Kuchinja Kwemitemo Kunoshatisa Kunodarika United States

Mune mativi makuru enyika yenhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mano mashoma anotsausa namaune (naaposvedzeri apamutemo). Kusafanana nenzvero dzomurangariro wapamutemo dzakagadzirirwa kuunganidza mirangariro yavose, nzvero inomanikidzirwa inzira yokushambadzira yokushambadzira yakafukidzwa senzvero. Chinangwa chayo bedzi kupesvedzera vavhoti kupfurikidza nokuvaratidzira kuzvakaipa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kusingabvumikiswi kana kuti kuva nhema chaidzo, mashoko pamusoro pomuvengi anorwisana. Pakusunda kuvhotera kwave nzira inozivikanwa yave iri gadziriro yamakumi amakore, kuronge kupesana kwapamutemo kwayo kuri kure nokurevesa. Hurumende imwe neimwe inogadza mitemo yayo inodzora, nguva, uye kugadziridza, basa remitemo iyo zvirongwa zvinofanira kufamba nokungwarira.

Nyaya ino inowedzera patsika dzakapoteredza kunzvera kwepamutemo muUnited States, ichirondedzera misiyano yenyika nerenyika, migumisiro yokuputswa, uye izvo mitemo iyi inoreva nokuda kwenhimbe uye vavhoti. Inonzverawo chikonzero nei dzimwe nyika dzakatanga kutungamirira zvakasimba apo dzimwe dzichipfuurira kubvumira muitiro wacho neganhuriro duku.

Chii Chaizvo Chinonzi Kushatisa Kwokumanikidza?

Kuvhota kwokumanikidza hakusi chishandiso chokunzvera. Mukati mokukumbira kwokuvhota. Muvhoti anobvunzwa nhevedzano yemibvunzo yakakwidzwa yakarongedzerwa kuvamba songaniro yakaipa nomubhadhari. Somuenzaniso: : Kudai waiziva kuti Mutengi Smith akanga asungwa nokuda kwokubiridzira, waizova anobvira zvikuru kana kuti zvishoma kuvhotera?”[ Muvhoti haana kuwana ufakazi, uye kutaura kungashongedzwa chose chose. Nhariro ndeyokusava nechokwadi, kusaunganidza mashoko.

Mafemu okuvhota anotora nenzira yomutemo anotevera mipimo yorumano yemipimo yetsika, yakadai seiyo inobva ku American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR). Kuvhota kwokumanikidza, mukupesana, kazhinji kazhinji kwoga masekondi 60-90, kunobvunza mibvunzo yakaipa bedzi, uye kuramba kugovera kujekeswa pamusoro poari kutsigira runhare. Uyu musiano mukuru kukunzwisisa chikonzero nei masangano akavamba kuadzora.

Nei Nyika Dzichichinja Kushatisa Kwakasiyana

Kudzorwa kwemashoko ezvematongerwe enyika kunodzivirira kushambadzwa kwezvematongerwe enyika, asi nyika dzinofarira kudzivisa miitiro yenhema kana kuti yokunyengera inoderedza kuperera kwesarudzo.

Somugumisiro, mitemo yehurumende inosiyana zvikuru. Dzimwe dzoro dzinoraira kunzvera sechimiro chokuzivisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoda kuziviswa. Dzimwe dzinokurangarira somuitiro wokunzvera kwokunyengera. Nyika shomanene hadzina mutemo wakananga unobata nounyanzvi. Pasi apa kunzvera kwakakura pamusoro penzira iyo hurumende dzinosunda nayo kunzvera, yakaunganidzwa nemwero wemitemo.

Mitemo Inomanikidza Kushatisa Mitemo

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakaita mitemo yakajeka, inogombedzerwa iyo inorambidza kumanikidza kunzvera zvakananga kana kuti zvimwe kuisa zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvokuzivisa zvisati zvagona kuitwa kuvhota kupi nokupi.

