Sarudzo iri yose, mamirioni avanhu anokanda mavhota mavhoti, asi nzira iyo mavhoti iwayo anoshandurwa nayo muzvigaro kana kuti zvisarudzo zvinosiana nenzira inoshamisa munyika yose. Mitemo yevhoti nemitoo zvinodzora kuti vhoti vanokandwa sei, vanoverengwa, uye vanochinjwa kuva vamirirwa sei nemifananidzo iripo apo vanokwikwidza vavhota. Kunzwisisa kuti maminisita aya anokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi vanoda kunzwisisa kusanzwisisa kuti kusangobata sarudzo, asi kuti miitiro yakasiyana ingakurudzira sei kana kuti ingadzivisa kutora rutivi, kusimudzira kana kuti kuisa mifungo mishomanene, uye kusimudzira jhedhi. Iyi nyaya inonzvera gadziriro dzokuvhota yakatanhamara zvikurusa, maronge maro, uye mashandiro avo chaiwo enyika pachisarudzo chokuvhotera uye utano hwehurumende.

Kunzwisisa Maitiro Okufambisa Zvinhu

Pamavambo payo, gadziriro yokuvhota imitemo inoita kuti zvisarudzo zvomunhu mumwe nomumwe zvive mugumisiro weboka. Kusarudzwa kwegadziriro kunopesvedzera mufambiro unorongwa, makwikwi omubato, uye mwero wezvido zvakasarudzwa zvinoratidzirwa muhurumende. Nepo misiyano mizhinji iripo, marudzi mazhinjisa edemocracy anoshandisa imwe yemhuri huru ina: kutanga kuisa mupimo wekare, kuisa mupimo, kuvhota, kana kuti gadziriro dzemitezo yakavhengana. Imwe neimwe ine revo dzakajeka dzakajeka nokuda kwenzira iyo vavhoti vanozvidzosera vamene nayo uye nzira iyo zvisarudzo zvavo zvinoshandurira musimba.

Marudzi Egadziriro Dzokubudisa Mazambiringa

  • Chokutanga-Past-the Post (FTP)[[FTP:1] – Voters anosarudza mudanga rimwe; muvhotisi mukuru anokunda.
  • Chiratidzo chemifananidzo (PR) - Setts dzinogoverwa kumativi pachivako chawo chevhoti yose, kazhinji kazhinji vachishandisa maruwa ane mitezo mizhinji.
  • Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) – Voters vanoda kutevedzerwa munhevedzano yedaro; miuyo inosarudzwa kupfurikidza nokubvisa nokudzosera.
  • [ .MEMber Propotionel [[FT:1] - Voters dzinokanda mapepa maviri: rimwe romumiriri woruwa uye rimwe nokuda kwebato; goverano yechigaro yose inogadziridzwa kuti isvike pakuenzana.

Gadziriro imwe neimwe inogamuchira zvakasiana kuwirirano imwe cheteyo. “chinosarudzwa” chomuvhoti hachisati chiri bedzi pamusoro pomutsigiri kana kuti mubato wavanoda, asiwo kana vhoti yavo ichapambadzwa, kana ivo vachigona kutsigira rutivi rwechitatu pasina ngozi, uye kuti ipesvedzero yakadini yavanayo kupfuura muuyo wokupedzisira. Ngatinzverei gadziriro imwe neimwe.

Kutanga-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Kutanga nakarepo mutoo wokuvhota nawo wakapfava zvikurusa uye unozivikanwa zvikuru, unoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited States, United Kingdom, Canada, uye India. MuFPTP, nyika inokamurwa kuva maruwa ane mitezo imwe. Muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anovhotera bhita rimwe nokuda kwomubhadhari mumwe, uye muvhoti mukurusa, kunyange kana ikoko kuri kuduku zvikuru kupfuura voruzhinji. Boka rinowana zvigaro zvikurusa rinoumba hurumende.

