitemo aparadza, vaAntifederalist vakapfuurira kutaura kuti kunzvera kwakanga kusina kukwana. Vakatya mapurezidhendi ehondo, vagari vedzimba dzakakwirira, uye chiremera chedare rehurumende pamitemo yenyika. Idzi itiro hanya dzakatungamirira kukugamuchirwa kweBill of Rights muna 1791, iyo yakaisa ganhuriro dzokuwedzera pasimba rehurumende, zvikurukuru pamusoro perusununguko rwomunhu nemuitiro wakafanira. Kuchinja kwegumi kwokutanga kwakawedzera musero wecherekedzo kupfurikidza nokurondedzera nharaunda umo hurumende isingagoni kudzora, kuumba nzvimbo yekodzero dzinodzivirirwa idzo mapazu ose anofanira kuremekedza.

Miedzo Yapakuvamba Nezvinoitika

Hurumende itsva yakakurumidza kutarisana nedenho dzakaedza miganhu yegadziriro yayo yebumbiro remitemo. Mukati mamakore mashomanene chete, nheyo yokuhwirudzura yakasimbiswa zvakasimba kupfurikidza nenhau yemajere Marbury v. Madison [FLT] (103] [1803]. William Marbury, pakati pousiku mugadziri wePrezidhendi John Adams, Munyori weHurumende yeHurumende akakundikana kupa basa rake. Mutongi John Marshall, anonyora nokuda kweDare guru, apo Marbury akanga ane mutoro kumurairo wake, Dare raisagona kuraira nemhaka yokuti mutemo unopa simba iroro (kugadza 13 ramabasa ra 1789) rakasadzwa. Murangariro mumwe chete, akataura kuti chiremera chemitemo yapamutemo chinobvumirwa kutsanangura nokupfupikisa kwechipo.

Imwe muedzo wapakuvamba wakabva kuna Purezidhendi Thomas Jeffersons anoshandisa simba ravakuru vakuru. Jefferson, muvaki akasimba akanga anyevera pamusoro pohutsoropodzi hwehurumende, kunyanguvezvo akabvumira Louisiana Purchase muna 1803 pasina chiremera chapamutemo chakajeka (Bumbiro reMitemo haisati ichipa simba rapurezidhendi rokuwana ndima itsva). Jefferson akabvuma kuti kutenga kwakanga kuri kutengwa kwemitengo yomuraudzo asi kwakakururamisa semwero uri madikanwa. Pashure Dare rakatendera chibvumirano ndokutsigira kutengwa, richiratidzira kukura kwokutanga kwehurumende kwakaongororwa netenderwa kwehurumende nemitemo yehurumende.

Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson akapfuudzirazve simba rounganga kupfurikidza nokushandisa chirevo. Pamberi papurezidhendi akanga anyora zvikwereti bedzi pahwaro hwebumbiro remitemo, asi Jackson akabatanidzazve mutongo weChipiri cheBank reUnited States muna 1832 nemhaka yokuti akaurangarira kuva "wconstitution" mumitemo. Iye akazivisa zvakakurumbira: "Mutungamiriri ndiye mumiriri wakananga wavanhu veAmerica," achitaurira mutongo wakaitwa kuti uve wakaenzana nouyo weCongresson. Jacksons anocherekedza simba rose akaushandura kubva muchiuto chakapfurati chive chive chipfupi. Muteve muteve wakakurumbira uyo gare gare gare gare aizoshandisa kuvhara mutemo uyo ivo vaizosa panzvimbo panzvimbo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kuwedzera uye Matambudziko Muzana Remakore rechi19

Hondo ya1812 yakaedza masimba makuru ehondo. Purezidhendi James Madison, muvaki mukuru weMitemo inonzvera nokudzikamisa, akazviwana amene somutungamiriri mukuru mukati merwisano neGreat Britain. Hondo yakanga isingafarirwi zvikuru muNew England, uye Congress yakapokanidza zvinotyisa kana purezidhendi angagona kuunganidza mauto ehurumende. Madison airwisa kutsigira nokushongedzera hondo kuHartford Convention, uko nhume dzeFederation dzakakurukura secession. Hondo yacho yakagumisa neChibvumirano cheGhent yakadzorera mugariro wacho asi yakasiya mibvunzo isina kugadziriswa pamusoro pemiganhu yesimba rapurezidhendi panguva yehondo. Mibvunzo iyi yaizotangazve yokurwisana nesimba ramasimba masimba echiuto mukati mehondo.