  • California - California Ecount Code Depart 18406 inoda kuti runhare rupi norupi rupenyu rurevererirwo kana kuti mukurwisana nomubhadhari kana kuti mwero wokurevera runofanira kubatanidza kutaura kwokuzivisa munhu kana kuti sangano rinobhadhara runhare. Kukundikana kuita kudaro kunogona kuguma nefashoni kusvika $5 000 pagore. Mukuwedzera, mutemo unorambidza zvakajeka kunzvera kupi nokupi uko “kunoita kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kunotsausa kweidi.”
  • New York – New York Evolution Law Game 17 744 inorambidza “kuedza kuvhota kwoga” (madavi anoshandisa manyoro akagadzirirwa kupesvedzera vavhoti) uyewo anodawo danidzo dzinorarama kuzivisa mutsigiri. Boka rokumanikidzira rehurumende, New York State Board of Evolutions, rinogona kutsvaka zvirango zvehurumende zvekusvika ku $6 000 nokuda kwedani imwe neimwe inoitwa mukupesana.
  • chiregon - Oregon Revised Sigmenttes 260.208 inoraira kuti kunzvera kupi nokupi kunobatanidza mashoko pamusoro pevara kana kuti chinyorwa chokuvhota kunofanira kuziva mutengi wevhotera uye mamiriro ezvinhu kuti danidzo yacho haisati ichiitirwa kuunganidza murangariro wavose asi kupesvedzera vavhoti. Kushatiswa kunobatwa seboka ravanhu vasingadi kutenderwa.
  • New Hampshire - New Hampshire RSA 664:14-a inorambidza munhu upi noupi kuitisa nzvero yokusunda pasina kutanga kunyora mashoko okunyoresa noMunyori weHurumende. Mashoko acho anofanira kubatanidza mashoko akazara ebvunzo, nhamba yenhetembo dzakarongwa, uye manyuko emari. Uku kunyoresa kunoitirwa vanhu vose, kugovera kujeka kwevokicha neredhi.

Nyika Ine Zvinodikanwa Zvemari

Muidzi nyika, kumanikidza kunzvera hakurambidzwi, asi nhimbe dzinofanira kuwirirana nemitemo yakananga yokuoneka.

  • FLORIDA - Florida Sigment 106.143 inoda kuti kushambadzira kupi nokupi kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakadudzirwa kubatanidza kuvhota kwokukakavara kwenhau(kunotokosha) kunofanira kuva kusingataurwi kuti ihurumende yakaripira. Zvisinei, mutemo haurondedzeri zvakajeka “kuvhota,” kusiya nzvimbo nokuda kwedudziro. Florida Evolutions Commission yakaronda dzakaronda nhau umo nzvero dzine kutaura kwenhema, asi kunzvera kwakachena pasina nhema kazhinji kazhinji kunopfumiswa.
  • - Texas Evolution Code Depart 255.001 inoda kuziviswa kwe “kushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika,” uko Munyori weHurumende akarondedzera sekubatanidza runhare urwo runotsigira kana kuti runorwisana nomubhadhari. Bva, vazhinji vanosunda nzvero dzinoshanda munzvimbo yachena kupfurikidza nokushandisa manyoro asingatori revo inodzivisa kutsigira zvakajeka. Texas Ethics Commis yakabudisa mirangariro inonyevera kuti manyoro akadaro angangova anoramba kuziviswa kana muuyo wose usati uri mutengo.
  • Michigan - Michigan Confect Laws 169.267 inoda munhu upi noupi kana kuti dare rinoita runhare nokuda kwamadonzo ezvematongerwe enyika kuti azive zita nekero kana kuti nhamba yokunyoresa. Nepo usingamanikidzi kunzvera zvakananga, mutemo uyu unogovera mutoo wokuronda nawo sangano riri seri kwedanidzo.
  • Ohio - Ohio Revised Code 3517.22 inoda kuti kushambadza kupi nokupi kunobhadharwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kubatanidza kunyora zita nekero zvomunhu akaribhadhara. Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wakagadzirirwa zvikurukuru nokuda kwokudhinda nokuparadzira zvinobudisa nhau, Dare rapamusoro reOhio rakarangarira kuti rinoshanda kurunhare rwomugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nyika Dzine Mitemo Miduku Kana Kuti Dzisina Mitemo Yakananga

Mikairo munyika idzi inogona kushanda nounodokuva usina kupindira kwapamutemo, yakaganhurirwa bedzi nokunyengera kwomutemo wavose kana kuti kuzvidza kana kutaura kwenhema kukaitwa.