Betsero dzeFPTP

  • [[[FT:0] : Koroti yakananga(mavoteri) inosarudza zita rimwe. Pasina nzvimbo, pasina ndaza dzebato, pasina kuverenga kwakakomba.
  • Kumhanya kwemiuyo [: Nemhaka yokuti vhoti dzokutanga bedzi dzinoverengwa, miuyo inowanzozivikanwa pausiku hwesarudzo.
  • [ .Ikai kuzvidavirira[: Ruwa rumwe norumwe rune mumiriri mumwe, kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore nokuda kwavatsigiri kuziva kuti ndiani ane mutoro nokuda kwenhau dzomunzvimbomo.
  • Hurumende dzine chikamu chimwe [: FP inowanzoparira muwiridziridzi akajeka, kuchideredza kudikanwa kwemibatanidzwa uye kungagona kukurumidzisa kuitwa kwemiitiro.

Dzisiri Betsero DzeFPTP

  • Mavhoti akasarudzwa: Sarudzo ipi neipi inoisirwa mutsigiri anorasikirwa (kana kuti mukundi nomucheto mukuru) haisati ichitapura chitsama chose chose chechigaro. Mumaruwa akakotsekana, mavhoti akawanda haana revo zvikurukuru.
  • chiratidzo chemifungo: Mudaviri anogona kuwina zvakanaka pasi pe 50% yevhoti kana chishoro chakaparadzana. Somuenzaniso, munhangemutange yenzira nhatu na 35% anogona kukurira vashori vaviri 33% na 32% mumwe nomumwe.
  • Kudzora kwamativi maviri: FP inoita kuti kuvhota kuve kwapamutemo kuve kwakasimba. Voters vanowanzosiya mativi echitatu kudzivisa “kuputsa vhoti,” kutungamirira kugadziriro yezvikamu zviviri ingasaratidzira mhatsa yose yomufungo wavose.
  • [[FOLT:0] Girbadering[[FLT: 1]]: Nemhaka yokuti miganhu yoruwa inokosha zvikuru kwazvo, mapoka ari musimba anogona kuashandisa kusimbisa betsero inoparadzanisa.

FPP inokombamira kubudisa miuyo isingaenzaniswi. Muna 2015 Sarudzo yeUK, Conservative Party yakawina 36.9% yevhoti asi 50.8% yezvigaro, nepo UK Independence Party yakawina 12.6% yevhoti asi 0.15% yezvigaro. Uku kubvisa chigaro kunogona kubvisa vavhoti avo vanonzwa kuti havaverengeki. Kumwewo, vadziviriri vanotaura kuti FPTP inotsigira hurumende dzakatsigina nezvinodikanwa zvakajeka. Dzidza zvakawanda kubva munzvero ye [[FLT:] Elect] Reformation Society yeFPP[FFLT:]

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Gadziriro dzemireza yePropotioneal dzinovavarira kuwiriranisa chiverengero chezvigaro zvinogamuchirwa negoverano yazvo yevhoti yakakurumbira. Chimiro chakakurumbira zvikurusa ndiichinonyorwa namasangano PR, umo vavhoti vanosarudza papati (kana kuti pane dzimwe nguva mudanho rebato) uye zvigaro zvinoparadzirwa zvakaganhurirwa, kazhinji kazhinji nedanho duku (mr. 3-5% revhoti yenyika). PR inoshandiswa muhurumende dzakawanda dzeEurope, kubatanidza Germany, Sweden, uye Netherlands, pamwe chete namarudzi akawanda eLatin America neAfrica.

Betsero dzePR

  • Kumirira Fair: Zvigaro zvinogamuchirwa zvakati kuwirirane namavhoti, naizvozvo boka rinowana 10% yevhoti rinowana inenge 10% yezvigaro. Ikoku kunoderedza mavhoti apambadzisa.
  • Kuzivisa mirangariro yakasiana - siana yezvamatongerwe enyika: Mapati maduku(kubatanidza aya anomirira madzinza maduku, vatsigiri vemhoteredzo, kana kuti mapoka echienzi rimwe) anogona kuwana mufananidzo, kuwedzera kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Muvhoti mukuru [[FLT: 1]: Nzvero inokarakadza kuti gadziriro dzePR dzinobatanidzwa nerokuvhota rakakwirira nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vanorangarira kuti vhoti yavo sezvingabvira zvikuru ichava nomwero une revo.
  • Recuces gerrmaning: Sezvo maruwa ane mitezo yakawanda anozivikanwa, miganhu yoruwa haina tapuro huru pazvigaro.