Hondo yavagari vemo yakava newedzero hurusa yesimba guru munhau yeAmerica kusvikira papfundo iroro. Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln akaita zviito zvakawanda izvo nenzira isingakarirwi zvakapfuura miganhu yebumbiro remitemo: iye pari gare gare akaregeredza murairo wehabeas corpus, wakavharwa zviteshi zveMadokero zveMadokero (ichi chiito chehondo icho Chibvumirano bedzi chinogona kubvumira), chakakudza hondo nehondo pasina kurongwa kwechibvumirano, uye chakabudisa Emancipractal Proclationstion semution semuitiro wehondo inosunungura varanda munyika dzinopandukira. Lincoln aya matanho akanga ari madikanwa kuchengetedza Union uye kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinobvumira masimba akafara anoratidzirwa mukati medurudzo., zvisinei, pashure pehondo yehondo yeRoperandementation Republics muAndrondersons Purezidentiastry nokuda kwokuputsa Office, Officetimet, dare redare rehurumende ramabhishoricricritiko rikaidzo rakasimba rikato rakasimbiswa nea.

Kuzvigadziridza kumene kwakava nerwisano pakati pemapazu makuru nemitemo pamusoro pehurumende dzeMadokero. Congress yakapfuudza maSangano eMisc anotonga Johnsons vhato, achiraira kutonga kwehondo payaichimbova Confederacy. Dare Gurusame rakarega kudzokororwa negakava reConfederation, achiramba kuhwirudzura nhau dzinokosha dzakadai se Ax pastemigan[[FLD][FLD] [FULD] [1866], iyo yakanga yakunda kutongwa kwehondo apo matare ehurumende ainoshanda, asi kutonga kwacho kwakangoitika. Zana rokupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 rakapupurira kumuka kweChibvumirano chine simba chaMacardssss , nguva inongoshandiswa zvikuru neyamutungamiriri weProvi rePrencesworcence.

Zana Remakore Rechi20: Kushanda Kutsva, Hondo Yenyika, uye Watergate

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakagadziridzazve chiyero chesimba, zvikurukuru nokuda kwebazu rinodzorwa. Kuderera Kukuru kweZvokwadi kwakaparira njodzi yorudzi yakaraira chiito nokukurumidza, chapakati. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akatanga New Development, gadziriro huru yeyamuro yehurumende, kunaya, uye kuchinja. Partivement yakapa chiremera chisina kumboenzana kubazu, kuumba masangano matsva akafanana neAgriculcomation Administration Administration. Dare guru rakatanga kurovanya zvirongwa zvinoverengeka zveRefection, kubatanidza National Industrity Act mu [FL: 0]. Rocrocrateas yakaita chirongwa cheProfitry Corp. United States [5] apo muganhu wePults yakatongedzera kupfurikidza nechikamu chitsaru chapamusoro chakakwirira kupfurikidza nechikamu chitsaru chapamusoro chavanhu. Chipo chakaratidzika kuva Dare chitsva chehurumende.

Hondo yeNyika II yakawedzerwazve simba roupurezidhendi. Roosevelt yakapa Urangano Udzori weMagetsi 906, ichibvumira kubatanidzwa kweMajeri okuMabvazuva, ayo Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira mu Korhematsu v. United States [1944]. Hondo yakaonawo kuumbwa kweManhattan Project neshandiro yeatomu inotenderwa napurezidhendi. Pashure pehondo, Harry Truman yakaraira kubvutira kwezvigamuchi napa, mukati megakavarano yebasa rokuchengeta kubudiswa kweHondo yeKorea. Dare rapamusoro rakaitawo ichi muchiito [FLG.FL.2] [2] .C.V.V.[5]

Vietnam War nemhosho yeWatergate zvakaratidzira bviro yeMadokero youmambo namitoo yokuinzvera. Mapurezidhendi Lyndon Johnson naRichard Nixon akawedzera kubatanidzwa kweAmerica muSoutheast Asia pasina ziviso yehondo yapamutemo, achitsamira paThounde yeTon Gulf Resolution (1964). Apo hondo yakava isingafarirwi, Congress yakaraira chiRevolvence yaMadoust ya 1973 paPrezidenti Nixons defito, ichida kuti purezidhendi azivise Dare reAmerica mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto ane zvombo uye kuganhurira kubatira kwavo mumazuva 60 pasina kunyoresa. Ipapo Ratiomhova rePropotence yakabva yadzora dare reDdemocratic National Comment Comment uye ipapo yakairst Court, muna [FF.] United States.[1]

Nguva Yazvino Uno: Kubatanidza uye Kutungamirira Mubatanidzwa

Chifo chapamberi pezana ramakore rechi 20, gadziriro yecherekedzo nedzikamo yakatarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva kubva kukuvadziko huru yemasangano uye kumuka kwerondedzero ye "mukuru mukuru wehurumende". Iyi rondedzero inoreva kuti purezidhendi ane udzori hwose pabazu ravakuru, kubatanidza simba rokubvisa mukuru upi noupi uye kufuratira mitemo inoganhura. Vatungamiriri vemativi ose vari vaviri vakakudza kushandiswa kwemirairo yehurumende kuti vasvike zvinangwa zvehurumende pasina Dare reProfesso, kubva paBill Clintons zvinoraira kudzivirira mhoteredzo kuna George W. Mirayiro yehondo nechenjere, kuBack Obamas Defictive Action yeChirectsss (DAC), kudzo, kuDOultswo , kuMoography Bidens , pasina kuganhurirwa kwemifungo yenhauro yedare rapa. Dzimwe nguva dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinova dzatongerwa kunzika dare kunzi dzinodzorwa kunzika.