  • Montana - mitemo yeSarudzo yeHurumende inonangidzira ngwariro pakushuma kwemari yenhimbe nokushambadzira. Nhare dzerunhare dzinohesvurwa zvikuru kutoti dzine kutaura kwenhema kwamaune kunokuvadza mukurumbira womunzveri. Kunyange ipapo, mutoro wechiratidzo wakakwirira, uye kuzivisa ndokwechishoma.
  • Wyoming[ - Wyoming haina mutemo unorondedzera kana kuti kero dzinoedza. Mutemo bedzi ungagona kushanda ndirwo rambidzo yavose pa “chiokomuhomwe kana kuti tyisidziro,” iyo isingafukidzi nzvero dzinotsausa. Somuuyo, kunze kwedzinopa mazano ezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji inosunda kunzvera manyoro muWyomia sechiteshi chakakotseka.
  • Idaho – Idaho Code 1 - Idaho Umutwe 18 inofukidza kubiridzirwa kwesarudzo, asi gadziriro dzacho dzakamanikana uye hadzidudzi nzvero dzorunhare. Idaho Attorney General akaisa mubato unosunda kunzvera kugona kudzorwa mumitemo yezvokutengeserana kana mutengesi akashatisa donzo rekukumbira, asi ikoku hakuna kuedzwa mudare.
  • Alaska - mirau yesarudzo yeAlaska inonangidzira ngwariro pamari yenhimbe nendyiko dzinozvimirira kushuma. Hapana mutemo unoda kuziviswa kwerunhare rwezvamatongerwe enyika kutoti vakumbira zvakananga mari kana kuti mavhoti. Kuvhota kunosunda manyoro anodzivisa zvinhu izvozvo kubuda mumhete.

Utarisiri Hwakaganhurirwa Nebasa reFCC

Nepo Hurumende dziri vatariri vakuru vezvisarudzo zvakananga, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) inotarisira kurukurirano yorunhare yakafara. TENUTFUZAtion Protection Act [ inoganhurira danidzo dzinodzorwa nemirairo yakasarudzwa kunzvimbo dzokugara kutoti mugamuchiri apiwa chibvumirano. Zvisinei, runhare dzezvamatongerwe enyika (kubatanidza kunzvera) kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinohesvurwa padzisiri “kutengesa.".[FCCC] Yakaramba kuisa mukamurongedzero zvakajeka sezvo tereki yezvo yokunzvera inoramba iri pasi pomutemo pasinei nokunyengera kwayo.

Uyezve, Federal Trade Commission (FTC) inogona kupomera miitiro yokunyengera yezvokutengeserana, asi simba rayo rinowanzotambanukira bedzi kukutengeserana, kwete kutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika.

Nhoroondo uye Zvikonzero Zvinocherechedzwa

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kwakapinda mucherechedzo yenyika mukati mechidzidzo chamapurezidhendi 1996, apo vakwikwidza runhare kwenguva refu navanopa mazano vezvamatongerwe enyika vakapikisana pamusoro pokuti “nzvero” inoshatisa mitemo yehurumende inoshambadza. Munhambo ya 2000 yesarudzo, George W. Bush akapomerwa kushandisa nhimbe dzokumanikidza kukuvadza John McCain muSouth Carolina, kunyange zvazvo nhimbe yacho yakaramba kutaura kwacho.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, muna 2018, Dare Rekuvhota reFlorida rakabhadhara dare rezvematongerwe enyika $5 000 nokuda kwokuedza iro raiva nokutaura kwenhema pamusoro pomumiririri wehurumende.Dare racho rakataura kuti kunzvera kwacho kwakanga “kwakanaka kwazvo” uye kwakanga kusina kuziviswa, asi dare racho rakaramba, richidudza rondedzero huru yomutemo wokushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mu Van Hollen v. Federal Enfation Commission (202), D.C. Dare reNhanhu rakatsigira zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa nokuda kwokukurukurirana kwokusarudza, izvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura zvaigona kutambanudzira kumanikidza kuvhota kana zvirimo zvichinongedzera zvakananga kumutevedzeri wehurumende. Zvisinei, hapana dare rakatonga zvakananga kuti kuvhotera kwose ndiko “kutsaura kurukurirano,” kunosiya suo rakazarura denho.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvenhimbe Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunzwisisa mutemo munyika imwe neimwe kunokosha. Nzvero yedzvinyiriro iri pamutemo muMontana ingaputsa mutemo weCalifornia, uye chikanganiso chinogona kutungamirira kufaindi, pepanhau rakaipa, kana kuti kunyange pomero dzoutsotsi (somuOregon). Masuwanti anofanira:

  • Ita hwirudzuro dzapamutemo dzamanyoro okunzvera mumugariro uri wose umo shanyo dzichaitwa.
  • Batanidza mutauro wokuzivisa pamavambo eshanyo ipi neipi inotaura zvakashata pamusoro pomurwi.
  • Dzidzira runhare kuvavhoti vakanyoreswa uye dzivisa kuridza runhare kunoitwa nemotokari kana mutemo wehurumende uchikurambidza.
  • Chengeta zvinyorwa zvemanyoro chaiwoiwo, nhamba yeshanyo, uye manyuko okushandisa mari okuratidzira kuwirirana kana kudenhwa.