Dzisiri Betsero dzePR

  • [[[NUMBO] Kupa nhamba[: Zvikamu zvingada kunzwisisa ndaza dzebato uye zvimwe kuvhota. Kuverenga kunogona kuva kwakajeka zvikuru.
  • Hurumende dzeChokwadi: PR haitongoiti chikamu chimwe, kuchitungamirira kukurukurirano dzakabatana dzinogona kupfuurira uye kuguma nehurumende dzisina kugadzikana. Italy, somuenzaniso, yakawana chinjo dzenguva dzose dzehurumende pasi pePR.
  • [[FT:0] Utachiona [[FT: 1]: Mapati maduku zvikuru enyanyisi anogona kudzora kana chikumbaridzo chakaderera. Gadziriro yeIsrael, ine chikumbaridzo cha 3,25%, yakabvumira mapoka eOrthodox neArab kushandisa pesvedzero inokosha.
  • Nhevedzo dzemimiririri yomunzvimbomo: Mundaza yakachena PR, vavhoti vangasava nomumiriri woruwa chaiye wokusvika neitiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo.

PR inouya mumisiyano yakawanda zvikuru --open point (matsoropodzi anogona kusarudza vada kutevera), marusarudzo akavharwa (party inosarudza nhevedzano), uye vhoti imwe inotamiswa nokuda kwamaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. Tsvene inotapura zvisina simba muvhoti. Somuenzaniso, murongi PR anopa vhoti simba rakawanda rokuisa vada kutevera mumwe nomumwe mukati mebato. International IDEA inopa Electal System Designment Designificial Mediciection [ nokuda kwokuenzanisa mapurogiramu ePR.

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV)

Kuvhota kwapakarepo, kunozivikanwawo sekuvhota kwechipiri, kunobvumira vavhoti kuti vadzore vadaviriri pabhoti. Kana pasina muvhoti wokutanga, muvhoti wokutanga wemuvhiyi anobviswa, muvhoti wokutanga wemavota, uye mabhora avo anodzoserwa kuchisarudzo chechipiri ichocho. Muitiro wacho unodzokororwa kusvikira mumwe mudanho asvika vazhinji. RCV inoshandiswa muMaine (Sarudzo yezvisarudzo), Alaska (musarudzo), maguta anoverengeka eU.S. uye nokuda kwezvimwe zvisarudzo muAustralia, Ireland, uye New Zealand.

Betsero dzeRCV

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuzivisa kuvhota kwokutendeseka[[FLT: 1]: Vatambi vanogona kuisa chinodikanwa chavo chechokwadi pakutanga pasina kunetseka pamusoro po “kushatisa” vhoti yavo yechipiri, nemhaka yokuti chisarudzo chavo chechipiri chingangova chichiri chinoverenga kana chisarudzo chavo chokutanga chikarasikirwa.
  • Inoderedza nhimbe yakaipa: Vatsigiri vane sundo yokukumbira kuvatsigiri vavamwe vanoda kutora chisarudzo chechipiri kana kuti chechitatu, sezvingabvira kuderedza denho dzomunhu oga.
  • command yeMajority: Mukundi pakupedzisira anogamuchira tsigiro huru, zvimwe sechisarudzo chokutanga kana kuti pashure pokugovera.
  • Miuyo inoshatisa [[[FLT: 1]: Vanoda kutora kana kuti kuzvimirira vanogona kumhanya pasina kuputsa vhoti nenzira inobetsera mutevedzeri mukuru.

Dzisiri Betsero dzeRCV

  • Kubereka[[FLT: 1]]: Kuverenga kunobatanidzwa zvikuru kupfuura FPTP; kungada kutenderera kwakawanda kwokubatanidza uye kunogona kunonotsa migumisiro yokupedzisira, zvikurukuru mumadzinza makuru.
  • vhiringidziko yemabhora : Vavhoti vanoparapatika kuti vade kutungamirira vatsvaki muruvara rwakarurama, kuchitungamirira kutsoropodzo dzisiri dzepamutemo. MuNew York City 2021 commaster, mabhora anopfuura 150 000 akabviswa simba nemhaka yezvikanganiso.
  • Kuneta kwematokisi [[FLT: 1]: Kana muvhoti asingarongi vose vanoda kubhapatidzwa, bharati yavo ingava “yakakwaniswa” (kusina zvisarudzo zvasara) mukuverenga, achirasa zvinobudirira.
  • Chinzvimbo chakakwirira: Nepo RCV ichideredza gadziriro dzakati, inogona kungoita kuti vavhoti varonge nenzira yokusatendeseka mutsigiri akasimba zvikuru kuti adzivise mudaviri.