Paratisan galdation yakabvisa nzvero dzegamuchidzanwa dzezano nemvumo. Kusimbiswa kwedare reDare kwazova kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru, nemhedziso dzinodzorwa muDare kwemwedzi. Kuramba kuva nenzwi raMerrick Garland, kuchiteverwa nesimbiso inokurumidza yaNeil Gormoth naAmy Coney Barrett ichishandisa "chisarudzo chenyuklet" kubvisa chigadziko cheSupreme Court, zvakawedzera murangariro wejastical semutambiric. Nenzira yakafanana, Congress yakatendeukirazve kusimba rokusairira sechombo: kusagona kudzora kwaBill Clinton, Donald (Truce), uye kunzvera muJoe Biden zvakaita mugadziri wetsikano yehondo.

Kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru kwawedzera zvikuru. Mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji akakuwana kuri nyore kuita chimwe chinhu pasina kumira panzvimbo pekudzora dare rakarongeka. Nepo chiverengero chemirairo yavakuru vakuru papurezidhendi mumwe nomumwe chaderera chifo cheNew Deal (FDR yabudisa 3 721 mumakore ake 12), ukuru nerevo yemirairo yemirairo yazvino uno yakura. Congress Councial Review Act inobvumira kuti mitemo yesangano ishandurwe neyakapfava neyamapuresiti, asi inowanzoshandiswa kunze kwokuchinja kurangarira kuteverwa kwezvisarudzo. Zvitendero zvakarekiso zvakakura zvikuru kutungamirira , zvinotungamirira kukukwira kwe "Grori rehurumende.[FLD] [12] [12] [12]

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa SaArbiter

[Nguva huru yeDare yabatira sechisarudzo chokupedzisira mumukakano wamasimba, kunyange zvazvo basa rayo rakashanduka. Kuwedzera ku Marbury uye [[FLT]]] Proutstown[[[FLT]], Dare rakasarudza [[FFFFF3]], [[FFFFF:6]] [mumuto mukuru weHurumende], kana kuti Superst]. [Ntsutsumo] Nhengengedzo yeP] [NHAU] [NHAU] [NHAWU] [NHAU] [NHAU].[10]

Gakava pamusoro poukuru hweropafadzo yechiremera rinopfuurira. Trump v. Vance [20]), Dare rakaramba Purezidhendi Trumps kutaura kwokusatapurwa chose chose kubva kutsotsi rehurumende, nepo mu Trump v. Thomp[ [201], rakaramba kuvharanisa National Archives kuti risatenderere kuImba yeSango 6 January. Zviitiso izvi zvinosimbisa chiteshichi chinopfuurira chekufambisa mabhii pakati poruvara, kuzvidavirira, uye kudikanwa kwokuvanza mubazu.

Mugumo: Kunetseka Kusingaperi

Kushanduka kwenzvero nedzikamo munhau yeAmerica kunozivisa gadziriro huru, yakatsinhaniswa isina kumbova isingachinji. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakadudzirazve kugadzirwa kweMitemo mukupindura njodzi, chinjo yoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye kuchinjwa kwemibatanidzwa yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vagadziri vaikarira uku kuchinja-chinja; vakaronga gadziriro mhenyu yaigona kugadziridza ichigona kugadziridza uku ichiita kuti simba risave rakadzikamiswa nesimba. Muitiro wave wakapukunyuka hondo, kuputsika kwezvemari, kuderera, uye kukura kwehurumende, asi dzvinyiriro dzenguva yazvino uno yezera ranhasi, percifix, percialism, uye kudzikamiswa kwechipotiko chamakore. Sazvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi zvamarudzi.

Chinoramba chiri chisaririra inyanduko huru: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine sundo inoda kukudza chiremera charo rimene, uye kuchengeta nhevedzano inoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose kubva kumapazu ose matatu uye kubva kuvagari vemo. Rubudiriro rwechero nedzikamo pakupedzisira kunotsamira pakuzvipira kumwe kumitemo yemitemo uye kudisa kwebazu rimwe nerimwe kudzivisa kupindirana nepo richiremekedza mabhomba edzimwe. Rudzi runotarisana nezvinetso kubva mukunzvera ruzivo rwemichina, tyisidziro yenyika yose, uye ganhuriro yedzimba, chicharamba chiripo. Kana kuti rucharamba rwakatsigarirana kudzivirira bazu rimwe nerimwe kuti risave udzori inhau inopfuurira yehurumende yeAmerica inodzoro.