Kukundikana kutevera idzi nhano kunogona kuguma nezvinopfuura zvirango zvapamutemo. Muna 2020, mutungamiriri wePACI COW muDelaware akatarisana nechero yenzvero yokumanikidzirwa pamusoro pomurwi weboka rechikoro yakapinda mungozi musocial network, ichikuvadza mukurumbira womunzvero kunyange pashure pokunge awanikwa ane mashoko enhema. Mutarisiri wepaputeni wePAC akarega, uye chinoitika chakaparira kuderera kwechivimbo munhimberi dzomunzvimbomo.

Zvinogona Kuitwa Nevanotengesa Mazambiringa

Vagamuchiri vanogamuchira danidzo havafaniri kurangarira kuti inzvero yapamutemo. APOR inogovera nhungamiro[ pakusiyanisa nzvero yokusunda nenzvero yechokwadi: kusunda kuvhota kupfupi, kubvunza mibvunzo yakaipa bedzi, uye kusakumbira mashoko okuvapo kwavagari vemo kupfuura zvinodikanwa kuvhota muvhoti. Legitte anosarudza chaizvoizvo nguva 10 ne 15 minutes uye kubatanidza mibvunzo yakadzikama.

Kana vavhoti vakadavira kuti vave vari chipfuro chokuvhota kusiri kwapamutemo, vanogona kuisa nyunyuto kuhofisi yavo yesarudzo yehurumende kana kuti FCC. nepo vatsigiri vachiwanzoita chiito, kunyunyuta kwavose kunogona kunyandura kunzvera ndokudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwomunguva yemberi.

Nguva Yemberi Yokushatisa Kuchiitwazve

Sezvo kuziva kunowedzera, dzimwe nyika dziri kurangarira mutemo wokuvhara zvirevo. Muna 2023, Minnesota akatanga mutemo waizoda shanyo dzose dzezvamatongerwe enyika kuti dzinyorese nehurumende ndokubatanidza kutaura chaiko. Zvikwereti zvakafanana zvakakarakadzwa muColorado neNorth Carolina. Zvisinei, chishoro chinobva kuvatsigiri vemakambani vakasununguka uye vapi vezvirongwa zvakaderedza fambiro mberi.

Pamutezo wehurumende, Dare Repamusorosoro reWebster Ads Act, raizoda kuti pave nokushambadzira kwevezvematongerwo enyika paIndaneti kuti rizivise vatsigiri vemasangano ehurumende, rinogona kuwedzerwa kuti ripedze runhare.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwuri kuchinjawo nhamba. Kuedza kudzorwa kwemanzwi kugona kuita kuti mamirioni eshanyo dzive pamutengo wakaderera, kuchiita kuti dzive dzakaoma zvikuru kuronda nokumanikidzira. Vadzori vehurumende vari kutamburira kuchengeta nhanho, uye vamwe vakadana nokuda kwomupimo wakabatana worudzi kudzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu akanyongana umo kunzvera kwapamutemo munyika imwe uye kusiri kwapamutemo mune iri pedyo.

mhedziso

Mutemo wapamutemo wokumanikidzira kuvhota muUnited States wakakamuraniswa, unoratidzira kusawirirana pakati pekutaura kwakasununguka kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokudikanwa kwesarudzo dzokutendeseka. Nepo miganhu yakadai seCalifornia neNew York ine mitemo yakajeka nokuchengetwa kwakasimba, mimwe yakadai seWyoming neMontana inopa dziviriro shomanene kuvavhoti. Nhimbe dzinofanira kusanonzverwa, kwete bedzi kudzivisa zvirango zvapamutemo asiwo kuchengeta chivimbo chomuvhoti. Sezvo ruzivo rwamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu napasi pezvamatongerwe enyika zvinochinja, kutsinhanhanhaniswa kwemipimo yorudzi kungawedzera. Kusvikira panguva iyeyo, runowira pahurumende, vavhotera, uye mapurisa vamene kuti vadzivirire iri basa rinonyengera neripira.