RCV iri kuva nomukurumbira senzira yokuparira nayo miuyo mizhinji inomirira apo inochengeta maruwa ari nhengo imwe. FairVote, sangano risingaparati, vatsigiri veRCV uye inogovera fundo dzine udzame dzebasa rayo, zvakadai somu Alaska naMaine. Sarudzo chaiyo ye 20222 yeU.S.Imba yakanga iri kushandiswa kwokutanga kweRCV yakabatanidzwa neasina kubatana, kuchiguma norukundo rwakadzikama rweDemocrat paRiphabliki yakaumbwa naDonald Trump.

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

Gadziriro dzezvikamu zvakavhengana dzinoedza kubatanidza zvakanakisisa zveFPTP nePR. Voters dzakabudisa vhoti mbiri: imwe nokuda kwomutsigiri muruwa rwadzo rwemitezo imwe (kushandisa FPTPP) uye imwe nokuda kwendaza yebato. Vhoti yebato inoshandiswa kugovera zvigaro zvapamusoro kubva pandandanda yeruwa kana kuti yenyika, kuvimbisa kuti kuva neboka rose reimba yomutemo rinoratidzira kuvhota. MMP inoshandiswa muGermany, New Zealand, South Korea, uye U.S. (g., mabhodhi eNew York City).

Betsero dzeMMP

  • Mumiririri weBalland: Vamiririri vanowana mumiririri womunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nemitezo yoruwa, nepo vhoti yebato inovimbisa kuwirirana mudare remitemo.
  • akabvisa mavhoti akapambadzwa[[FLT: 1]: Kunyange kana muvhoti anodiwa akarasikirwa, vhoti yavo ichiri kubetsera kuuwandu hwezvigaro zvebato racho.
  • Tsvakavhota yakakamukana: Majeri anogona kutusa mudariki akakurumbira womubato rimwe nepo achitsigira rimwe boka rakasiana munyika yose.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kurangarira mapati ane mwero[[FLT: 1]: Nemhaka yokuti mapati anofanira kufadza mose muri muviri munzvimbomo norudzi, mapoka akanyanyisa kazhinji kazhinji ane mwero kuti ahwine mijaho yoruwa kana kuti nzvimbo dzakarongwa.

Dzisiri Betsero dzeMMP

  • Kutsiva: mavhoti maviri, mwero miviri yemireza, uye kuverenga zvigaro zvechigaro kunogona kuvhiringidza vavhoti. Electoral Commission yeNew Zealand inoita nhimbe dzedzidzo dzakakura.
  • nezvigaro zvinodzikisa: Kana pati ikawana zvigaro zvakawanda zveruwa kupfuura mugove wayo unowirirana, tsika inowedzera zvigaro zvokuwedzera kumamwe mapoka kuti idzore kuenzana, kuwedzera dare remitemo. Kukura kweBundestag yeGermany kwakura kusvika kumitezo inopfuura 700 nemhaka yeiyi gadziridzo.
  • [ Hurumende dzekodzero dzokusarudza [[FLT: 1]: Kufanana nePR, MMP inowanzoguma nehurumende dzakabatanidzwa, idzo dzinogona kuva dzisingatsigiki kana mapoka ane mikaha mikuru yepfungwa.
  • Kuvhota kusingadzorwi namavhoti maviri : Vavhoti vangafunga kuti vhoti yavo yoruwa inopambadzwa uye vanonangidzira ngwariro bedzi pavhoti yebato, vachideredza kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo.

New Zealand yakachinja kubva paFPTP kuenda MMP muna 1996 pashure petepi. Kuchinja kwakawedzera zvikuru nhamba yemapati muparamende ndokumanikidzira kuumbwa kwemibatanidzwa. New Zealand Electoral Commission inogovera nhungamiro yakananga ku MMP [[[FLT: 1] iyo inotsanangura mashandire etsika.

Kutapura Chisarudzo Chezvitoro

Gadziriro yokuvhota haisati ichingovaronda chete zvinoda kugadziriswa (izvo zvinoumba. apo vavhoti vanonzwisisa vamakani, vanochinja mufambiro wavo, pane dzimwe nguva munzira dzinopesana nezvinodiwa zvavo zvechokwadi. Sarudzo yegadziriro ine miuyo inoparira kuvhota, kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye maruramiro anozivikanwa emiuyo.

Kubatanidzwa Mujeri

Nzvero dzinoratidza nguva dzose kuti muvhoti akakwirira zvikuru mumiitiro yemipimo yemitemo kupfuura muFPTP. Somuenzaniso, avhareji inowedzera munyika dzeOECD nePR inenge 10 muzana yakakwirira kupfuura muidzo dzinoshandisa FPTP, kunyange kudzora nokuda kwezvimwe zvinhu. MuPR, vavhoti havatongopi mukana wakawanda wokunzwa kuti vhoti yavo yakapambadzwa, naizvozvo vane sundo yakasimba zvikuru yokutora. RCVwo kuwedzerawo nenzira yokuzvininipisa, zvikurukuru pakati pavavhoti vaduku vanoonga mano okuratidzira zvido zvakakosha. MuFPTP, jitout, vanogona kutambura mumaruwa umo mugumisiro munenge muine mhedziso.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

FPTP inowanzoita makwikwi maviri ane madipatikano, anogona kuwedzera. Vanoparira muvana vakakotsekana kazhinji kazhinji vanofarira kusero, nepo sarudzo dzavanhu dzinova hondo yezvisino kunyanyisa. Nenzira inopesana, PR ne MMP dzinokurudzira masangano akawanda umo mapoka anofanira kubvumirana kuti aite mibatanidzwa. Zvisinei, PR inogonawo kuita kuti mapoka ane pesvedzero dzinonyanyisa akwanise kuwana nzvimbo, sezvinoonekwa mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Ukama pakati pegadziriro nenhamba yemapombiso hunova norty shooreverome: RCV, kupfurikidza navapatsi vanogona kukwezva mavhotera echikamu chechipiri, vangangokwirira bedzi kuva nechero kudivi.

Kugona Kugona Kuita Zvinhu uye Kugutsikana

Voter girap() kudavira kuti nhau dzomunhu dzokuvhota dzakakwirira mumiitiro yeMMP neyamavhiyi yakatanhamara. Munzvero ya 2020 yavavhoti muMaine (inoshandisa RCV) nehurumende dzakapoteredza, Maine vhotation yakashuma gutsikano hurusa nomuitiro wesarudzo kunyange pashure pokuzvidavirira nokuda kwezvisarudzo. Nenzira yakafanana, muGermany MMP system, vhoti inoratidzira chivimbo chokuti vvuti yavo inoratidzirwa mukuvambwa nehurumende. MuFPTPP, zvikurukuru munyika dzine chirokochekedzo chakasimba, vavhotera vazhinji vanonzwa vabviswa nemhaka yokuti zvigaro zvavo zvinowanzowanwa.

mhedziso

Vagadziri vevhoti havasi mashoko ounyanzvi hwokuvhota; isimba rinoumba vanokunda, maitiro amapoka anoita, uye kana vagari vemo vachinzwa nhau dzavo. Kutanga-kare-padziro inopa kupfava uye kuzvidavirira kwakajeka asi kazhinji kazhinji inoparira miuyo inopesana nevoti. Mitemo inoparira shanduro dzakarurama dzevhoti muzvigaro asi inogona kuomesa mamiriro okutonga. Kudzorwa kwezvokudzorwa kungava kuoma kudzora. Kuvhotera kwokutanga kusingadzorwa. Chisarudzodzo chevodzo chevodzo chavazhinji nevoruzhinji chinokurudzira kuoma. Masangano emitengodzi eboka remitengodzo inoparira chiyero asi inogona kuvhiringidza uye kutungamirira kuidzodzodzodzodzo. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzi, vanonzwisisa nguva dzose dzinoteverwa kupfurikidza nokuchinja mufambiro wezviito zvinogadziriso. Chisarudzodzodzodzodzo idiso pamusoro pezvisai, zvinoda kudzokorodzatevedzerwa kupfurikidza nezvikamu zvinotevedzerwa kupfurikidza.